골반압박벨트를 착용한 상태에서의 도수치료가 슬관절 전치환술 환자의 고관절 외전근과 균형에 미치는 영향

신영일,김태원,전재국,Shin, Young-il,Kim, Tae-won,Jeon, Jae-guk 대한정형도수물리치료학회 2018 대한정형도수물리치료학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate that effect of manual therapy using pelvic compression belt on hip abductor strength and balance ability in total knee replacement (TKR) patients. Methods: The subjects consisted of twenty two post-TKR patients. Participants were randomly assigned to a pelvic belt group (n=11) and a placebo group (n=11). All participants underwent manual therapy including range of motion exercise, soft tissue mobilization around knee joint, strengthening exercise (Quad set, SLR, sidelying hip abduction, standing hamstring curls, sitting knee extension, step-up, wall slide to $45^{\circ}$ knee flexion). Manual therapy was executed five times a week for 2 weeks. Outcome measures included hip abductor strength by using Biodex system 4 pro, anterior to posterior balance, medial to lateral balance, total balance by using Biodex balance system SD. Results: After the completion of the manual therapy, hip abductor strength was showed statistically significant improvements in pelvic belt group (p<.05). Anterior to posterior balance, medial to lateral balance, total balance were showed statistically significant improvements in pelvic belt group and placebo group (p<.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in hip abductor strength and there was no statistically significant difference in balance. Conclusions: This results suggest that manual therapy using pelvic compression belt has could be used for selective muscle activation of the hip abductor muscle and has useful in hip abductor strength and balance ability in TKR patients.

장애인시설종사자의 인권의식과 장애인학대 경로에서 자아존중감의 조절효과

신영일 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.3

장애인시설종사자의 인권의식과 장애인학대 경로에서 자아존중감의 조절효과신 영 일* 요약: 2012년 사회복지사업법 개정의 노력에도 불구하고 장애인을 대상으로 신체・언어・정서학대와 함께 재정학대 사례가 지속되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 장애인시설 이용자가 기본적 인권을 누릴 수 있도록 장애인시설 종사자가 지각하는 인권의 수준과 장애인학대의 관계를 확인하고, 이를 바탕으로 장애인학대의 효과적인 개입 방안을 제안하는 것이다. 서울시와 경기도의 장애인복지시설 종사자 211명을 대상으로 설문하였고, 인권의식이 장애인학대에 미치는 영향은 위계적 회귀분석으로 검증하였으며 자아존중감의 조절효과는 조절회귀분석으로 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 사회권의식이 신체・언어・정서학대와 재정학대에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 자아존중감은 사회권의식과 재정학대 사이의 경로에서 조절효과가 나타났다. 특히 재정학대에 미치는 자아존중감의 직접효과 및 조절효과가 매우 크게 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 장애인복지시설 종사자의 인권의식과 자아존중감을 활용하여 장애인학대를 예방하는 제도적 방안과 실천적 방법을 제시하였다. 핵심어: 장애인시설, 인권의식, 자아존중감, 전통적 학대, 재정학대 □ 접수일: 2022년 5월 27일, 수정일: 2022년 6월 10일, 게재확정일: 2022년 6월 20일* 한국보건복지인재원 교수(Professor, KOHI for Health and Welfare, Email: mylife1317@daum.net) Moderating Effect of Self-esteem in the Human Rights Awarenessof Persons with Disabilities and Abuse of the DisabledYoungil Shin Abstract: Despite efforts to amend the Social Welfare Act in 2012, cases of financial abuse along with the traditional abuse of the disabled continue. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the level of human rights perceived by facilities for the disabled and the abuse of the disabled so that users of facilities for the disabled can enjoy basic human rights, and based on this, propose an effective intervention plan for the abuse of the disabled. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 211 employees of welfare facilities for the disabled in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, and the effect of human rights awareness on the abuse of the disabled was verified by a hierarchical regression analysis, and the moderating effect of self-esteem was verified by a conditioning regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, social rights consciousness had a significant effect on physical abuse and financial abuse, and self-esteem had a moderating effect on the path between social rights consciousness and financial abuse. In particular, the direct and moderating effects of self-esteem on financial abuse were found to be very large. Based on the results of this study, institutional and practical methods for preventing abuse of the disabled by utilizing the human rights awareness and self-esteem of workers in welfare facilities for the disabled were presented. Key Words: Facilities for the Disabled, Awareness of Human Rights, Self-esteem, Traditional Abuse, Financial Abuse

