중국 사회신용체계와 디지털 권위주의: 농민공 임금 미지급 사례를 중심으로

이가용,XING SIYAO,정종필 경희대학교 사회과학연구원 2022 社會科學硏究 Vol.48 No.3

This study suggests that China's Social Credit System could fill the institutional gaps and resolve rural migrant workers' issues. China's Social Credit System has been portrayed as a 'critical case' of digital authoritarianism, which explains the development of internet technologies leads to stronger authoritarian regimes. A perspective of digital authoritarianism contends that the Chinese government monitors and controls its citizens by exploiting an artificial intelligence technology, the so-called Social Credit System. However, we argue that explaining the Social Credit System only as a surveillance tool misunderstands the policy. China has struggled with several social problems provoked by insufficient laws and regulations, including Internet financial scams and labor safety. In order to resolve the issues and promote trust in Chinese society, the Chinese Government established the Social Credit System. This research introduces a case that the Social Credit System contributes to solving complicated issues rather than working as a surveillance system. Specifically, we analyze how the Social Credit System resolves the wage nonpayment issue of rural migrant workers(nongmingongs). Since the population of rural migrant workers is enormous, the unpaid wages issue could invoke severe social instability if it maintains. The Social Credit System collects information of firms that did not pay for rural migrants, establishes blacklists, and imposes sanctions on the blacklists. Those companies registered as blacklists are penalized on several activities, such as financial loans, governmental subsidies, and governmental procurement. As the punishments become larger than the economic benefits achieved from not paying employees, the companies voluntarily compensate rural migrant workers to secure social credit scores. This research suggests that the Social Credit System could promote social stability and protect citizens' interests when leaders use it effectively 본 연구는 중국의 사회신용체계가 사회 문제 해결에 기여한 사례를 소개하였다. 사회신용체계는 디지털 권위주의 이론의 핵심 사례로 자주 언급되고 있다. 디지털 권위주의 이론을 지지하는 학자들은 디지털 기술의 발전이 더 강력한 권위주의 체제를 창출하고 있다고주장하며 그 대표적인 예로 중국의 사회신용체계를 소개하고 있다. 즉, 중국이 사회신용체계를 이용하여 개인 삶의 일거수일투족을 감시하고 통제한다는 것이다. 하지만 사회신용체계를 단순히 감시 도구로만 보는 시각은 한계가 있다. 중국은 미흡한 법 제도로 인하여금융 사기 등의 사회 문제를 겪고 있고, 이와 같은 문제를 해결하고 사회적 신뢰를 증진하기 위해서 사회신용체계를 고안해냈기 때문이다. 사회신용체계가 실제로 문제 해결에 어떻게 기여하는지 살펴보기 위하여 본 논문은 농민공 임금 미지급 문제를 분석하였다. 중국농민공은 인구 규모가 크기 때문에 임금 미지급 문제가 지속될 시 심각한 사회 문제로 발전할 가능성이 있음에도 불구하고 법 제도의 미흡함과 복잡한 절차 등으로 인하여 문제해결에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 중국은 사회신용체계를 통해 농민공의 임금을 미지급한 기업의 정보를 수집하고, 블랙리스트를 제정하여, 블랙리스트에 등재된 기업에 융자 대출, 정부 지원 보조금, 정부 조달 등 다양한 영역에서 제재를 가하였다. 농민공 임금 미지급으로 얻는 금전적 이익보다 불이익이 더 커지자 기업은 자발적으로 농민공의 임금을 지급하고신용 점수를 지키고자 노력하였다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 사회신용체계가 효과적으로 사용될 시, 중국 내의 고질적인 사회 문제를 해결하고 시민의 이익을 보호하는 용도로도 사용될 수 있다는 것을 밝히고자 한다.

