구미 한국사 개설서에 나타난 3 · 1운동상

비온티노 유리안(Biontino Juljan) 역사교육연구회 2019 歷史敎育 Vol.151 No.-

This paper is a review and analysis of descriptions of the March First Movement in Western language introductions to Korean history from the 1950s up to the 2010s, including introductions of East Asian History. Due to the fact that there is only few genuine Western research on the March First Movement, many non-Korean scholars refer to such books to learn about Korean history and the Movement in general. Also, such books are widely used as textbooks for introductory classes to Korean History at university level, especially in classes of the Korean Studies curriculum. Next to translations from mostly outdated Korean textbooks, introductions to Korean history originally written in Europe or the U.S. tend to downplay the role of the Movement. No textbook offers a really wholesome introduction to the Movement that would include all nuances of its importance or the Korean discourse on the movement over time. This is, however, not because of lacking perceptions about the Movement, but rather due to the limitations of the medium itself. Introductions to history need to be precise and all-encompassing at a handable amount of pages. This is why the March First Movement can easily be overread. At the cententary of the Movement, this gives rise to the question of how to position it properly in the entirety of Korean history.

プロパガンダを越えた戦時期の朝鮮映画 - 『志願兵』と『朝鮮海峡』の比較-

비온티노 유리안 한국일본근대학회 2015 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.48

The present paper aims for a comparison of the movies “Volunteer” (1941) and “Chosun Strait” (1943). Both movies were made by Koreans during the period of Colonial Rule by Japan and are representative examples of war time movies. They are pieces of propaganda in themselves but also carry an important role of eminating these propaganda messages. In order to be able to put these movies into their proper context, first the history of movies in Colonial Korea is reviewed. In the actual comparison, it was found that more than “Volunteer”, “Chosun Strait” allows for more than one simple interpretation. As a result, “Chosun Strait” can be read as a simple propaganda piece, but also seen in a light of giving new hope to the Korean people for a more free Korea. 本論文の目的は『志願兵』(1941)と『朝鮮海峡』(1943)という二作の戦時期の朝鮮映画を比較することにある。両者は植 民地時代の朝鮮で、朝鮮人によって作成された代表的な戦時下映画である。これらはそれ自体がプロパガンダのための 作品であるが、同時にそれらのプロパガンダメッセージを除去する重要な役割も持っていた。ここでは、まず二作の映 画の朝鮮の映画史上おける位置を明確にするために朝鮮映画史を概説した。比較を通して『朝鮮海峡』は『志願兵』より多 義的な解釈を許すことを確認した。結果として、『朝鮮海峡』は単にプロパガンダの作品としてのみ見ることもできる が、その一方でプロパガンダを超え、朝鮮人に自由な朝鮮への希望を与える作品だとも言えそうである。

한말 시기 조선에서 서양인이 본 동학운동“습격자”인가 “개혁자”인가?

비온티노 유리안(Juljan Biontino) 동학학회 2013 동학학보 Vol.0 No.28

In Korean Historiography, the Donghak Movement remains in the center of scholarly attention, and also non-korean scholars of East Asian History have become aware of pending issues in research about Donghak. One remaining central issue is the very basic issue of how to name the movement. Was it only a rather premodern uprising, or a full-fledged peasant movement? A peasant war? Even a revolution? The question about the name is intrinsically linked to a definition of the movement’s character. What started as Jeon Bong-juns attack on the magistrate in Gobu in early January 1894 is now widely considered as the main trigger that lead to the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. At that time, many foreigners lived and worked in Korea, and thus first-handedly witnessed the “Donghaks“ and their movement. There is a rich body of material available by the European-American foreign “Westerner” community that lived in Korea at the time of the Donghak movement or shortly thereafter. Some of the foreigners wrote about their experiences in memoirs, letters or diaries, others published works about Korea that followed a certain scholarly standard. One the one hand, especially the missionaries in Korea, be it the Anglicans, the French Catholics, or the American Presbyterians, had a special interest in the religious character of the Donghaks. Others, be it reporters or travelers, also made up their opinion about recent events. Even though the historical source material is sparse, the foreign ministers to Seoul and their staff also had their opinions and concerns about the movement. In this paper, I used the aforementioned material to find a differentiated and encompassing Western View of the Donghak movement. As a result, it can be shown that the foreigner’s accounts share several fixed images about the “Donghaks”. Foremost, most Westerners wondered how people can be as folly to believe to be invulnerable against bullets. Still, there are ruptures in the overall picture as well – some tended to interpret the Donghaks as marauders, fanatics and rebels, while others where quite early able to see the reformist character of the movement. 본고는 동학운동이 진행되었던 당시 한반도에 살았거나 다른 일로 인해 한반도와 관계있었던 서양인의 자료를 바탕으로, 그들이 바라본 동학운동에 대한 연구이다. 서양인은 동학의 본질과 성격에 대해 어떻게 파악하였는지라는 문제의식으로, 오늘의 동학운동 명칭 이슈에 새로운 시야를 열릴 수 있는 기대로 진행되었다. 서양인의 5개 그룹은, 기자, 선교사, 학자, 외교관, 여행가로 나누어 분석해 보았다. 서양인이 커다란 움직임의 시대에 대해 잘 알아 볼 수 있는 자료를 많이 남겼음에도 불구하고 이 자료는 그동안 관심을 받지 못했다. 이러한 자료를 분석하는 과정에서 흥미로운 일화와 왜곡되지 않은 동학에 관한 언급을 찾아낼 수 있었다. 당시 선교사들은 동학에 대해 종교로써 관심이 있었다. 또 여행가로서 이사벨라 버드 비숍과 몇 명의 서양인들은 동학에 대한 소문에 의존하는 것이 아니라 스스로 해석을 하면서 동학에 대한 새로운 생각을 펼칠 수 있게 되었다.