마을공동체사업 활동가의 참여동기가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감의 매개효과

신영일,선남이,정용충 인문사회 21 2022 인문사회 21 Vol.13 No.5

마을공동체사업 활동가의 참여동기가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향:자아존중감의 매개효과신 영 일*ㆍ선 남 이**ㆍ정 용 충*** 연구 목적: 본 연구는 최근 활발하게 진행되는 마을공동체사업 활동가의 참여동기가 삶의 만족에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 그 경로에서 자아존중감의 매개효과를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 방법: 경기도 및 산하 지방자치단체에서 마을공동체사업을 수행 중인 221명의 활동가를 설문하였고, 참여동기가 삶의 만족의 영향관계 및 자아존중감의 매개효과는 위계적 회귀분석으로 검증하였으며, 매개효과의 유의성은 IBM Macro Ver. 4.1로 검증하였다. 연구 내용: 참여동기는 삶의 만족에 정의 영향을 미쳤으며, 그 영향 관계에서 자아존중감은 매개효과를 갖는 것으로 확인되었다. 결론 및 제언: 활동가의 삶의 만족을 위해 참여동기를 고려하여 사업단을 구성하고 자아존중감을 증진시키는 방안의 제시하였다. 핵심어: 마을공동체사업, 참여동기, 삶의 만족, 마을만들기, 자아존중감 □ 접수일: 2022년 9월 21일, 수정일: 2022년 10월 1일, 게재확정일: 2022년 10월 20일* 주저자, 한국보건복지인재원 교수(First Author, Professor, KOHI for Health and Welfare, Email: mylife1317@daum.net)** 공동저자 1, 경기대학교 행정복지상담대학원 겸임교수(Co-author 1, Adjunct Professor, Kyunggi Univ., Email: snamyee@naver.com)*** 공동저자 2, 한국열린사이버대학교 교수(Co-author 2, Professor, Open Cyber Univ. of Korea, Email: jujube0424@naver.com) The Effect of Participation Motivation of Village Community Project Activists on Life Satisfaction:Mediating Effect of Self-esteemYoungil Shin, Namyee Seon, & Yongchung Jung Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of recent active participation motives of village community project activists on life satisfaction, and to reveal the mediating effect of self-esteem in the path. We surveyed 221 activists who are carrying out village community projects in Gyeonggi-do, and the mediating effect of the relationship of motivation to life satisfaction and self-esteem was verified by hierarchical regression analysis. The significance of the mediating effect was verified using IBM Macro V4.1. Participation motivation had a positive effect on life satisfaction, and it was confirmed that self-esteem had a mediating effect in the relationship. For the satisfaction of the life of the activists, a way to form a community by considering the motivation for participation and to promote self-esteem was suggested. Key Words: Village Community Project, Participation Motivation, Life Satisfaction, Village Making, Self-esteem

