이윤택 민족극의 남근중심적(phallocentric) 신화 해체하기

이강임 ( Gang Im Lee ) 한국연극학회 2007 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.31

Central themes of Korean theatre studies and historiography have been offered by nationalist issues such as ``Korean spirit``, ``Korean archetypes``, and ``Korean tradition.`` In this paper, I will deal with ``gender and nationalism`` in the theatre scene of Korea, exploring these nationalist themes in Korean theatre from the perspectives of feminism. The area for this thematic examination is limited to the nationalist discourses of Korean institutional theatre in the 90s since there were significant changes in terms of international and national power dynamics around it: seemingly incompatible coexistence of globalization and nationalism and the establishment of people`s government in Korea. From the feminist point of view, my interest in interrogating the ideological performativity of the nationalist discourses in Korean theatre studies and performance has sprung from the identification of the problematic resuscitation of premodern values and principles of patriarchy regardless of political positions. Therefore, my focus falls on the theatrical discourse around playwright-director Lee Youn-Taek`s several works in that his works seem to realize the most phallocentric nationalist aesthetic and sentiment. In this essay, I try to demystify such naturalized concepts as ``nation`` and ``patriarchy.`` As many scholars point out, ``nation`` is an ``imagined community``, but the patriarchal nationalist esthetic and historiography treat ``nation`` as a substantial entity and patriarchy as a natural principal governing the relationship between women and men. But I regard patriarchal nationalist discourses and performances as myths which are constructed through archetypes, symbols, and images. Thus, in detail, I draw the meaning of Lee`s works out of the textual webs of these archetypes, symbols, and images. I assign fairly long portion of the body part of this essay to the Jungian theory of ``archetype`` which supports the transcendental and universal quality of ``national archetype`` in Lee`s works. Methodologically, I adopt the theoretical tools of ``deconstruction`` utilized by the materialist feminists through which I problematize the essentialist mode of thinking in the notion of ``national archetype`` expressed by the dichotomy of the image of ``an authoritative father and a sacrificial mother.`` Through this discursive deconstruction, I attempt to illuminate the oppressive aspect of ``the mother ideology`` worshiped and mystified by the hegemonic patriarchy encouraged by the nationalist esthetics. The themes of this essay are discussed through the theoretical considerations provided by the views of materialist feminism. First, when dealing with the dynamics of gender, I am very cautious not to make an error to understand the feminist resistance as inversion since the inverted hierarchical power structure(suggested as the oppressive women/the oppressed men) does not mean the liberative tactics of feminism. Feminism as practical liberation involves the oppressed men in a heterosexual patriarchy. Feminism does not fight with men but with authoritative patriarchs who marginalize the people of minorities. Second, the existence of the complicated historical situations and conditions demands viewing the gender politics from the intersecting points of globalization, imperialism, nationalism, and feminism. Materialist feminism does not presume that gender is the only decisive element in human relations. Rather, materialist feminists examine the material and historical situations and conditions surrounding the gender politics, involving other elements of differences: ``nationality``, ``class``, ``ethnicity``, ``sexual orientation``, ``generation``, etc. When viewing Lee`s works from this perspective, Lee`s social consciousness seems to be based on ethnic, sexual, and generational foundations intersected by the bourgeoise intelligent class identification. Third, deconstruction of phallocentric myth embedded in Lee`s works from the material

우리나라 여성의 마스카라 이용 실태에 관한 연구

이강아(Lee Kang-A),구자명(Kuh Ja-Myung) 한국인체미용예술학회 2003 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.4 No.2

  The objectives of this study were to investigate the patterns of mascara usage, to understand relations between the shapes of eyelash and mascara types, and relations between the patterns of mascara usage and demographic variables. The subjects were 3979 women aged 17~61 years.<BR>  1. The patterns of mascara usage in Korean women are like these. Over 90% of Korean women use mascara in a bid to make their eye shape clear in most cases. They put the importance on mascara-effect, when they purchase it. Most of them use mascara 2~3 times a week, which they spend ￦10,000~20,000 on every 3~6 months. Many Korean women have ever used an imported mascara. The Korean women consider the importance of mascara usage in the eye make-up under 30~50%. In mascara types, long-lash mascara and volume-up mascara are popular. In the shape of its brush, bullet-shaped one. In the color of mascara, colorful one. A lot of women use a eyelash curler. A special eye make-up remover for mascara is used by about half of them. The reason why some women don"t use mascara is that it smudges around the eyeline. The top mascara brand, currently used in the subjects, is Lancome, and the ICS is the first one among the domestic brands. 2. There"re relations between the shapes of eyelash and mascara types. The long and thick-eyelashed women, or the long and thin-eyelashed ones show a decided preference for a volume-up effect mascara. The short and thick-eyelashed ones or the short and thin-eyelashed ones, for a long-lash effect mascara. 3. The behavior of mascara usage showed significant difference according to demographic variables. The price of mascara has something to do with educational level, job, age, income level, or marital status. Mascara usage frequency has relations with educational level, job, age, income level, or marital status. Color mascara relates to educational level, job, age, income level, or marital status. The use of imported mascara is linked to educational level, job, age, income level, or marital status.