한말 시기 조선에서 서양인이 본 동학운동- “습격자”인가 “개혁자”인가?

비온티노 유리안(Juljan Biontino) 동학학회 2013 동학학보 Vol.0 No.27

In Korean Historiography, the Donghak Movement remains in the center of scholarly attention, and also non-korean scholars of East Asian History have become aware of pending issues in research about Donghak. One remaining central issue is the very basic issue of how to name the movement. Was it only a rather premodern uprising, or a full-fledged peasant movement? A peasant war? Even a revolution? The question about the name is intrinsically linked to a definition of the movement's character. What started as Jeon Bong-juns attack on the magistrate in Gobu in early January 1894 is now widely considered as the main trigger that lead to the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. At that time, many foreigners lived and worked in Korea, and thus first-handedly witnessed the “Donghaks“and their movement. There is a rich body of material available by the European-American foreign “Westerner” community that lived in Korea at the time of the Donghak movement or shortly thereafter. Some of the foreigners wrote about their experiences in memoirs, letters or diaries, others published works about Korea that followed a certain scholarly standard. One the one hand, especially the missionaries in Korea, be it the Anglicans, the French Catholics, or the American Presbyterians, had a special interest in the religious character of the Donghaks. Others, be it reporters or travelers, also made up their opinion about recent events. Even though the historical source material is sparse, the foreign ministers to Seoul and their staff also had their opinions and concerns about the movement. In this paper, I used the aforementioned material to find a differentiated and encompassing Western View of the Donghak movement. As a result, it can be shown that the foreigner's accounts share several fixed images about the “Donghaks”. Foremost, most Westerners wondered how people can be as folly to believe to be invulnerable against bullets. Still, there are ruptures in the overall picture as well – some tended to interpret the Donghaks as marauders, fanatics and rebels, while others where quite early able to see the reformist character of the movement. 이 글은 동학운동이 진행되었던 당시 한반도에 살았거나 다른 일로 인해 한반도와 관계가 있었던 서양인의 자료를 바탕으로, 그들이 바라본 동학운동에 대한 연구이다. 즉, 이 논문은 서양인이 동학의 본질과 성격에 대해 어떻게 인식했는지에 대한 문제의식에서, 오늘의 동학운동의 명칭이나 이슈에 대해 새로운 시야가 열릴 수있었으면 하는 바람에서 진행되었다. 당시 서양인의 5개 그룹을 기자, 선교사, 학자,외교관, 여행가로 나누어 분석해 보았다. 그동안 서양인이 당대 동학운동에 대해 커다란 움직임이었음을 잘 알 수 있는 자료를 많이 남겼음에도 불구하고 이 자료들은 주목을 받지 못했었다. 본고는 이러한 자료를 발굴하고 분석하는 과정에서 흥미로운 일화와 왜곡되지않은 동학운동에 관한 언급을 찾아낼 수 있었다. 당시 선교사들은 동학에 대해 종교로써 관심이 있었다. 또 여행가로서 이사벨라 버드 비숍과 몇 명의 서양인들은 동학운동에 대한 소문에 의존하는 것이 아니라 스스로 해석을 하면서 동학에 대한 새로운 생각을 펼쳐보인 것은 의미있는 지적이라 할 수 있다.

독일(인)의 동아시아 인식

비온티노 유리안 동의대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 인간과 문화 연구 Vol.20 No.-

본고는 지역연구사적 문화사적 시각으로 독일(인)의 동아시아 인식을 알아보고자 하는 시도에서 비롯되었다. 동아시아의 여러 나라들과 일상적 접촉이 없는 일반 독일인이 동아시아에 대한 인식이 거의 없다는 점에서 독일의 동아시아 각국(일본, 중국, 한국과 북한)에 대한 인식을 살펴보고, 독일(인)의 동아시아 인식에 대한 연구의 역할과 한류의 영향에 대해 소개한다. The main aim of this paper is to show that despite of a lenghty history of German – East Asian relations, there is no special view on East Asia in present Germany. German perspectives on the East Asian countries, such as Japan, China, South and North Korea will be explained from a japanologist perspective and a cultural history approach. Afterwards it is shown which East Asia discourses can be found in the field of East Asian Area Studies in Germany. It is to see that these Area studies are taking the lead in forming a German perspective on East Asia. This is supplemented by an overview of how the „Korean wave“ came to Germany and which role it plays in fostering a German understanding of East Asia.