경쟁가치모형에 근거한 보육교사의 감정노동과 소진의 상호작용효과가 이직의도에 미치는 영향

신영일 한국융합학회 2018 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.9 No.6

본 연구는 경영학의 경쟁가치모형을 보육직무에 적용하여 교사의 감정노동과 이직의도의 영향관계에서 소진의 조 절효과를 융합적으로 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 어린이집에 종사하는 보육교사 296명을 대상으로 설문하였으며, 자료 분석은 SPSS V22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 평균중심화 기법을 적용한 조절회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 표면 감정노동은 이직의도에 유의한 영향을 미쳤고 내면감정노동은 이직의도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 둘째, 이직의도에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 소진으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 소진과 내면감정노동의 상호작용효과는 이직의도에 유의한 조절효 과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 보육교사의 이직의도를 관리하기 위하여 보육교사의 소진을 완화시키는 정책적 방안을 제시하였고, 보육현장에서 교사소진과 내면감정노동의 상호작용효과를 활용하여 이직의도를 관리하는 제도 적ㆍ실천적 방안을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of burnout on the relationship between emotional labor and turnover intention of nursery teachers. For this study, 296 teachers in nursery centers were surveyed. The data were analyzed by moderated regression analysis using SPSS V22.0 program using mean centering method. The results of the study are as follows. First, expressive emotional labor affects turnover intention and internal emotional labor did not affect turnover intention. Second, the factors that have the greatest influence on turnover intention were identified as burnout. Third, the interaction effect between burnout and deep emotional labor showed a similar moderation effect on turnover intention. Based on these results, the policy and practical measures to alleviate the burnout of the nursery teachers were suggested, and the ways of managing turnover intention by utilizing the interaction effect of the teacher burnout and deep emotional labor were suggested.

고령장애인의 사회활동참여가 생활만족도에 미치는 영향 : 건강상태, 자아존중감, 대인관계의 매개효과

신영일 한국국제문화교류학회 2022 문화교류와 다문화교육 Vol.11 No.5

Elderly disabled people have high interest and desire for life satisfaction as they face the double risk of long-lasting disability and old age. Based on the disability paradox theory, this study verified the mediating effects of health status, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships in the path that elderly disabled people's participation in social activities affects their life satisfaction. For the data, 1,713 people with disabilities aged 50 or older were sampled from the 5th wave of the 2nd wave of the 2020 Disabled Employment Panel Survey. The direct and mediating effects of the main variables were verified by hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS V26, and the significance of the mediating effects was verified by SPSS Process Macro Ver. 4.1.. As a result of the analysis, participation in social activities had a positive effect on life satisfaction, and health status, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships had a partial mediating effect. Based on the results of the study, institutional and practical ways to expand participation in social activities to improve life satisfaction of the elderly with disabilities were suggested, and a plan to participate in social activities in the cyber-physical space using the ICT platform was suggested 고령장애인은 오랫동안 지속되는 장애와 고령의 이중위험에 직면하는 생애주기에속하여 생활만족도에 대한 관심과 욕구가 매우 높다. 본 연구는 장애역설이론에 근거하여 고령장애인의 사회활동참여가 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 건강상태, 자아존중감, 대인관계의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석 자료는 2020년 장애인고용패널조사 2차 웨이브 5차 조사 중에서 50세 이상의 고령장애인 1,713명을 표본으로 추출하였다. 주요변인의 직접효과와 매개효과는 SPSS V26을 이용한 위계적 회귀분석으로 검증하였고, 매개효과 유의성은 SPSS Process Macro Ver. 4.1로 검증하였다. 분석 결과사회활동참여는 생활만족도에 정적 영향을 미쳤고, 건강상태, 자아존중감, 대인관계는부분매개효과가 나타났다. 연구 결과를 근거로 고령장애인의 생활만족도 향상을 위하여 사회활동참여의 기회를 확대하는 실천적, 제도적 방안을 제시하였고 ICT 플랫폼을활용한 사이버-물리공간에서의 사회활동참여 방안을 제언하였다. 본 연구는 고령장애인의 사회활동참여가 건강상태, 자아존중감, 대인관계에 대한 반응전환을 거쳐서 고령장애인의 생활만족도를 향상시키는 과정을 체계적으로 실증한 연구로 그 의의를 갖는다.

