방정환의 초기 번역소설과 동화 연구 -새로 찾은 필명 작품을 중심으로_

염희경 ( Hee Kyung Yeom ) 건국대학교 동화와번역연구소(구 건국대학교 중원인문연구소) 2008 동화와 번역 Vol.15 No.-

There has been a pen name known as ‘Poyeong(泡影)’, which appears in the novel Dong-myeong(東明), and a name ‘Seomong(曙夢)’, which seems to have been the pen name of a person who announced adapted nursery stories through the magazine Gaebyeok(開闢). In this article, both pen names are presumed to have belonged to Bang Jeong Hwan. It is this writer’s intention to secure bases that would support that presumption. Bang Jeong Hwan is known to have used more than 20 pen names, and names like ‘Seomong’ and ‘Poyeong’ do seem to be like terms that might have originated from the same context from which Bang’s other pen names such as ‘Payeong(波影)’ or ‘Mongjungin(夢中人)’ would have been created. Also, considering the nature of Bang’s overall works, the magazines through which he announced his novels and stories, and also his other activities of the time which have remained unknown until recently, it is highly probable and possible that these two names were indeed pen names used by Bang Jeong Hwan himself. Hopefully, the task of determining Bang’s previously unknown pen names(like these two), and also searching for activities of his that have not been discovered yet, would contribute to the overall studies of literary history dealing with the Korean modern era. Also examined in this article, Bang Jeong Hwan’s years of translation efforts were not unrelated to the process of the Koreans’ accepting and embracing Socialism, which was considered as one of the modern philosophies at that time. By determining such quality harbored by Bang’s own efforts, it would become possible to view the ‘translation’ efforts of the time as a turning point which enabled the Koreans’ acceptance of Socialism and subsequent modification of it in a certain fashion that would have suited and benefited to the Korean situation

일제 강점기 번역·번안 동화 앤솔러지의 탄생과 번역의 상상력(2)

염희경(Yeom, Hee-kyung) 한국아동청소년문학학회 2012 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.11

This article aims to examine the effects of translation and Christianity on Korean children’s literature focusing on the publication of the translated ?adapted fairy tale anthology of the Christian line. Both translation and Christianity were the driving force to form the modernized notions of children and literature and worked as some kind of ‘system’ that laid the foundation for children’s literature movement and then affected the process of its development decisively. The translated anthologies of the Christianity line are 6 out of 12 translated fairy tale anthologies still being transmitted from the Japanese colonial era. In terms of the publication periods, 3 kinds were compiled from the beginning of the 1920’s till 1925, the period of genuine formation of children’s literature, and after the blank period of 10 or so years, another 3 kinds were compiled from 1936 till 1940 when juvenile movement was in slump. The subjects of translation were those that accepted Christian baptism early. They were the students who went to Japan and America to study new literature at the initial stage and initiated the magazine edition and literature such as Oh Cheon Seok, Nho Ja Young, and Jeon Young Taek, a foreign missionary, Mrs. A.H. Norton, and the figure named Choi In Hwa who was involved in editing children’s magazine of the Christian line and then worked as an elder. They were also the persons who were positioned importantly in the history of Christianity in Korea. Translated fairy tale anthologies of the Christian line show the effects of Christianity multilaterally including the translator’s personal history, preface written by the author, preface, contained works, or the publisher. In particular, the fact that the fairy tales they chose were mostly Andersen’s tells us that they contain strong messages of Christian salvation. The preface of the translated anthologies with strong color of Christianity emphasizes divine and innocent children, that is, the innocence of children. This also shows the relationship between the formation of children’s literature, Christianity, and translation which allowed all those.

근대 어린이 이미지의 발견과 번역·번안동화집

염희경 ( Yeom Hee-kyung ) 한국문학연구학회 2017 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.62