宇都宮太郎将軍の三・一独立運動の鎮圧過程に見られた朝鮮認識

비온티노 유리안 한국일본근대학회 2012 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.37

This article examines Utsunomiya Tarō's (1861-1922) role in subduing the March First Movement of 1919 in Korea and tries to give an insight into Utsunomiya’s perceptions regarding Korea and its role as a Japanese colony. Utsunomiya was General-in-Command (gun shireikan) of the Japanese troops in Korea from 1918 to 1921 and thus he was in a crucial position for dealing with the March First Movement. Utsunomiya saw the movement as assemblies of “blind masses” following only a few leaders. Thus he tried to limit the use of violence against the masses. Nevertheless brutalization escalated, as can be seen in the Cheamni Massacre of April 15th 1919, when twenty-nine men were trapped inside a church that then was set on fire by Japanese troops, causing the men to burn alive. Arguing against the Western Missionaries who tried to make the allegedly barbaric behavior of the Japanese public in the world press, Utsunomiya himself wrote several memoranda and articles about his views on the Korean peninsula, working out strategies to “pull the Koreans over” to the Japanese side, all the while trying to defend himself and his troops against what happened in Cheamni. It will be argued that Utsunomiya, as a military-intellectual, played a crucial role in working out the basic guidelines of what was later to become institutionalized as the “Cultural Policy” (bunka seiji) of colonial rule in Korea, and also exercised a traceable influence on his superiors. 宇都宮太郎(1861-1922)は1918年から1921年まで朝鮮の軍司令官だった。三・一独立運動を鎮圧することが彼の責任であったが、当時、彼は毎日日記を詳しく書いたので、彼の日記を通して三・一独立運動の鎮圧過程をよく見ることができる。本稿でまず、宇都宮の生涯と彼の日記をどうみたかを紹介し、彼が三・一独立運動の鎮圧過程で受け持った役割について説明した。宇都宮は武力鎮圧を指導したにもかかわらず、朝鮮人との親密な交流を持っていたため、自分が朝鮮人の心やおかれた状況を把握していたと信じていた。その信頼を土台に、彼は暴力ではなく、改革の必要性を訴え、そのような思想を流布した。彼が書いた文からみた彼の思想と朝鮮に対する認識、すなわち宇都宮が「文化政策」に及ぼした影響を説明し、宇都宮の上司に対する影響力を調べた。

서양인이 본 청일전쟁(1894-1895) - 서양 언론 보도를 중심으로

비온티노 유리안 동학학회 2016 동학학보 Vol.0 No.40

The aim of this research is to shed light on how the First Sino-Japanese War, one of the biggest issues of East Asia at the end of the 19th century, was experienced in the West. The research method is media history, that is, the issue at hand is approached by an analysis of news reports concerning the war as they can be found in the major Western newspapers of that time. This is necessary because reports on the Sino-Japanese war were quite frequent in the US and Western Europe. The contents of this research are as follows. First of all, the victory of Japan was possible through the usage of modern warfare technology that Japan had imported from the West, but on the other hand, because of Japanese atrocities during the war as well as the ensuing assassination attempt on Li Hongzhang it was hard for the West to consider Japan now as a civilized nation. Secondly, the defeat of the Chinese Qing Empire was less because of disadvantages in technology or strategy but because of the uncivilized warfare by the Japanese Empire. As a result, at first the tripartite intervention that lead to the return of the Liaodong peninsula can well be analyzed through the newspapers of the time, and Japan and China were, after the war, both recognized as part of a new world system in which warfare could not be fought anymore without considering all global players. Secondly, the First Sino-Japanese war was the first battle in history to apply Western warfare technology on a large scale and thus proved to have been a testing ground, which caught the most interest in the West. 이 연구의 목적은 19세기 말 동북아시아의 최대 이슈 중 하나였던 청일전쟁이 서양인에게 어떻게 비춰지고 있었는지를 조명해보는 데에 있다. 이에 대한 연구 방법은 청일전쟁을 전하던 당시 서양의 신문과 뉴스 보도 분석을 통한 매체사적 접근이다. 청일전쟁은 서양, 특히 미국과 서유럽의 언론을 통해 집중 보도되었기 때문이다. 이 연구의 내용은, 첫째, 일본의 승리는 서양의 최신 군사 기술을 수용한 것에 기인한 바가 크지만, 다른 한편, 일본군의 학살 행위나 이홍장 암살 시도는 승리한 문명사회의 것이라고 보기 어렵다. 둘째, 청의 패배는 일본에 비해 상대적으로 열세였던 기술·전략적 문제라기보다는 청에 대한 일본군의 비문명적인 요소에서 찾을 수 있다. 이 연구의 결과는, 첫째, 료동반도 반환을 둘러싼 삼국 간섭은 특별한 의미가 있었고, 청나라와 일본은 서구 열강과 함께 새로운 세계 시스템에 동참할 자격을 갖춘 나라로 인정되었다. 둘째, 청일전쟁은 결과적으로 서양의 최첨단 군사 기술의 성능 시험장이 된 셈이었고, 이에 관련된 언론 기사가 가장 큰 비중을 차지했다.