공민왕 5년(1356) "반원개혁(反元改革)"의 재검토

이강한 ( Kang Hahn Lee ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2009 大東文化硏究 Vol.65 No.-

독일 TUM-IAS 디지털트윈 워크숍 참관기 "디지털트윈이 답이다. 그럼 질문은?"

이강,Lee, Gang 한국건설관리학회 2020 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.21 No.2

임진택의 공동체 지향 연출론: 공동체적 세계관과 미학의 발현 -1970년대와 80년대 대학 공동체 마당굿 퍼포먼스 연출 시기에 초점을 맞추어

이강임 ( Gang Im Lee ) 한국연극학회 2012 한국연극학 Vol.1 No.48

In this paper, based on the theory of performance studies and community-based theatre, I venture to explicate the socio-political significance of director Yim Jin-Taek`s community-based performance called ``madanggut``, which is heavily based on elements of indigenous culture. Yim`s madanggut utilizes elements of indigenous cultures and searches for ``the Korean ethnic (arche)type`` as ``the ideal Korean type`` or ``genuine Korean-ness`` for the reconstruction of ``the Korean ethnic community.`` This paper interrogates the major task of Yim Jin-Taek`s madanggut, which ideologically promulgates the idea of ethnocentric patriarchy supported by the traditional (mainly Confucianist) notion of ``community``-inquiring if this type of theatre can provide useful and practical prospects for imagining a more democratic and plural civilian society in Korea today, when the interaction of globalization, nationalism, regionalism, and localism simultaneously impact our everyday life and cultural identification. Regarding the recent glob al phenomenon of the resurgence of nationalism, I looked at madanggut`s use of symbolic resources from the past for imaginative communal bonding as a nation. But, the claimed homogeneity of the national past by means of ``nation conflation`` of different social groups is an illusionary conceptualization, and the national historiography silences memories of the marginalized groups and denies their histories. It is certain that in Korea nationalism has historically performed an important function during the colonization and democratization period. Nevertheless, as Yim`s Nokdukkot realized, it cannot be overlooked that as a representative of ``the Korean ethnic community,`` ``the protecting man/the sacrificial woman`` is contradictory to the plural and lateral thinking of participatory democracy in community-building. It is time to think about a new political language that relates individuals to the community and nation. ``The ethnic type`` cannot represent the whole nation and the members of the nation should be the examples of the community they belong to for a more democratic society. I have selected Yim`s several community-based works mainly from the 1970s to the 1980s since the works provide grounding images, symbols, metaphors, and allegories pertinent to discussing how ``the Korean ethnic community`` has been narrativized through the performances of madanggut during the turbulent epoch of globalization. I hope that this paper presents Yim`s grounded aesthetics of community-based theatre with fully contoured critical views and ideas.

대규모 시민참여 행사 안전관리시스템 구축방안

이강문(Lee, Kang Moon),백석기(Baek, Seok Ki),이민형(Lee, Min Hyung) 한국민간경비학회 2011 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.18 No.-

