한국어 TimeML -텍스트의 사건 및 시간 정보 연구

유현조 ( Hyun Jo You ),장하연 ( Ha Yeon Jang ),조유미 ( Yu Mi Jo ),남승호 ( Seung Ho Nam ),신효필 ( Hyo Pil Shin ),김윤신 ( Yoon Shin Kim ) 한국언어정보학회 2011 언어와 정보 Vol.15 No.1

TimeML is a markup language for events and temporal expressions in natural language, proposed in Pustejovsky et al. (2003) and latter standardized as ISO-TimeML (ISO 24617-1:2009). In this paper, we propose the further specification of ISO-TimeML for the Korean language with the concrete and thorough examination of real world texts. Since Korean differs significantly from English, which is the first and almost only extensively tested language with TimeML, one continuously run into theoretical and practical difficulties in the application of TimeML to Korean. We focus on the discussion for the consistent and efficent application of TimeML: how to consistently apply TimeML in accordance with Korean specificity and what to be annotated and what not to be, i.e. which information is meaningful in the temporal interpretation of Korean text, for efficient application of TimeML.

딥러닝 기반 한국어 개체명 인식의 평가와 오류 분석 연구

유현조(You, Hyun-Jo),송영숙(Song, Youngsook),김민수(Kim, Min Soo),윤기현(Yun, Gihyun),정유남(Cheong, Yunam) 한국언어학회 2021 언어 Vol.46 No.3

Named entity recognition is a natural language processing task that recognizes and classifies named entities in an unstructured text. The targets of NER are not limited to typical proper names for persons, locations and organizations, but also date, time and quantity expressions and can be further expanded to names of events, animals, plants, materials and other encyclopedic entities. A real-world NER system is also expected to be tuned to process domain-specific terminologies. In this study, the researchers built and tested a BERT based Korean NER system and proposed methods for evaluation and error analysis. The study trained the system with 140K word NER corpus and evaluated with 60K test. Error types are proposed to be categorized into four classes: detection, boundary, segmentation, and labelling. Error rates are found to vary greatly from 1% to 30% between entity labels, which are grouped into the most accurate time and quantity expressions, relatively accurate proper names, and highly erroneous terminologies. We expect that the error analysis will provide insights for finding a better way of data collection and post-processing correction.

CommonAI: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis for Automatic-generation of Commonsense Reasoning Conversations Suitable for AI

신현규(Hyeon Gyu Shin),유현조(Hyun Jo You),송영숙(Young Sook Song) Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Eng 2023 정보과학회논문지 Vol.50 No.5

한국어 집합 시간 표현의 의미 유형과 표상

김문형 ( Mun Hyoung Kim ),조유미 ( Yu Mi Jo ),유현조 ( Hyun Jo You ),장하연 ( Ha Yeon Jang ),남승호 ( Seung Ho Nam ),신효필 ( Hyo Pil Shin ),김윤신 ( Yoon Shin Kim ) 한국언어정보학회 2012 언어와 정보 Vol.16 No.1

This study introduces set-denoting time expressions in Korean, which can be divided into simple and complex types. It was found that while the simple type expressions are easily represented within ISO-Time ML, a time-expression markup language, some complex type set-denoting pressions are not. Therefore, this study analyzes the reason for these difficulties in representing complex type expressions, as well as suggests the introduction of @measure and @interpretation attributes in the TIMEX3 tag. The @measure attribute represents the time interval, and the @interpretation attribute is used to distinguish distributive readings from cumulative readings. Additionally this paper suggests that a mapping between these and other attributes are required in TLINK.

한국어 교육을 위한 정형표현 찾기

이준규(Lee, Junkyu),유현조(You, Hyun Jo) 한국응용언어학회 2011 응용 언어학 Vol.27 No.2

Formulaic sequences or MWE (multiword expressions) have been a locus of significant interests in the various domains of applied linguistics, yet have been limited to English education. In contrast to ample research findings of formulaic sequences in English, little is known about counterparts in Korean. Thus, this study aims to respond to a basic, fundamental question: what are formulaic sequences in Korean? For this, this study proposes a new method of finding formulaic sequences in Korean by integrating corpus linguistics methods and data-mining techniques. This study demonstrates how the new method could be implemented to find recurrent noun combinations from a large Korean corpus of newspaper, highlighting that the method allows us to locate MWE, which differs from previous collocation search methods in Korean. Also, this study illustrates how the extracted formulaic sequences can be used for pedagogical practices.

