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A Diachronic Syntactic Study on Wulfstan’s Antichrist
신성균 한국영어학학회 2022 영어학연구 Vol.28 No.1
Wulfstan’s Antichrist’s language allows impersonal verbs, which means that it is a + Null-subject parameter language, a typical OE characteristic. With regard to Head-parameter, the language of The Antichrist is characterized by the Head-final parameter in that concerning the word order, V2 appears in main clauses and V-final in the underlying subordinate clauses. Relative pronouns are frequent, including the simple þe and þe preceded by a demonstrative. The simple relative pronouns were regarded as typical in the late West Saxon dialect as used in Wulfstan’s Antichrist and later OE. Van Gelderen (2018) is frequently inaccurate through her misconception of the Antichrist regarding the tense of the verb bēon ‘to be.’ The only OE verb which has a unique future form is the verb bēon ‘to be’, which may be used for the future or for a statement of an eternal truth (gnomic use). The Antichrist in the Bible is a figure due to appear in the future, particularly in the period just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the Last Judgment. Therefore, the OE verbs bið and wyrð in Wulfstan’s Antichrist should be translated as ‘will be’ and ‘will become’ in many sentences. This shows that understanding an OE text and tense requires knowledge of its background, in this case, knowledge of the reference in the Bible to the Antichrist due to appear in the future.
Trend Analysis of Wildland Fires and Their Impacts on Atmospheric Environment over East Asia
신성균,이권호 한국대기환경학회 2016 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.10 No.1
Active fire products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observation during the 16 years from 2000-2015 were analyzed to estimate spatial and temporal variations of wildland fires over East Asia (region of interest: 20°N- 55°N, 100°E-150°E). GLOBCOVER 2009 land cover data were also used to investigate the trend in wildfire occurrence with respect to each land cover type. Statistical analysis showed that the highest number of wildland fires occurred in the evergreen and vegetation covered areas, and strong seasonal variations were found in these areas. Total numbers of fires were 283,683 and 202,543, respectively. In particular, the wildland fires in croplands occurred mainly during summer season and distinguishable increasing trends were found. The correlations between number of wildland fires and air pollutants, such as black carbon, organic matter, and carbon monoxide, were also calculated in order to investigate the intensity of the air pollution caused by the wildland fires. Positive correlation between total column carbon monoxide contents and the occurrence of wildland fire was found. In addition, this correlation was higher than the correlation between fire occurrence and black carbon or organic matter. These results indicate that a significant amount of carbon monoxide originated from the wildland fires and influenced the regional atmospheric environment in East Asia.