『숙천제아도(宿踐諸衙圖)』를 통해 본 조선시대 읍치(邑治)의 공간구조와 관아(官衙) 조경 - 평안도 영유현과 황해도 신천군을 중심으로 -

신상섭,이승연,Shin, Sang sup,Lee, Seung yoen 국립문화재연구소 2016 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.49 No.2

조선후기 문신 한필교(1807~1878년)가 관직을 역임했던 읍치를 대상으로 제작한 "숙천제아도(宿踐諸衙圖)" 화첩의 평안도 영유현과 황해도 신천군 읍치를 분석 자료로 활용하여 실증사료로서의 가치추적, 공간구조 등의 전형성 정립, 관아조경 및 문화경관 특성 도출 등을 시도한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. '풍수형국도' 성격을 겸하며 사방전도묘법으로 그려진 "숙천제아도"의 읍치도는 조선시대 지방고을의 터잡기와 공간구조는 물론 환경설계원칙 등을 파악할 수 있는 사료적 가치를 지닌다. 고을 치소(邑治)는 남북 중심축선에 위계를 설정한 배산임수 체계이며, 전조후침(前朝後寢)의 관아시설, 그리고 3단1묘의 제례처 등 도성에 준한 토지이용과 배치규범을 적용하고 있다. 교통요충지에 자리한 고을 치소는 어귀 장터마당을 결절점으로 안길을 따라 북쪽으로 향하면 관아 문루에 다다르는 노단경이 형성되고, 고갯길 또는 물길을 따라 외부 바깥길로 이어지는 체계를 갖는다. 즉, 동선체계는 바깥길-고갯길-어귀길-장터마당-안길-또는 샛길로 수용력과 위계에 따라 분절되며 3거리 길로 접합되는 양상이다. 지방관아의 토지이용은 3조(三朝)의 개념(외조, 치조, 연조)을 반영한 위계적 구성인데, 동헌의 후원과 객사의 별원을 포함하여 3문3조2원(三門三朝二園)의 공간체계를 보여준다. 고을의 뒷동산 소나무 숲, 명당수인 남천, 안산(案山)에 해당하는 조산(造山), 비보숲 읍수(邑藪) 등 풍수적 경관짜임이 작용되었는데, 겨울철 북서풍 차단과 여름철 상승기류 형성 등 에너지 보존, 색체 항상성, 자연재해 방지와 심리적 안정성 등 쾌적성 조건에 부합되는 환경지속성이 추출된다. 한적한 곳에 자리한 향교는 별도의 원림을 가꾸지 않았으며, 누정은 심신수양, 안분지족, 자연회귀 같은 상징적 가치, 정치적 행사와 윤리관 반영, 유흥상경 등 문화경관 양상이 다양하게 표출되는데, 객사에는 기와를 얹은 와정(瓦亭)이, 동헌과 내아에는 네모꼴 연못을 두고 소박한 모정(茅亭)이 도입되는 차별성을 보여준다. 관아에 지표경관으로 문루가 자리하고, 군사훈련 및 심신수양을 겸한 사정(射亭)이 필수시설로 도입되었다. 아사의 앞뜰은 네모꼴 마당(庭)으로 조경처리를 하지 않은 반면, 정청의 뒤뜰(後園)과 객사의 별원(別園) 등은 장식적으로 가꾸었다. 이러한 관아조경은 공간 성격 및 위계를 반영하되 기능적 지속성(차폐와 방화, 미기후조절 등)과 심리적 건전성, 상징성 등을 복합적으로 고려한 경관미학이라 하겠다. 한편, 소나무, 느티나무, 배나무, 버드나무, 향나무(또는 노송), 연(蓮), 화목(花木) 등이 조경식물로 활용되었는데, 환경심리적 가치가 부가된 배후숲, 조산숲과 비보숲 등과 함께 건전한 문화경관 요소로 자리매김하고 있다. 이러한 분석결과를 일반화 시킬 수 있느냐 하는 문제는 조선시대 읍치의 공간구조 및 환경설계 원칙이 제도적 틀 안에서 정형성으로 작용되고 있어 연구의 한계를 극복할 수 있으리라 판단된다.