향약집성방(鄕藥集成方)에 나타난 삼화자향약방(三和子鄕藥方) 조문(條文)의 연원(淵源)에 대한 연구

신영일,Sheen Yeong-il 대한한의학방제학회 1997 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

Samhwaja-hyangyakbang has been known as the book of herbalogy published by the man, Samhwaja. But there are no records about the additor, and the absence of the document, it is so difficult to be informed about the time when it published and other details. But in this document and Hyangyakgugeubbang, there are similar prescriptions to Sublingual Inflammation, Aphtose, Anthrax, Furoncle, Ulcer, Dysentery, etc. So the time it published is estimated to Goryo-dynasty Gojong epoch(1232-1251) when the Hyangyakgugeubbang was published. In addition, this document seems to be basis of Hyangyakjipseongbang, Because, Hyangyakjipseongbang quoted more than 140 provisions from this document. Prescriptions that are different from other books in dosage or taking method, took those of Biyebaekyobang. In explanation or classification of disease, this document almost copied those of Biyebaekyobang, so this document take Biyebaekyobang for origin and take Sikeuisimkam, Taepyungseonghyebang, etc, for reference.

PNF 패턴에 기초한 탄력밴드 훈련이 척수손상 환자의 상지 기능에 미치는 영향

신영일,이형수,Shin Young-Il,Lee Hyoung-Soo 대한물리치료학회 2004 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of elastic band based of PNF pattern on the U/E function in the spinal cord injury patient. 11 subjects with spinal cord injury participated in this study. They took elastic band excercise 5 times per week for 8 weeks. One time excercise spent 35minutes. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by Cybex 6000, BTE Work Simulator, how many seconds they needed to walk 100 meters. 11 cases were examined before, after 8 week, elastic band excercise. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Isokinetic power by Cybex 6000 : The elbow flexion, shoulder flexion and extension were significant difference between test-retest(p<.05). but elbow extension were not significant difference between test-retest. 2. BTE Work Simulator : Wheelchair Propulsion and Steering Torque were significant difference between test-retest(p<.05). 3. Wheelchair Propulsion velocity : There were significant difference between test-retest(p<.05). The findings suggest that SCI patients can improve their Isokinetic power on shoulder and elbow joint, wheelchair propulsion and Steering Torque by BTE Work Simulator, Wheelchair Propulsion velocity through elastic band based of PNF pattern.

위생동기이론에 기반한 요양보호사의 직무스트레스가 직무만족에 미치는 영향: 소명의식의 매개효과를 중심으로

신영일,이경수 인문사회 21 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.4

2008년부터 실시된 장기요양서비스는 양적 성장에도 불구하고 질 낮은 서비스 문제가 지속되고 있어 장기요양서비스를 직접 제공하는 요양보호사의 직무만족 요인에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 요양보호사 직무스트레스가 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 검증하고 그 경로에서 소명의식의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 장기요양시설에 종사하는 요양보호사 245명을 대상으로 분석하였으며 다중회귀분석으로 직무스트레스와 직무만족 사이의 영향을 검증하였고 위계적 회귀분석으로 소명의식의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과 직무스트레스는 요양보호사 직무만족에 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 직무스트레스와 직무만족 사이에서 소명의식의 매개효과가 확인되었으며 역할모호와 직무만족 사이에서 소명의식의 완전매개효과가 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 직무만족 향상을 위한 직무스트레스 관리방안을 제안하였고, 소명의식을 체계적으로 높이기 위하여 요양보호사 양성 프로그램 및 장기요양기관에서 요양보호사를 대상으로 소명의식을 교육하는 방안을 제안하였다. Despite the quantitative growth, the long-term care services that have been implemented since 2008 continue to have low quality service problems, so it is necessary to study the job satisfaction factors of caregivers who provide long-term care services directly. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of job stress of caregivers on job satisfaction and to verify the mediating effect of vocation consciousness in the path. 245 care workers in long-term care facilities were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effects of job stress and job satisfaction, and hierarchical regression analysis was used to verify mediating effects of vocation awareness. As a result, job stress had a significant negative effect on job satisfaction. The mediating effect of vocation consciousness was found between job stress and job satisfaction, and the full mediation effect of vocation consciousness was found between role ambiguity and job satisfaction. Based on this, we suggested a job stress management plan to improve job satisfaction and suggested ways to educate vocation consciousness in the caregivers training program and long-term care institution to systematically raise vocation consciousness.