한국 민간경비 산업은 주5일 근무와 경제발전에 따른 경비 대상물의 급격한 증가, 범죄증 지역문화축제와 스포츠 행사 등 그 특성상 대규모 행사의 성격을 지니고 있는 경우 시민 및 관광객의 참여로 인한 혼잡 및 테러리즘 등안전상의 문제점이 대두되고 있다. 이러한 문제점들은 사회가 다변화 되어감에 따라 그 발생원인 또한 변화되어 왔으며, 대규모 시민참여 행사의 안전대책 역시 변화하는 사회 위협요소들에 따라 변화되어야 한다. 이와 같이 대규모 시민참여 행사 관련 안전사고에 대한 위협요소가 증가되면서 행사 주관 주체는 행사의 목적과 성공전략 뿐만 아니라 안전사고를 예방하고 원활하게 운영되도록 그 내실에 있어서도 만전을 기해야 하며, 안전사고의 발생으로 그 행사 본래의 취지를 퇴색시키는 부정적 결과가 일어나지 않도록 하여야 한다. 이를 위해서는 안전관리 전문가를 행사 운영에 참여하도록 하여야 하며, 그 실질적인 안전관리 활동을 경찰 등 공권력 작용으로 하기에는 한계가 있으므로, 민간경비를 활용하여 이루어지도록 하여야 한다. 이에 따라 민간경비를 통하여 대규모 행사의 안전관리를 위한 혼잡 경비업무를 담당하도록 하기 위한 법 • 제도적 정비가 필요하며, 이를 위해 경비업법 상 혼잡경비업무를 독자적인 경비업무로 규정하여야 한다. 이를 토대로 경비지도사 및 경비원 교육 • 훈련이 혼잡경비업무에 특화되도록 법제화 되어야 할 것이다. Many problems related to the private security in Korea emerges in company with its growth. Hidden behind the structural vulnerability of private security in Korea are legal and institutional problems, which should be solved to lay the foundation for the original example of private security system. In these contexts, this study analyzes the actual conditions and the development measures of private security in Korea. The development ways that make up for the imperfection of current private security system are as follows. First, It should be achieved that Legal Criteria is to be improved and the measure plan that can secure security company founder's work ethics should be suggested. Second, the supervision system is to be done in quality for the purpose of the permission for security business. The supervision department in the police should be operated efficiently by being expanded and in the long term, the independent agency to cover administrative duties related to the private security should be founded. Third, the education system for private security personnels and security counsellors should be actualized and the specialized and practical training should be given to them. Fourth, the Expert Certification System should be enforced to test private security personnels' ability, qualification, and work ethics. Fifth, it is necessary to break down Cut-Throat Competition and petty business. So Company Ranking System and Standard Price System should be introduced and the function of Korea Security Association is to be reinforced.

인지과학의 패러다임으로 살펴본 연기예술의 창조과정과 방법론 연구 : 체계적이고 과학적인 공연학의 정립을 위하여

이강임 ( Gang Im Lee ) 한국연극학회 2009 한국연극학 Vol.0 No.38

These days, we are witnessing an outstanding scientific revolution called `cognitive science.` Cognitive studies in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and other disciplines have made a remarkable development in the past twenty years in understanding such cognitive areas as perception, memory, imagination, empathy, emotions, behavior, and meaning-making. In fact, cognitive science is replacing the dominant influences of Freudian psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and semiotics. Scholars in theatre and performance studies are beginning to apply these findings to their field. For the first time in South Korea, I explore the creative process of acting in terms of the new paradigm of cognitive science. In this paper, using the cognitive lens, I look into Stanislavsky`s `system` and Brecht`s `epic style acting` and reconsider the usefulness of the actor training system as one of the ways of establishing the systematic and scientific actor training program in South Korea. In this paper, I introduce the succinct outline of cognitive science in order to engage the readers who are not quitely familiar with it to my study of science of acting. I apply ideas from cognitive science to illuminate the process of acting through the works of such cognitive scientists as Antonio Damasio, Joseph LeDoux, Gerald Edelman, Steven Pinker, George Lakoff, and Mark Johnson. Methodologically, I adopt interdisciplinary approaches to render a more fruitful discussion about Stanislavsky`s system and Brecht`s epic style acting. In this paper, I argue that we should not ignore the findings and discoveries of Stanislavsky`s system and Brecht`s epic style acting due to its old scientific paradigm. On the contrary, I assert, they should be reconstructed from the perspectives and prospects of cognitive science. In the main body of the paper, first, adopting the discoveries and findings from cognitive science, I try to deconstruct the dichotomous division between art/science, body/mind, emotion/reason, consciousness/unconsciousness, inside/outside of the body. After I postulate the cognitive foundation for actor`s bodymind, then, I examine the important conceptual tools of Stanislavsky`s system and Brecht`s epic style acting: character, role, given circumstances, imagination, attention, empathy, projection, dual consciousness, gestus, etc. At the end, I investigate how these discrete acting methods can converge on the troubled issue of the actor`s exploration of creative processes in acting. While I explain these cognitive concepts, I suggest various practical training methods and procedures, which I have tried from the discoveries and findings of cognitive science. Ultimately, I hope that this paper opens up a space for a dialogue about the systematic and scientific actor training programs in South Korea.