21세기 세종 계획 전자사전의 특수어

조인식(Cho In-Sik),유현조(You Hyun-Jo),신효필(Shin Hyo-Pil) 한국사전학회 2004 한국사전학 Vol.- No.3

The purpose of this study is to identify the properties of special-word, and to show the process of extracting special-words from a large corpus. A special-word corresponds to the notion of unknown words, which is a counterpart of the lexical database in Natural Language Process(NLP). Generally unknown words cause a lot of ambiguities and thus decline the accuracy of NLP systems. The special-word in this work includes various expressions about the events of the day or the fashions, abbreviated words and naturalized word. We came up with a semi-automatic procedure of constructing a special-word dictionary mainly based on the language-dependent heuristics. We, however, also feel that other statistical considerations including frequencies, and probability distributions may be required for unknown word extractions in a higher automatic fashion.

만주어 문어 자료의 데이터베이스 구축을 위하여

고동호 ( Dong Ho Ko ),유현조 ( Hyun Jo You ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2012 건지인문학 Vol.8 No.-

To enhance the level of research into Manchu in Korea and to make it lead the worldwide research trend, it is necessary to build a database of written Manchu which comprises lexical and text data translated from Chinese. The characteristics of this database lie in the fats that its data is enormous Manchu literatures which is hard to obtain, and it is result of interdisciplinary co-work in the humanities by Manchu and Chinese specialists. To achieve a successful goal of this work, it will be performed with the following procedures. (1) Results of transliteration of Manchu into Roman alphabets and Chinse materials will be entered in UNICODE 6.1. (2) The data inputted will be transformed into structured texts in XML format. (3) Integrated dictionary database, Manchu-Chinese parallel corpus, word index database will be built.

한국어 중첩 개체명 분석을 위한 연구

송영숙 ( Song Youngsook ),정유남 ( Cheong Yunam ),유현조 ( You Hyun-jo ) 한국어의미학회 2022 한국어 의미학 Vol.76 No.-

This paper analyzes the hierarchical structures of named entities in the NIKL Named Entity Corpus, which is annotated with 553,830 flat named entity tags. This study will be a base for developing a method to build a Korean nested named entity corpus. The flat version of named entity recognition identifies mentions as linear spans. The nested named entity approach analyzes the hierarchical internal structure of named entities which may consist of smaller component named entities. We extracted candidate mentions for the nested named entity analysis from the NIKL Named Entity Corpus and classified them into three categories: serial named entities, complex named entities, and phrases with a named entity head. These candidates were reviewed manually to be selected as the target of nested named entity analysis. Finally, we discussed the span and the internal structure of named entities and proposed principles and guidelines for the construction of the Korean nested named entity corpus.

한국어 화자의 러시아어 이동사건 표현의 어휘화 패턴 습득 양상 연구

이수현 ( Suhyoun Lee ),안혁 ( Hyug Ahn ),유현조 ( Hyun-jo You ),하주애 ( Juae Ha ),정하경 ( Hakyung Jung ) 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2023 러시아연구 Vol.33 No.1

This experimental study examines native language transfer effects in Korean speakers’ acquisition of lexicalization patterns of motion events in Russian, based on Talmy’s (1985; 2000) typological study. Speakers of Korean (a verb-framed language) and Russian (a satellite-framed language) use distinct strategies to encode semantic elements such as Path, Manner, and Direction when describing motion events. The experiments show that Direction, which is not expressed in Korean, is a challenging aspect for Korean speakers to learn. Manner, optionally expressed in Korean, is frequently omitted, and instead, the verbs idti/xodit’ ‘walk’ are employed in place of other Manner verbs as pseudo-generic verbs roughly equivalent to kada ‘go’ and oda ‘come’ in Korean. Path appears to be most difficult to learn among the three semantic elements. This may be either attributed to the typological difference between Korean and Russian regarding how Path is encoded (verb vs. satellite) or to different degrees of cognitive salience of diverse Path types.