鄕藥救急方에 對한 考證

신영일 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

Hyang-Yack-Ku-Keup-Bang(鄕藥救急方) is our own, medical work written about the middle of the time of Korea Dynasty. I restored and researched this book because it needed to be illuminated about its medico-historic value and then I came to some conclusions as follows. 1. Hyang-Yack-Ku-Keup-Bang was published in Dae-jang-do-kam(大藏都監) of Kanghwa island(江華島) about the middle of Korea Dynasty. Choi Ja-ha(崔自河) republished it on original publication around in Euiheung(義興) of Kyungsang Province(慶尙道) in July, Taejong's(太宗) 17th year of Chosen Dynasty (A.D. 1417) and this book was published again in Chungcheng Province(忠淸道) in Sejong's(世宗) 9th year(A.D. 1427). The book published in Taejong's daus was in the possession of books department of Kung-nae-cheng(宮內廳) in Japan and was the oldest medical book of existing ones. 2. Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu(方中鄕藥目草部) of this book was originally intended to be adjusted in each division with the title of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock (方中鄕藥目). But Herb part(草部) only followed editing progress of Jeung-Lew-Bon-Cho(證類本草), the rest is not divided into each part and is together arranged at the below of Herb part with the title of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu. The Korean inscription on some drugstuffs in this book are different between Native Name(鄕名) of three volumes of provisions and general-spoken of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu. In this, it is estimated that the publishing time and editor of the volume of provisions and Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu are different. I think Choi Ja-ha complied this behind three volumes of provisions when he published. 3. This book picked some prescriptions which considered of obtainable drugs with ease in Korea in the books of Chen-Keum-Yo-Bang(千金要方), Oi-Dae-Bi-Yo(外臺秘要), Tae-Peong-Sung-Hye-Bang(太平聖惠方), Ju-Hu-Bang, Kyung-Hum-Yang-Bang(經驗良方), Bo-Je-Bon-Sa-Bang(普濟本事方), Bi-Ye-Baik-Yo-Bang(備預百要方) and so on and got together our own prescriptions. On the whole Bi-Ye-Baik-Yo-Bang was a chief reference book. On this, other books were referred to and corrected. 4. In provisions quoted from Hyang-Yak-Jip-Sung-Bang(鄕藥集成方), there are seven provisions; leg-paralysis part, coughing part, headache part, pgstetrics part etc. don't show in this book. This is why Choi Ja-ha published only certain texts on Dae-jang-do-kam edition his own posession. So we can think the existing edition has a little misses compared with original edition. 5. This book recorded only names of drugstuffs in animal drug department like fowls, crab, goldbug, earthworm, etc. and didn't tell us ways of taking those. This is effect of Buddhist culture on medicine. This is efforts to practice "Don't murder"; one of Five Prohibition of Buddhism. 6. Because this book was published an the time, when our originative medicine would be set forth. This followed the Chinese ways in Theory, Treatment, Prescription and used 'Hyang Yack' in Medication out of theory of Korean medicine, which was a transitional form. SO this is an important material which tell us aspects of development of 'Hyang Yack' since the middle of Korean Dynasty and this is also the beginning of originative, medical works like Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam(東醫寶鑑), Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Co-Won(東醫壽世保元). 7. There are few contents based on "Byen-Jeung-Lon-Chi(辨證論治)" in this book. So we can see this book is not for doctors who study medical thoughts but for general public who suffer from diseases resulted from war. Because this book was written for a first-aid treatment, this is an index of medical service for the people those days. And this is also an useful datum for first-aid medicine or military medicine in these modern days. 8. Nowadays, parts of learned world of Korean medicine disregard essential theories and want to explain Korean medicine only by the theories or the methods of Western medicine. Moreover they don't adopt Chinese and Japanese theory & thoughts about Oriental medicine in our own style and just view in there level. What was worse, there is a growing tendency for them to indulge in a trimming policy of scholarship and to take others' idea. I think these trends to ignore our own medical thoughts involving growth of 'Hyang Yack' in the middle of Korea Dynasty, Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam and Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Won. So we, as researchers of Korean medicine, must get out of this tendency, and take over brilliant tradition and try to develop originative Korean medicine.