홍만선의 '산림경제(山林經濟)'에서 본 조경식물 재배(종수법(種樹法))와 가꾸기(양화법(養花法))

신상섭,Shin, Sang Sup 국립문화재연구소 2011 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.44 No.3

The results of study on planting and cultivate of Hong Man-Seon(1643~1715)'s 'Salimkyungjae(The Economy of Forest)' the first summative textbook of agricultural skill of South Korea, are as follows. First, 'Salimkyungjae' suggests that one can enrich oneself, eat fruits in fall, enjoy the shade of trees in summer, and enjoy flowers in spring if one plants tree with 10 year plan with knowledge of ecology. Second, the number of plants had increased continuously from the early Chosun Dynasty to the mid Chosun Dynasty. The 52 plants in the book are classified into 31 trees, 8 shrubs, 3 others, and 10 herbs, and 28 of them are fruit trees. Hence, we can see that the book is for the promotion of welfare. Third, planting(transplantation) is the best on January of the lunar calendar, and the second on February, and fertile soil should be added much. Trees must be planted as deep as once it was planted, and buttressed. It will sprout well if it is planted at the depth of one inch, and planting a cutting should be carried out at the early March with 5 inch and finger-thick branches. Grafting is the best when it begins to sprout. Fruit trees will bear many fruits if they are grafted at the direction of South, and fruits will be greater if the trees' branches are cutting off on January. Especially, January was selected for the best season of planting traditionally. Fourth, flower trees are planted or sowed with manure around January and February of the lunar calendar, and it is recommended to replant them into flowerpots with manure when having flower buds around March and April of the lunar calendar. It would bloom earlier when using water mixed with stable manure, and sulfur smoke can be used in order to change the flower color from red to white. Flowerpots would be placed at half shaded lot with being supported by bricks. Pomegranate, gardenia, camellia and four-season flower should be planted after flowers fallen. When flower trees are beside walls, they need to be rotated frequently since their branches all point toward house. Seeds need to be preserved in a sunny hut, where its entrance and ventilating openings would be at south because it is convenient to manage pots. Fifth, insects hidden at fruit trees would be destroyed by torch smoke when roosters cry on New year's day of the lunar calendar. Insects would be decoyed into straw hanged at dawn of Cheongmyeongday(淸明日). Insects on fruit trees would be controlled using sulfur powder to close up holes or sulfur smoke to fumigate. Particularly, it suggests that utilization of fertile soil would be the best solution for growing health plants and preventing pest.

전통경관 정체성 진단을 통한 역사문화경관 탐방 네트워크 개발 -전주팔경권역을 중심으로-

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),노재현 ( Jae Hyun Rho ),한광수 ( Kwang Soo Han ) 한국전통조경학회 2005 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.23 No.2

향토경관을 고려한 익산 소룡마을의 생태적 웰빙촌 조성계획

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),신병철 ( Byung Chul Shin ),강민효 ( Min Hyo Kang ),허경아 ( Kyung A Huh ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2005 녹지환경학회지 Vol.1 No.2

The Soryong Village in Iksan that keeps Korea`s typical rural scenery and Vernacular Landscape, developing rural scenery into tourist attractions and a tourism route, forming a wild flower garden, forming a plantation for autogenous tea bushes that is being limited to northern border area, etc. were reflected in the master plan for developing ecological well-being village. The followings show the outcomes. A yard and village grove were formed around village entryway so that such spaces may function as a MADANG(agora) for inhabitants and visitors, and an orchard and a fruitful tree garden(arcadia) was so formed that urban children experience rural life and that animals and plants can well inhabit the green tract. Korea`s traditional garden was built with the intention that visitors can experience its elegance, and farmlands and reservoirs were applied to developing an aquatic plant colony(wet fog garden). Environment-friendly water circulation system was constructed and the wild flower plantation(rainbow garden), which makes inhabitants gain large income, was expanded so that beautiful scene harmonized with rural plants and flowers may be created. It is expected that such activities may contribute to tourist attractions, large income and inhabitants` amenity.