중국 지역 내 중국-티베트 언어의 소유구성 연구

박성하 ( Park Seong Ha ),박은석 ( Park Eun Sok ),유현조 ( You Hyun Jo ) 한국중국학회 2017 중국학보 Vol.82 No.-

본 논문은 중국 지역 내 중국-티베트 언어 중 소수민족 언어 16개와 표준중국어를 대상으로 소유구성을 나타내는 방식에 대해 정리하고 분석하여 그 특성을 귀납한 연구이다. 소유구성을 나타내는 방식을 크게 어순과 문법표지를 기준으로 살펴보았는데 어순 면에서 볼 때 티베트-버마어족에 속하는 언어들은 모두 소유자가 앞에 피소유자가 뒤에 오는 GH 어순을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 타이-카다이어족에서는 ‘차동어’를 제외한 나머지 언어들은 HG 어순과 GH 어순이 모두 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 몽-몐어족에 속하는 ‘호네어’는 GH 어순만 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 문법표지는 소유자 표지와 피소유자 표지로 나누어 살펴보았는데, 피소유자 표지를 사용하는 언어는 ‘갸롱어’, ‘터룽어’, ‘리수어’ 3개뿐이고, 소유자 표지를 사용하는 언어가 대다수임을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 대부분의 언어에서 소유자가 명사인지 대명사인지에 따라 문법 표현 방식이 다르게 나타나는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이 문법표지들은 언어에 따라 필수적인 경우도 있고, 수의적인 경우도 있고, 조건에 따라 필수적으로 사용해야 하거나 생략 가능한 경우도 있었다. 그리고 소유자와 피소유자의 의미관계인 ‘수(단수, 복수)’, ‘친족명칭’, ‘신체기관’, ‘양도불가능’에 따라서 문법표지의 종류, 필수성, 수의성 등이 달라지기도 함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 본 연구를 통해 소유자와 피소유자 간 어순과 어순의 고정성, 문법표지 간 관계를 발견할 수 있었다. 즉, GH 어순을 가진 언어들은 어순이 고정적인 반면에 HG 어순을 가진 언어들은 문법표지를 가질 경우 GH 어순도 가능함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 고정적인 GH 어순을 가진 언어들의 경우 문법표지가 필수인 언어들도 있고, 조건에 따라 생략가능하거나 또는 조건에 따라 필수인 경우도 존재했다. 그리고 이는 소유자와 피소유자의 의미 관계에 따라 좌우되는 경우가 많았다. HG 어순을 우세어순으로 가지는 언어들의 경우 소유구성을 나타내는 문법표지가 있기는 하나 필수적이지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 본 연구를 통해 살펴 본 중국-티베트 언어들은 소유구성을 나타내는 문법표지와 어순 사이에는 상당한 관련성을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. In this article we investigate major typological features related to the word order and the marking in the possessive constructions of the Chinese and 16 Sino-Tibetan minority languages in China, including 9 Tibeto-Burman, 6 Tai-Kadai (or Kam-Tai) and one Hmong-Mien (or Miao-Yao) languages. A possessive construction is sometimes called as a genitive construction and consists of a possessor (or genitive noun) and a possessee (or head noun). The order in Tibeto-Burman languages is GenHead. Both GenHead and HeadGen orders are found in Tai-Kadai languages except the Chadong language. The order in the Chadong is GenHead. The order is HeadGen in the Ho Ne, the sole Hmong-Mien language studied in this article. All target languages have obligatory or optional explicit morphosyntactic marking within possessive constructions. Head (possessee) marking is observed only in Gyalrong, Drung and Lisu languages. Dependent (possessor) marking is observed in all languages. Possessor nouns are marked by particles and pronominal possessors are marked by phonological or morphological changes. In some languages, possessor nouns are not marked but only pronominals are marked. In other languages, possessor nouns are makred but the marking is optional or different for the inalienable possession, blood relations, body parts, or singular possessors. Finally, we found the correlation between the marking and the word order within possessive constructions. In Lingao, Cun, Chadong, Gelao, Buyang, Bouyei languages, HeadGen is the default order without any marking and infrequent GenHead order is possible with possessor marking particles which are probably borrowed from the Chinese language. In the other languages, the order is GenHead with obligatory or optional marking.