종이신문 열독시간 변화 추이

이강형(Gang Heong Lee),남재일(Jae Il Nam) 한국언론정보학회 2017 한국언론정보학보 Vol.83 No.3

이 연구는 그 동안 장기적으로 진행되어온 신문이용량 감소의 원인과 관련하여 시간적 차원을 구성하고 있는 세 가지 요소, 즉, 개인의 생애주기에 따른 연령효과, 미디어 환경변화가 주도한 시기 효과, 그리고 특정시기에 태어나서 특정한 미디어 경험을 공유하는 코호트(또는 세대) 효과를 코호트 분석(cohort analysis)을 통해 동시적으로 밝혀내고자 했다. 구체적으로, 종이신문 이용량 감소가 뉴스이용자 전체에 걸쳐서 진행되어 온 공통적인 현상인지, 아니면 특정 연령대나 특정시기의 출생 집단에 의해 주도되어온 ‘특수한’ 현상인지, 아니면 특정 시기에 등장한 뉴스 미디어가 추동한 뉴스 미디어 생태 환경적 현상인지를 진단하고자 했다. 언론진흥재단의 언론수용자 설문조사 데이터를 분석한 결과 2000년대 접어들면서 가속화되기 시작한 신문 열독시간의 하락은 2000년대 초반 포털 뉴스 사이트의 등장과 성장으로 인해 무료 뉴스 시장이 확대된 시기와 상당히 연관되며, 1980년대 초반에서 1990년대 초반에 출생한 코호트들이 그 이전에 출생한 코호트보다 더 종이신문 시장에서 이탈하면서 생겨난 현상으로 짐작된다. 개인의 생애주기에 따른 연령 효과는 시기 효과나 출생코호트 효과에 비해 그다지 일관성 있게 나타나지 않았다. This study explored the causes of the enduring decline in the amount of newspaper reading time by using the cohort analysis. Three possible effects were examined for the decline in the amount of newspaper reading time: age, cohort, and period. The age effect represents the chronological amount of time that has elapsed since birth and explains how an individual’s position in his or her life span effects the newspaper reading. The cohort effect denotes the experiences shared by certain age groups that distinguish characteristics of group members from those of others. The period effect is one that influences people’s newspaper reading in particular periods regardless of their age. We analyzed the long-term survey data of newspaper audience conducted by the Korea Press Foundation. As a result, the decline in the amount of newspaper reading was found to be closely related to the period in which the free news market has increased due to the advent of internet news portal sites in the early 2000s. The birth cohorts of the early 1980s to 1990s also took the lead in the decline of newspaper reading. However, there was no consistent effect of age as compared with the period and cohort effects.

항공기 엔진 안전성 평가기술

이강이(Kangyi Lee),유승우(Seungwoo Yoo),김귀순(Kuisoon Kim) 한국추진공학회 2007 한국추진공학회지 Vol.11 No.6

1270~80년대 고려내 鷹坊 운영 및 대외무역

이강한(Lee Kang-Hahn) 한국사연구회 2009 한국사연구 Vol.146 No.-

In the early 13th century, the Mongol Yuan government implemented a new 'silver tax' system, in the Northern region of the Yellow River. Through such system, it collected a vast amount of silver throughout Northern China. Yet in the latter half of the 13th century, such tax system began to deteriorate due to drainage of silver reserves in the area, and facing drastic drop in the silver income level, the Yuan government suddenly decided to reorganize the Eungbang units located throughout the region (under the authority of high-ranking fiscal offices), and had them serve as extractors of various items in Northern China, and also quite probably ‘tap into’ local silver reserves more directly. Interestingly enough, the Eungbang units in Goryeo that were newly installed just around the same time, also served as harvesters of local goods in Goryeo, including Goryeo's own silver resources. We can see the possibility that the Yuan authorities, facing dire needs to increase their silver revenue, might have become very interested in Goryeo's silver reserve, and resorted to extract Goryeo's silver through the Eungbang units which had been installed everywhere inside Goryeo since the mid-1270s. Yet what was even more interesting, was Goryeo King Chungryeol-wang's stance in all this. He definitely was critical of the Eungbang units' malpractices and extortions that were continuing inside his own realm, yet he was also trying to benefit from the operations of those Eungbang units, by aiding them through his own cronies deployed throughout the country. He even tried to invite a Muslim figure to oversee the operations of the Eungbang units in Goryeo and not to mention all the commercial goods and materials that were piled up there. His intentions are unclear, yet considering the fact that the Yuan government's policy regarding the Eungbang units in Northern China showed a very close tie with the government's foreign trade policy as well, we may presume that Chungryeol-wang's intentions concerning the Eungbang units had something to do with his own intentions regarding the Goryeo dynasty's foreign trades with Yuan or other entities involved in the maritime silkroad trades. It seems that, instead of letting all the materials piled up inside the Eungbang units slip away outside Goryeo territory, he wanted to ‘invest' them himself in foreign trades, and because he needed all the information, techniques and networks to launch an effective and profitable investment, he called for a foreign figure to handle the actual procedure. In the end, his attempt was thwarted by his own wife, yet we can have a glimpse at what kind of preparations would have been made by the Goryeo figures in their foreign trade attempts, by examining all these Eungbang units that were installed inside Goryeo.