집단운동 프로그램이 척수손상인의 일상생활동작과 생활근력에 미치는 영향

신영일,이형수,장용수 한국장애인재활협회 2007 재활복지 Vol.11 No.3

본 연구는 국립재활원에 내원하여 물리치료와 작업치료를 받는 24명(훈련군 12명, 대조군 12명)의 척수 손상인을 대상으로 실시한 집단운동 프로그램이 일상생활동작과 생활근력에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 각 대상자들은 미국척수손상협회의 분류에 의하여 손상정도가 A, B 등급인 흉, 요수 손상을 대상으로 하였다. 일상생활동작은 SCIMⅡ를, 생활근력은 BTE를 이용하여 측정하였다. 훈련군은 근력강화운동, 의자차 사용 기술, 사회적응훈련 등 집단운동 프로그램과 일반적인 물리치료를 받았고, 대조군은 일반적인 물리치료가 제공되었다. 8주간의 운동 후 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 얻었다. 훈련군은 운동 전후에 자조관리, 호흡근과 괄약근 관리, 실내외 이동, SCIMⅡ 총점, 의자차 추진력, 핸들 회전력, 휠체어 속도에서 통계학적으로 유의하게 개선되었다. 대조군에서는 자조관리, 호흡근과 괄약근 관리, SCIMⅡ 총점, 의자차 추진력, 휠체어 속도에서 통계학적으로 유의하게 개선되었다. 그러나 실내 이동, 실외 이동, 핸들 회전력에서는 통계학적으로 차이는 없었다. 운동 전후의 변화량에 대한 훈련군과 대조군의 두 집단 간 비교에서도 SCIMⅡ와 의자차 추진력, 핸들 회전력, 휠체어 속도에서 대조군에 비해 훈련군에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 집단운동 프로그램이 척수손상인의 재활에 매우 효과적인 치료인 것을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of group exercise program on the activities of daily living(ADL) and muscle strength in the spinal cord injury(SCI) person. 24 subjects with SCI participated in this study. Participants were divided into exercise(12) and control(12) group to randomized. Exercise participants received group exercise program for 50 minutes in 3 times a week for 8 weeks while control group continued their general physical therapy. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by Spinal Cord Injury Measurement Ⅱ(SCIM Ⅱ), BTE Work Simulator(wheelchair propulsion, steering torque) and wheelchair propulsion velocity. In analyzing the data, SPSS 12.0 for windows was used computing average and standard ceviation, paired t-test and independent t-test. The result of this study are as follows. The experimental group was statistically significant difference in SCIM Ⅱ(self-care task, respiration and sphincter management task, indoor & out door transfer, total score), wheelchair propulsion, steering torque and wheelchair propulsion velocity(p<0.05). The control group was statistically significant difference in self-care task, respiration and sphincter management task, total score, wheelchair propulsion and wheelchair propulsion velocity(p<0.05), but no significant difference in indoor & out door transfer, steering torque(p>0.05). After the exercise, there was significant difference in the self-care task, respiration and sphincter management task, indoor & out door transfer, total score, wheelchair propulsion, steering torque and wheelchair propulsion velocity between the experimental group and control group in group exercise program. Thus, group exercise program can result in improved ADL and muscle strength the SCI people. Further studies are required to show longterm effects of exercise training on SCI people.