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이건민,Li, Jianmin Korean Society of the Medical History 2015 한국의사학회지 Vol.29 No.2
This paper primarily discusses the materiality of the body in Chinese "external medicine". Chinese external medicine views the body as something consisting of sinew and flesh. Furthermore, there are times when Chinese surgical techniques must be applied to the body in order to manage rotting flesh and other abnormal manifestations. The materiality of the Chinese body of external medicine encompasses the way in which Chinese doctors manufactured surgical implements, the sick person's bodily experience of pus and pain associated with external diseases, and the details of the process by which doctors evaluated whether or not to carry out surgical interventions. This essay will use the Qing manuscript "A Treatise on Seeking the Roots of Ulcer Medicine" as a central case study for discussing these issues, while also showing the connections between it and other external medicine texts of the Ming and Qing era. Its author, Zhu Feiyuan, was a doctor who lived during the 18th to 19th century in Qingpu (today's Shanghai). My essay will thus discuss Chinese external medicine from a historical perspective. The way in external medicine treated illness differed from the prescriptions and pulse signs that "internal medicine" employed, and its view of the body likewise differed from that of internal medicine. I hope that this essay can provide new viewpoints on the history of the body in Chinese medicine.
The Effects of Basic Income on Labour Supply
이건민 한국사회보장학회 2018 사회보장연구 Vol.34 No.1
This study analyses the effects of basic income on labour supply using the neoclassical model of labour-leisure choice. In addition, we consider various costs (e.g. transaction cost, opportunity cost) and constraints (e.g. liquidity constraint, care constraint) as well as a minimum level of consumption. The main results are as follows. First, it is expected that the transition from conditional social security (CSS) to full basic income (FBI) will certainly increase the labour supply of existing public assistance recipients. Second, the labour supply effects of the transition in income groups at break-even points would be indeterminate. The labour supply effects depend on the relative size between basic income payments and the tax amounts of non-labour income for basic income payments. Spreading effects, i.e. reducing excessive overworking hours and/or increasing working hours which are now too short, can be expected among these groups. The total effects would be almost zero or slightly positive. Third, it is predicted that the labour supply effects of the above-mentioned transformation in the high-income bracket will also be inconclusive in theory due to the reliance on the relative magnitude between income and substitution effects. In this regard, we highlight that basic income can operate mechanisms to share and mitigate possible risks arising from either scenario. Examining the effects, we find extra advantages of FBI over CSS. The size of the opportunity set in groups below the break-even income level would mostly expand. In particular, existing social assistance recipients’ opportunity sets can expand, and their living standards would rise considerably with a high probability. Although the opportunity set for those in the high-income bracket can decrease slightly or substantially, the above-mentioned expected effects and benefits would considerably exceed any losses for those in the high-income class.
Seven Propositions on the Income Redistribution Effects of the UBI-FIT Mode
이건민 한국사회보장학회 2022 사회보장연구 Vol.38 No.3
This study presents and proves seven propositions on the income redistribution effects of the UBI-FIT (Universal Basic Income-Flat Income Tax) model. The seven propositions are as follows. Proposition 1: The t% UBI-FIT model, where there is no tax exemption point and basic income is distributed equally to all, reduces the Gini coefficient exactly t% regardless of the income distribution. Proposition 2: Even if there is a tax exemption, the t% UBI-FIT model, where basic income is equally distributed to all members, if the pre-tax income of all members of the society is above the tax exemption point, reduces the Gini coefficient precisely t% as above. However, part of the income redistribution effect in Proposition 1 that arises from the ‘after-tax stage’ to the ‘after-tax-and-transfer stage’ is merely transferred in Proposition 2 from the ‘pre-policy stage’ to the ‘after-tax stage’ by identical amount. In both cases, the final income distribution is the same. Proposition 3: In the t% UBI-FIT model, where there is no tax exemption point and basic income is distributed equally to all, if the value of t increases, the net benefit amount increases in proportion to t, but the percentage of net beneficiary group remains constant. Proposition 4: Under the t% UBI-FIT model, where there is no tax exemption point and basic income is distributed equally to all, in a positively-skewed unimodal distribution, the rate of net beneficiaries is higher than that of net contributors; in negatively-skewed unimodal distributions, the proportion of net contributors is higher than that of net beneficiaries; in the symmetrical unimodal distribution, the percentage of the net beneficiaries is identical to that of net contributors. Specifically, where α is the proportion of people located between median income and average income in the negatively-skewed unimodal distribution, the rate of net contributors is (50+α)%; where β is the proportion of people between median income and average income in the positively-skewed unimodal distribution, the percentage of net beneficiaries is (50+β)%. Proposition 5: Rank reversal does not occur under the t% UBI-FIT model, where t is less than 100 and basic income is equally distributed to all. Likewise, if the t values are all less than 100 and the basic income is distributed equally to all, then no rank reversal occurs at the UBI-PIT (Universal Basic Income-Progressive Income Tax) model or the UBI-RIT (Universal Basic Income-Regressive Income Tax) model. Proposition 6: If a tax exemption is established and the pre-tax income of some members of the society is less than the tax exemption point, the t% UBI-FIT model, where basic income is distributed equally to all, reduces the Gini coefficient to less than t% when compared to the pre-policy stage, regardless of the income distribution. Proposition 7: In the t% UBI-FIT model, where a tax exemption point is set and basic income is equally distributed to all, and if some members of the society earn less than the tax exemption point, the higher the tax exemption point, the less the Gini coefficient reduction rate, compared to the before tax and transfer regardless of the income distribution. Finally, some policy implications that can be drawn through the seven propositions are discussed.