한국 아동문학 형성기에 어린이와 문학을 근대적 시선으로 새롭게 발견할 수 있게 한 주요 동력은 번역이었다. 이 글은 일제 강점기 번역·번안동화집을 대상으로 하여 글(서문, 추천사, 수록 동화 등)과 그림(표지, 내부 컷, 장식, 동화 삽화 등)에서 어린이와 아동문학에 대한 근대적 관념과 이미지가 어떻게 형성, 표현되었는지 고찰하였다. 『금방울』 (오천석)은 천진무구의 상징이자, `어린 구주(救主)`로서의 어린이 이미지를 시각화했고, 『사랑의 선물』(방정환)은 학대 받는 어린이 이미지를 전면화 하고 동정의 상상력을 자극하는 시각적 이미지를 부각하였다. 『천사의 선물』 (노자영)은 표지와 서문에서 동심주의를 피력했지만, 옛이야기 선집이기에 선정 동화와 삽화는 근대의 어린이상을 제시하지 못하고 상투적 이미지에 머물렀다. 『세계일주동화집』(이정호)은 책 표지와 수록 동화, 편집 체제에서는 강렬한 민족주의를, `머리 말씀` 컷과 목차 컷 등에서는 낭만적 동심주의를 부각하였다. 『세계걸작동화집』(조광사)은 표지에서 활달하고 중성적인 소녀와 민족 코드를 부각했고, 『특선세계동화집』(전영택)은 표지에서 동심주의를 부각했지만, 수록 동화의 경우 청교도적 시각으로 어린이를 바라보는 시선이 강렬하다. 아동문학 형성기에 번역 아동문학을 주도했던 핵심 그룹(민족주의 계열, 기독교 계열)의 이념적 지향에 따라 근대의 어린이 이미지와 동화관에는 낭만적 동심주의와 민족주의가 강렬하게 내재되어 있다. 근대 아동문학 형성기에 구성된 어린이와 아동문학에 대한 특정 관념과 이미지는 오늘에 이르기까지 강력한 일반 통념으로 작동되어 왔다. Translation was the main power behind the new discovery of children and literature from a modern perspective during the formation period of Korean children`s literature. This paper examines how modern ideals and images regarding children and children`s literature were formed and expressed in the writings (introductions, recommendations, included fairy tales) and pictures(covers, strips, decorations, illustrations) contained in translated and adapted fairy tale collections. Visualizing the child image of `little savior`, Geumbangul (Oh Cheon-seok) is the symbol of innocence, while Gift of Love (Bang Jeong-hwan) brought the children`s image to the forefront and highlighted images that stimulated the imagination of sympathy. The Gift of the Angel (Roh Ja-yeong) lays bare a theory of children`s innocence on its cover and introduction but fails to present a modern image of children in its selected fairy tales and illustrations, ending with a conventional image. The Around the World Fairy Tale Collection (Lee Jung-ho) highlights a powerful nationalism in its cover, fairy tales, and editorial design and a theory of romantic children`s innocence in its `preface` cut and table of content cut. The World Masterpiece Fairy Tale Collection (Chogwangsa) highlights a lively and androgynous girl and nationalistic code on its cover, while The Special World Fairy Tale Collection (Jeon Young-taek) highlights a theory of children`s innocence on its cover despite having a powerful view of children through a puritanical gaze in its fairy tales. Modern Children`s images and outlooks on fairy tales contained a romantic theory of children`s innocence and nationalism depending on the ideological orientation of the core group (nationalistic line, Christian line) leading the translated children`s literature during the formation period of children`s literature. The particular ideals and images in children and children`s literature formed during the formation period of modern children`s literature have functioned as a powerful general notion up to the present.

일반논문 : 일제 강점기 번역, 번안 동화 앤솔러지의 탄생과 번역의 상상력

염희경 ( Hee Kyung Yeom ) 한국문학교육학회 2012 문학교육학 Vol.39 No.-

This study considers the sudjects and media, aspets of translation accounts and realization, and historical issues around translation regarding the translated·adapted fairy tale anthology published in the Japanese Colonial Era. In particular, among the three groups that formed the core force of issuing the fairy tale anthology, this paper is focused on the translation activities of the juvenile movebt group in the nationalistic line(Bang Jeong Hwan, Lee Jeong Ho) and the socialistic line (Go Jang Hwan, Choi Cheong Gok). The two lines were the central force of the juvenile movement during the Japanese Colonial Era and were the group that formed the mainstream discourse of Korean modern children`s literature. As investigating the concrete statue statue of fairy tale translation positively and examining the selection and exdusion of translated works, concrete methods of translation and adaptation, editing systems for fairy tale anthology, and also the motives of translation shown in the preface and the letter of recommendation, this paper considers the political and ideological pursuit of two groups intervening with the practice of translation. The ``field`` of Korean modern children`s literature translation is the arena of competition that well shows the rivalry of political dynamics between the core forces that developed children`s literature movement and juvenile movement. The practice of modern children`s literature translation is the historical product and political behavior in which modem Korea`s interpretation on the spirit of the times and the subjects of translation or literary imagination is inserted intensely. In the process of forming and developing Korean children`s literature, it is needed to reexamine the positive functions and roles that translation has played and also its effects in literary history.