미국의 파리협정 가입 및 탈퇴 요인 분석 : 오바마 행정부와 트럼프 행정부 사례

이가용,김현 한국정치사회연구소 2022 한국과 국제사회 Vol.6 No.4

This paper aims to explain factors of the U.S. Obama administration's accession to the United Nations Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Trump administration's withdrawal from it from a theoretical perspective. The Obama administration showed a tendency to pursue liberal internationalism in its foreign environmental and economic policy. The liberal internationalist ideology prescribed cooperation with China on global climate change issues and made the U.S. to focus on the absolute gains from multilateral cooperation through the Paris Agreement. As a result, the Obama administration decided to accede to the Agreement. The Trump administration pursued a foreign policy ideology of economic nationalism. Based on such an ideology, it placed a greater priority on protecting the US market and enhancing its economic power and thus put a relative gain factor first in global environmental cooperation. As a result, the Trump administration made the decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement because environmental cooperation through it would expectedly bring relative economic losses to the U.S. comparing China, India, and other competing countries. 이 논문의 목적은 미국의 오바마 행정부가 유엔 기후변화에 관한 파리협정에 가입한 요인과 트럼프 행정부가 파리협정에서 탈퇴한 요인을 이론적 시각에서 설명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 활용하는 이론적 분석 틀은 외교정책이념 접근법과 국제협력에서의 절대적 이득 및 상대적 이득 요인 분석이다. 분석의 결과로서 이 논문은 오바마 행정부와 트럼프 행정부의 외교정책이념이 국제협력에서 각각 절대적 이득 또는 상대적 이득의 중시 여부를 결정하고 그에 따라 파리협정에 가입하거나 탈퇴하는 결과를 낳았다고 분석한다. 즉 오바마 행정부는 환경 및 경제 외교정책에 있어서는 자유주의적 국제주의 이념을 추구하는 경향을 보였다. 자유주의적 국제주의 이념은 글로벌 기후변화 이슈에서 중국과의 협력을 권고하고 파리협정과 관련하여 미국이 얻게 될 절대적 이득을 중시하도록 하여 오바마 행정부가 파리협정에 가입하는 결과를 낳았다. 반면에 트럼프 행정부는 국제관계를 제로섬(zero-sum)적인 경쟁 관계로 간주하고 국제협력에서 상대적 이득 요인을 우선시하는 경제적 민족주의 외교정책이념을 지향하였다. 따라서 트럼프 행정부는 미국의 시장을 보호하고 경제력을 증진하는 것을 최우선 과제로 설정하고 글로벌 환경협력에서도 상대적 이득 요인을 중시하였다. 그리하여 파리협정이 중국이나 인도 등과 비교해서 미국에 상대적인 경제적 손실을 초래할 것을 예상하였기 때문에 파리협정에서 탈퇴하는 결정을 내린 것으로 분석된다.

지방자치단체 공무원의 퇴직태도와 노후준비에 관한 연구

가용현 한국지방행정학회 2015 한국지방행정학보 (KLAR) Vol.12 No.2

This study considered the preceding research works in order to look into a local government official's attitude towards retirement and preparation for old age, and analyzed as well as considered the general status, difference and (their consequential) influence through the interview survey. As a result of the correlation and hierarchical regression analysis, first, it was found that all factors of sub-factors(economic, physical, emotional social preparation for old age) in a local government official's attitude towards retirement, activity after retirement and preparation for old age showed a positive correlation. Second, with regard to economic preparation for old age, ages, income, attitude towards retirement, and activity after retirement were found to be effective variables, among which the socio-demographic variable showed high explanation power. Third, with regard to physical preparation for old age, gender, ages, a city service is offered, income, and activity after retirement were found to be effective variables, among which the socio-demographic variable showed high explanation power. Fourth, with regard to emotional preparation for old age, the intention of doing activity after retirement was found to be an effective variable while showing high explanation power. Fifth, with regard to preparation for old age, ages, religion, income and activity after retirement were found to be effective variables, among which the intention of doing activity after retirement showed high explanation power. Hereupon, this study is intending to make a suggestion as follows: First, it's necessary to improve the restriction on employment system for retired public officials suited for a public official of a local autonomous entity. Particularly, it can be said that there is the need for a structure applicable to the field in line with the characteristic of a local government. Second, what matters is the importance of pre-retirement education. In other words, there is the need for the retirement management program as an education program that meets the local government officials' needs. Thus, there is the need for an education program that can make local government officials realize its importance realistically. Third, it's necessary to do aggressive encouragement to the activity after retirement of local government officials. This study thinks that it's necessary to arrange the volunteer work system that can be connected while in office or even after retirement by strengthening the strong point that a local government official is in a close relation with a region. Lastly, this study thinks there is the need for a discussion about local government officials from various angles. It is thought that in the midst of the increase in the number of retired public officials in aging society, preparation for old age and retirement could be an alternative to provision for social issues.

