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문중양 역사학회 2006 역사학보 Vol.0 No.189
Science and Technology in King Sejong’s Era: Questioning their Independence from the Chinese Ones
전근대라는 이름의 덫에 물린 19세기 조선 과학의 역사성
문중양 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2011 한국문화 Vol.54 No.-
Even though they were perceived as less interesting and historically less valuable than their eighteenth century counterparts, we can find noteworthy astronomical and geographical activities and products in nineteenth-century Korea from the following: piecemeal knowledge in the natural sciences in Oju yeonmun jangjeon sango (Random Expatiations of Oju) in the early nineteenth century, Choe Hangi’s writings during the 1830s and 1840s, cosmological discussions of Yi Cheong and Choe Hangi in the mid-nineteenth century, and professional studies and writings of astronomy and calendrical science by Nam Byeongcheol and Nam Byeonggil during the 1850s and 1860s. I want to make a historical revaluation of nineteenth-century Korean science which has been criticized for a long time in terms of ‘success and failure.’ I will focus on the differences between eighteenth-century and nineteenth-century science, and explore the genealogy of scientific knowledge on which the discourses of nineteenth-century Korean scholars were based. In conclusion, I argue that the representative scientific accomplishments of nineteenth century Korea demonstrate that Korean scholars had continued interest in natural knowledge and kept studying it unlike our common comprehension. Most works of astronomical science and the cosmological contemplations of nineteenth- century Korean scholars did not deviate from the traditional research program to synthesize western science, however unique and interesting, within the paradigm of East Asian science. Yet, I think they were satisfied that they solved and gave a good answer to what they wanted to understand, although their understanding to modern science was wrong. So it cannot be said nineteenth-century Korean scholars were less competitive and failed in competition with European science until the 1860s.
18세기 조선 실학자의 자연지식의 성격 : 상수학적 우주론을 중심으로
문중양 한국과학사학회 1999 한국과학사학회지 Vol.21 No.1
This paper shows two different features of the Korean traditional cosmology, one definitely associated with the I-Ching system, and the other with the Western astronomical knowledge, during the eighteenth century. This means that the Korean traditional cosmology was not competing against Western astronomical knowledge. Korean literati, such as Kim Soˇng'mun(1658-1735) and Soˇ Myoˇng'ung(1716-1787) suggested art advanced, but conservative cosmology associated with the I-Ching system, and adapted the Western astronomy far it. It was not until the late eighteenth century that same literati, like Soˇ Hasu(1738-1799), Hong Taeyong(1731-1783), and Choˇng Yakchoˇn(1758-1816), came to categorically reject the traditional correlative synthesis. Yet, their critical and anti-traditional discourses had come to and originated from the advanced cosmological discourses associated with the I-Ching system.
19세기의 호남 실학자 이청의 <井觀編> 저술과 서양 천문학 이해
문중양 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2006 한국문화 Vol.37 No.-
<Abstract> The Understanding of Western Science and the Writing of the Jeong-Gwan-Pyeon by the 19th-century Sirak Scholar Yi Cheong Moon, Joong-yang* Yi Cheong (1792-1861) was an unique disciple who had a high degree of scientific knowledge on Astronomy, and Jeong-Gwan-Pyeon was also the unique and unusual book, written by Yi Cheong alone, dealing with comprehensive and a high degree of Astronomy among Great Sirak scholar, Jeong Yagyong school. Because Jeong Yagyong did not write any comprehensive book on Astronomy, this book was expected to show Jeong Yagyong school's scientific knowledges and discourse on Astronomy. In this paper, I showed Yi Cheong was the scholar between Choi Han-gi, natural philosopher, and Nam Byeong-cheol, Astronomical-mathematician, who had a high degree of Astronomical knowledge. Jeong-Gwan-Pyeon, however, was the exceptional comprehensive book on Astronomy among Jeong Yagyong school. His great work was due to two causes. one was that he was well-disciplined by Jeong Yagyong in the ages of his early life in his home town, Gang-jin. The other was that he made good friends in Seoul. His friends in Seoul were competent Astronomical-mathematician and the greatest book-collector in Nineteenth Century Joseon Korea. He could not write Jeong-Gwan-Pyeon without his friend's supports.
창조적 일탈의 상상: 19세기 초 이규경의 하늘과 땅에 대한 사유
문중양 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2012 한국문화 Vol.59 No.-
This paper shows interesting cosmological thoughts on heaven and earth discussed in Oju-yeonmun-jangjeon-san-go by Korean scholar, Yi Kyu-gyeong(1788-1856), in the early nineteenth century. Astronomical and geographical knowledge written in Oju- yeonmun-jangjeon-san-go were fragments of old and new ones which came from different origins and filiation, so could not be constructed systematized and synthesized eventually. So, I selected three interesting topics (cosmographical map with nine layered heaven and nine layered earth, Earth’s rotational theory, theory of multi-cosmos), and traced Yi Kyu-gyeong’s ideas concretely. Western astro- geographical knowledge and Chinese classical cosmological ideas were played in such imaginative episodes constructed by Yi Kyu-gyeong. Creative cosmological ideas suggested by Yi’s senior Neo-Confucian scholars of eighteenth century Korea joined those episodes as major actors. Yi seemed to play serious episodes in a Confucian plot of Zhuxi(朱熹) and Shaoyong(邵雍) cosmology, besides he suggested deviational imaginative allegories competing with Taoist hermit. Rich fragmented knowledge from different origins of cosmology, which could not be systematized, or even resisted against integration, had been played in interesting allegorical episodes on heaven and earth constructed by Yi Kyu-gyeong. I want to call Yi’s cosmological thoughts ‘creative and deviational imagination’ confined by Yijing (易經)-based scholarship and Sino-centrism.