군산 흥남근린공원 공원화계획에 관한 연구

신상섭(Sang Sup Shin),김세천(Sei Cheon Kim) 전북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1997 농업생명과학연구 Vol.28 No.-

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콩쥐팥쥐 동화마을 기본계획

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),노재현 ( Jae Hyun Rho ),김현욱 ( Hyun Wuk Kim ),김홍균 ( Hong Kyun Kim ) 한국전통조경학회 2007 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.25 No.1

「지봉유설(芝峯類說)」로 본 이수광(李수光)의 조경식물 인식 및 가치관

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),노재현 ( Jae Hyun Rho ) 한국전통조경학회 2009 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.27 No.1

무수동 유회당 원림(何去園)의 산수체계와 공간구성

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),김현욱 ( Hyun Wuk Kim ),강현민 ( Hyun Min Hyun ) 한국전통조경학회 2011 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.29 No.3

This study, based on <Yuhoidangjib 有懷堂集> (edited in 18th century), analysed the landscape system and cultural landscape elements of Yuhoidang(Hageowon 何去園) Garden in Musu-dong, Daejeon, and the findings are as in the following. YuHoidang(Gwon Yijin 權以鎭) managed Hageowon Garden in Musu-dong, located on the southern branch of Mt. Bomun, to realize his utopia. The completion of Hageowon Garden was only possible due to his installation of a variety of facilities in family gravesite on the hill behind his house: Shimyoso(Samgeunjeongsa 三近精舍, in 1707), Naboji(納汚池, in 1713), Banhwanwon(in 1714) and expended exterior space(in 1727). With regard to the landscape system of the village, the main range of mountains consists of Mt. Daedun, Mt. Odae and Mt. Bomun. The main high mountain of the three is Mt. Bomun, where ``Blue Dragon`` hill branches off on the east side(Eungbong), ``White Tiger`` in the west(Cheongeun and Sajeong) and Ansan(inner mountain) in the south. The landscape system is featured by ``mountains in back and rivers in front``. The river in the south-west, with its source in Mt. Juryun is called as the ``Stream of outer perfect spot``, while the ``Stream of inner perfect spot`` rises from Eungbong, passing through the east part of the village into the south-western direction. Banhwanwon Garden(盤桓園) was created with the stream in the east and natural bedrocks, and its landscape elements includes Naboji, Hwalsudam, Gosudae, Sumi Waterfall, Dogyeong(path of peach trees), Odeeokdae(platform with persimmon trees), Maeryong(Japanese apricot tree), springs and observatories. An expanded version of Banhwanwon was Hageowon garden, where a series of ``water-trees-stone`` including streams, four ponds, five observation platforms, three bamboo forests and Chukgyeongwon(縮景園) of an artificial hill gives the origin forest a scenic atmosphere. When it comes to semantics landscape elements, there are ① Yuhoidang to cherish the memory of a deceased parents, ② Naboji for family unification, ③ Gosudae to keep fidelity, ④ Odeokdae to collect virtue and wisdom, ⑤ Sumi Waterfall to aspire to be a man of noble character, ⑥ Yocheondae for auspicious life, ⑦ Sumanheon and Gigungjae to be in pursuit of hermitic life, ⑧ Hwalsudam for development of family and study, ⑨ Mongjeong to repay favor of ancestors, ⑩ Seokgasan, a symbol of secluded life, ⑪ Hageowon to enjoy guarding graves in retired life. The spatial composition of Hageowon was realized through ① Yuhoidang`s inside gardens(Naboji, Jucheondang, Odeokdae, Dogyeong, Back yard garden and others) ② Swnanheon(收漫軒) Byeolup or Yuhoidang`s back yard gardens (Seokyeonji, Yocheondae, Sumanheon, Baegyeongdae, Amseokwon and others) ③ Chukgyeongwon of the artificial hill(which is also the east garden of Sumanheon, being composed of Hwalsuthm, Sumi Waterfall and Gasan or 12 mountaintops) ④ the scenic spots for unifying Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are Cemetry garden hi the back hill of the village, the temple of Yeogyeongam, Sansinkilk (ancestral ritua1 Place of folk religion) and Geoeopjae (family school). On top of that, Chameongwon Garden(借景園) commands a panoramic distant view of nature`s changing beauty through the seasons.