장애인활동지원제도에 대한 한 · 일 비교 연구

김경민,가용현,장세철 대한일어일문학회 2013 일어일문학 Vol.58 No.-

This study aims to reduce the burden of the family, but also improve their quality of life by supporting the independent living of the Disabled. Comparison consideration of a Korean the Disabled activity support system and the independence support system of Japan was carried out. First, the perspective is a discussion on the contents of Disabled activity support system. Second, Gilbert & Terrell"s four choices of the dimension of policy analysis framework (allocation, provision, delivery, financial) and Howard & David"s policy of social we lfare policy analysis (policy goals, economic feasibility, and administrative feasibility)has been investigated. Third, Furukawa administrative principle of the social welfare aspects (effectiveness, the right, universality, justice, comprehensive) to find the implications of the system. Disabled activity support system performed earlier than in Korea, Japan, and compares the system, and highlighted the need to investigate the issues on the enforcement of the study has significance. First, the implications of this study to provide the right to make a living through self-services provide for the welfare needs of disabled and activity support system. Second, through the expansion of welfare services and facilities for the effect of the enforcement system that is independent of the type of disability, age and grade, and emphasize fairness should clarify. Third, organic services provided through, there is a need to emphasize the universality of the system to reduce the establishment of the operating system and service that can not be disabled.

고분자 용액의 경화도 조절에 따른 비대칭막의 투과 특성 관찰

강종석,원종옥,박현채,가용수,김은영,이영무 한국고분자학회 1998 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.1998 No.10

주유기디자인 개발에 관한 연구

류가용 牧園大學校 1990 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.17 No.-

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES SESSION : Mesozoic Tectonic Cycles in the Northeastern Part of China

미가용(Mi Jiarong) 자연사.미래환경학회(구.자연사환경학회) 1993 KOREA-CHINA SYMPOSIUM ON NATURAL HISTORY AND ENVIR Vol.- No.-

호텔업의 하이테크놀로지 적용이 고객만족도 및 재방문의도에 미치는 영향연구 - 인공지능 가상현실 증강현실 실시간시스템 중심으로 -

이가용 ( Li Jia-rong ),신홍철 ( Shin Hong-chul ) 한국호텔리조트학회 2021 호텔리조트연구 Vol.20 No.4

As the age of the fourth industrial revolution comes, automation technologies such as AI(artificial intelligence), VR(Virtual Reality), AR(Augmented Reality) and Real-time system are affecting on the recognition changes of the tourism industry. Within the next 10 years, artificial intelligence technology and various high-tech technologies will be increasingly used in various fields of the tourism industry. This paper takes China's Alibaba Flyzoo Hotel as an example, which is the world's first "future hotel”. The biggest feature of Alibaba Flyzoo Hotel is that there are no traditional hotel staff, only intelligent robots. Based on the total of 300 questionnaires were distributed online, and a total of 287 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaires were used to survey and analyze tourists who have stayed in high-tech hotels. Starting from the five Strategic Experientials of tourists, this paper analyzes the relationship between customer satisfaction and revisit intention. In particular, the development of artificial intelligence technology is expected to affect the entire tourism industry in the near future. Therefore, preemptive measures should be taken in all tourism fields. This research puts forward some academic and practical implications.

文本跨域:溥心畬《凝碧餘音詞》畫意探究

林佳蓉 한국외국어대학교 대만연구센터 2023 대만연구 Vol.- No.22

Cis are an art of time; painting is an art of space. Cis focus on the poet’s subjective lyricism, on the side that can “feel”; while paintings focus on the painter’s depiction of external scenery, on the side that can “see”. However, in classical poetry and traditional Chinese painting, it can often be seen that literary creation is full of pictorial meaning, while painting is full of literary poetic color, so that the spirit of poetry and painting can cross domains, “observe and emulate” each other, merge with each other, and form a structure polyphonic aesthetic display. This article takes Mr. Pu Xin-yu’s “Ning Bi Yu Yin Ci” as the text to analyze the painting meaning of the ci from three aspects: “flower shadow leaving blank”, “line of sight flow”, and “small and large”. The meaning of the aesthetic effect of the picture caused by the “ci” of the principle of painting. 詞,是屬於時間的藝術;畫,是屬於空間的藝術。詞,著重在詞人主觀的抒情,在能「感」的一面;而畫,著重在畫家描繪外在的景物,在能「見」的一面。但在古典詩詞與國畫作品裡,經常可見文學創作飽含畫意,而畫作卻又富含文學性的詩意色彩,使詩詞與畫作的精神可以跨域,互相「越位觀摩」,互相融合,形成形構多音的美學展現。本文以溥心畬先生的《凝碧餘音詞》為探討的文本,從「花影留白」、「視線流動」、「以小容大」等三個面向進行詞作畫意的分析,考察其中具有繪畫性原理特質的「詞」所引發的畫面美感效果意義。

Polydopamine Materials for Empowering Cancer Immunotherapy

Gayong Shim(심가용) 한국고분자학회 2023 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.48 No.2