‘소설가’ 방정환과 근대 단편소설의 두 계보

염희경(Yeom, Hee-kyung) 한국아동청소년문학학회 2013 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.13

This article focuses on Bang Jeong-hwan as a ‘novelist’ that has been shaded behind his fame as a writer of juvenile stories or activist for juveniles. Bang Jeong-hwan was active as a ‘literary youth’ from the late 1910’s till the early 1920’s, the period of formation of Korean modern short stories, and received attention as a rising novelist of the time. The researches on Bang Jeong-hwan’s novels should be genuinely investigated not only because they have significance in the history of novels during the formation of modern short novels but also because they allow us to examine his literature and thought multilaterally. Bang Jeong-hwan’s novels are classified into two genealogies: ‘novels of work-study students’ and ‘romantic novels’. In his ‘novels of work-study students’, he described the dream and despair of workstudy students pursuing a ‘position’ in the colonial modern era realistically. According to the difference of the media selector or chief readers, the novels of this genealogy are divided into the ones that highlight the aspects of youths dreaming of and striving for a ‘position’ or ‘success’ despite the poverty and hardship and the others that stress the desperate situation in which work-study students’ dream gets defeated by unjust reality brutally. Meanwhile, his ‘romantic novels’ show the new youths or new women of that time were in the path to declare parting from the feudalistic order of the olden days through free love. However, it could not reach love as the realization of personality or freedom but still held the limitation of adopting the structure of the enlightenment such as trust or the national cause. Bang Jeong-hwan created ‘novels of work-study students’ during the 1910’s, the end of the Enlightenment and approached ‘romantic novels’ in the early 1920’s when romanticism appeared, and again, in the place that was blocked, he showed his transfer to satiric causeries revealing corruption of the time. From the series of processes that he created novels, we can see that the three tendencies of Enlightenment, Romanticism, and Realism penetrating his literature are complexly associated and played as variations.

숨은 방정환 찾기: 방정환의 필명 논란을 중심으로

염희경(Yeom, Hee-Kyung) 한국아동청소년문학학회 2014 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.14

This article critically examines the controversy over Bang Jeonghwan’s pen name that has lasted up until now. Lately, a challenging research that insists ‘三山人(Samsamin)’ and ‘雙S(Ssang S)’ that have been known as Bang Jeonghwan’s representative pen names are Cha Sangchan’s was submitted. This means that the foundation of research on Bang Jeonghwan has come to face crisis. Examining the discussions over Bang Jeonghwan’s pen names, we can see that most of them rely on either retrospection or assumption that his pen names have been increased recklessly so far. Therefore, it is needed to distinguish his certain pen names from uncertain ones and decide whether the uncertain pen names are really his or not. Above all, it is important to suggest an objective and positive ground. Examining the text in detail, this researcher has found that several pen names out of the uncertain ones should be Bang Jeonghwan’s based on clear clues. Particularly about pen names like ‘雨村(Woochon)’ or ‘CW’ which was used by a number of authors at the same time, it is necessary to distinguish Bang Jeonghwan’s text from others’ by considering such things as the media of publication, characteristics of the writing, and circumstantial ground synthetically. To decide whether a certain pen name is real or not is one of the most confusing areas in the research of modern literature along with the loss of material. It is because research conducted when a pen name is not yet certain may produce distorted results after all. Through this research, it was possible to correct and complement errors around Bang Jeonghwan’s pen names and draw tasks to be done in follow-up research afterwards. It is expected that excavation and collection of modern magazine and material and also advancement in research on modern literary persons will confirm a number of uncertain pen names and lay a firm ground for foundational research.

방정환의 번안시 「어린이노래-불 켜는 이」 연구 -원작 로버트 루이스 스티븐슨의 「The Lamplighter」, 일본어 번역본 「點火夫」와의 비교 연구를 중심으로-

염희경 ( Hee Kyung Yeom ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소(구 한양대학교 한국학연구소) 2015 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.61 No.-