임실 방동마을숲의 원형경관 찾기와 식생복원설계

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),노재현 ( Jae Hyun Rho ),김홍균 ( Hong Kyun Kim ) 한국전통조경학회 2008 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.26 No.3

안평대군 비해당(匪懈堂) 원림의 의미경관과 조경문화

신상섭 ( Sang Sup Shin ),노재현 ( Jae Hyun Rho ) 한국전통조경학회 2011 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.29 No.1

In this study, the series-poem, Bihaedangsasippalyoung(48 poems for beautiful scene of Bihaedang), written by scholars of Jiphyonjeon for Bihaedang garden of Anpyung-Daegun(Prince Anpyung, 1416~1453), was analyzed focusing on scenery lexeme to interpret the meaning of scenery and gardening culture of Sadaebu(noblemen) during the first term of Chosun Dynasty. The study result is as followings. First, the subtitle of Sasippalyoung(48 poems) written by Anpyung-Daegun while he grew Bihaedang garden on the foot of Inwang Mountain showed repetitive nomativity comparing joining of yin and yang, such as life and form of animal and plan, time and space, meaning and symbolism, etc. Among scenery lexemes, 38 are represented plant and flowers, and 8 are represented gardening ornaments and animals. Second, the names of gardens were expressed as Wonrim, Jongje, Imchon(Trees and Ponds), or Hwawon(Flower garden), or also presented as Gongjeong(Empty garden), Manwon(Full garden), Jungjeong(Middle garden), Huwon(Backyard), Wonrak(Inner court), or Byulwon(Seperated garden) depending on density and location. In addition, there were pavilions and ponds, stepping stones and stairs, a pergola, a flat bench, flowerpots, an artificial hill, oddly shaped stones, wells, aviary, flower beds, or hedges. A gardener was called Sahwa(flower keeper), planting and gardening of garden trees were called Jaebae(cultivation), a pond island was called Boogoo(f1oating hill), and miniature landscapes were called Chukjee(reduced land). Third, willows were planted on the outdoor yard, and plum trees were planted in front of the library, which led to bamboo woods road. Peony, camellia, tree peony and crepe myrtle were planted on the inner court with mossy rocks, small artificial hills, glass rocks, flower pots. There were rectangular ponds, while breeding deer, dove, rooster, and cranes. Fourth, landscape elements were enjoyed as metaphysical symbolic landscape by anthropomorphism, such as ① gentlemen and loyalty, ② wealth and prosperity, ③ Taoist hermit and poetical life, ④ reclusion and seclusion, ⑤ filial piety, virtue, introspection, etc. In other words, the garden presented a variety of gardening culture appreciating meaningful landscape, such as investigation of things, reclusion and seclusion, and building orientation of a fairyland yearning eternal youth and Mureungdowon(Taoist Arcadia) by making a garden blending beautiful flowers and trees, with precious birds and animals. Fifth, there were many landscape appreciation schemes, such as Angkyung(1ooking-up), Bukyung(1ooking-down), Jeokyung(1ooking-under), Chakyung(bringing outer space into inside), Yookyung(flower viewing), Yojeong(walking around the garden enjoying flowers), Hwasaekhyangbyuk(flower gardening), and Garden appreciation enjoying landscape through time and seasons with different inspirations.