오랫동안 작자 미상의 번역시로 남겨져왔던 방정환의 「어린이노래-불 켜는 이」의 원작시가 영국의 월터 드 라 메어의 「Songs of childhood ‘The Lamplighter’」라는 주장이 최근에 제기되었다. 이어 「불 켜는 이」의 원작시가 로버트 루이스 스티븐슨의 「The Lamplighter」라는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 이 글에서는 원작(영시), 중역본으로 추정되는 일본어 번역시, 방정환 번안시에 이르는 경로를 실증적 자료를 토대로 검토했다. 「불 켜는 이」는 원작, 일본어 번역시와 달리 방정환의 독자적 사상이 개입되어 재창작된 이중 번안이다. 방정환은 낭만적이고 동심주의적 색채가 강한 스티븐슨의 원작시를 민중주의적으로 전유(專有)한 번안시를 선보였다. 방정환은 『개벽』에 처음 발표했던 「불 켜는 이」를 『어린이』에 재수록하면서 몇 부분을 고쳤다. 민중 지향성을 유지하면서도 어린이 독자를 염두에 두고 시형을 간결하게 다듬어 리듬감을 살리고 쉬운 어휘를 선정하고자 했다. 어린이를 위한 시 선집에 수록되었던 스티븐슨의 원작시가 방정환에 의해 어린이 화자의 퍼소나를 차용한 민중적 ‘번안시’로 『개벽』에 소개되었고, 다시 독자층을 달리한 『어린이』에 재수록 되면서 ‘동시’로 재맥락화한 것이다. 또한 「불 켜는 이」는 이 당시 방정환의 사상 지형을 잘 보여주는 번안시다. 1910년대 후반~1920년대 초, 방정환의 번역·번안문학과 창작문학과의 연계성 속에서 재조명할 필요가 있는 흥미로운 작품이다. The original work from which Bang Jeong-hwan adapted his poem <Bul-kyeo- neun-i(The Lamp Lighter)> which used to be unknown was recently claimed to be the English poet Walter de la Mare`s <Songs of childhood, ‘The Lamplighter’>. The original of <Bul-kyeo-neun-i>, however, was Robert Louis Stevenson`s <The Lamplighter>. This study reviews the path of change from original work (English poem), Japanese translated version and Bang`s adapted poem based on empirical data. Unlike the English original and Japanese version, Bang`s <Bul-kyeo-neun-i> is a double adaptation recreated with his own original ideas. Bang Jeong-hwan adapted Stevenson`s romantic and childlike original to a popular poem. <Bul-kyeo-neun-i> shows process of change from Stevenson`s original in an anthology of poems for children through Bang`s adapted popular poem which borrowed child narrator`s persona and introduced in magazine 『Gaebyeok(開闢)』 to the same one introduced in magazine 『Eo-rin-i(어린이)』 with different readers repositioned as a ‘children`s poem’. <Bul-kyeo-neun-i> is an adapted poem which reveals Bang`s ideological geography at the time which requires re-illumination from the combination of the time frame of late 1910s to early 1920s, Bang`s translations and adaptations and creative literature.

이원수의 전래동화 연구를 위한 기초 고찰

염희경(Yeom, Hee-Kyung) 한국아동청소년문학학회 2011 아동청소년문학연구 Vol.- No.9

This study aims to review necessity for the study on Lee Won-su's traditional fairy tales, problems in finalization of works and Lee Won-su's recognition on traditional fairy tales focusing on the fairy tales by Lee Won-su that have almost not been discussed in literature studies so far. Especially through provision of empirical data and presumption, it builds up the base for finalization of works. Publication of Lee Won-su's traditional fairy tales collection in the early 1960's had an influence on the publications of other fairy tales collections from the perspectives of story selection, writing styles and morality. He recognized the importance of fairy tales, and played a role as a leader in settling the fairy tales in children's literature genre by selectively writing the orally transmitted stories. However, his works shows a limitation of recognition in that he understood the fairy tales from the view point emphasizing the educational attributes and literary value. The study on Lee Won-su's works is not only a part of study to illuminate his world of literature but also is important in studying the history of Korean traditional fairy tales. To be specific, it provides a clue to look into how the different perspectives of each society surrounding the traditional fairy tales, perspective of folklore, perspective of children's literature and perspective of education study settled down as a particular major discourse of influence until today.

여름철 냉방 조건에서의 着衣 訓練이 인체의 체온 조절 반응에 미치는 효과

김미경,최정화,염희경 한국의류학회 1995 한국의류학회지 Vol.19 No.3

his study was performed to investigate that wear training using thermal insulation with clothes has the effect on the human thermoregulatory response, especially on the heat tolerance. Twelve men and women in twenties were divided into the control group, the training groups and each group except the control group had participated in wear training. The heat tolerance was assessed in all subjects who had participated in the experiment carried out in hot environment(40±1℃, 50±5%RH) by such parameters as rectal temperature, skin temperature, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pluse rate, total sweat volume, local sweat volume, subjective sensation, and the differences of heat tolerance in each group were compared. The results were as follows: In hot environment(40℃) the changing width of rectal temperature was decreased in the control and the heavy clothing group. Forehead and abdomen temperature in hot environment were significantly decreased after the training. Sweat rate was higher after the training than before. In all experimental groups, systolic and diastolic blood pressures in hot environment(40℃) were significantly decreased after the training.