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만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 , 기관지천식 환자에서의 운동부하 폐기능검사
이용철(Yong Chul Lee),김원(Won Kim),임석태(Seok Tae Lim),이흥범(Heung Bum Lee),김현중(Hyun Jung Kim),이제경(Je Kyung Lee),송현모(Hyun Mo Song),이양근(Yang Keun Rhee) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.50 No.6
N/A Objectives: Exercise tests are being widely applied to objective measurement of work capacity, identification and quantification of cardiopulmonary mechanics in the cardiac and pulmonary disorders. To evaluate patients with exertional dyspnea in bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), clinicians need to know the range of expected performance during exercise. To define the various response to exercise, we studied exercise tests in clinically stable asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects, twenty controlled bronchial asthma patients, and twenty five chronic airway obstructive patients underwent progressively incremental exercise test to the symptom-limited maximum. Measurement were made of O₂uptake and CO₂ ouptput, heart rate, breathing rate, anaerobic threshold, minute ventilation, maximal O₂pulse and dead space during exercise test. Results: 1) The maximal oxygen uptake, maximal CO₂production, maximal oxygen pulse, minute ventilation, and breathing reserve in COPD patients were significantly lower than that of normal subjects. 2) The heart rate reserve and dead space at maximal exercise in COPD patients were significantly highter than those of normal controls. 3) The anaerobic threshold was detectable in 8 of 25 COPD patients. The ratio of anaerobic threshold to maximal oxygen uptake was not different from that of nomal subjects. 4) The maximal oxygen uptake, maximal Co₂output, maximal oxygen pulse, minute ventilation, breathing reserve, heart rate reserve, dead space at maximal exercise, anaerobic thre shold and ratio of anaerobic threshold in controlled bronchial asthmatics were not different form those of normal subjects, Conclusion: The exercise capacity is decreased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. But, there is no difference between nomal controls and controlled asthmatic patients in exercise capacity. This result suggest that exercise capacity of controlled asthmatic patients is not decreased.
단기간 Fluticasone Propionate 투여 용량에 따른 기저 코르티솔 농도의 변화
김현중 ( Hyun Jung Kim ),김형식 ( Hyoung Sik Kim ),이홍 ( Hong Lee ),문성기 ( Seok Tae Lim ),임석태 ( Sung Gi Moon ),박지현 ( Ji Hyun Park ),이흥범 ( Heung Bum Lee ),이용철 ( Yong Chul Lee ),이양근 ( Yang Keun Rhee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 1997 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.44 No.5
소성법에 의한 LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>의 제조시 반응 온도의 영향과 전기화학적 특성
이철태,이진식,김현중,Lee, Chul-Tae,Lee, Jin-Sik,Kim, Hyun-Joong 한국공업화학회 1998 공업화학 Vol.9 No.2
The spinel structured $LiMn_2O_4$ was prepared from $Li_2CO_3$ and $MnO_2$ by calcination at various temperatures in the range of $750{\sim}900^{\circ}C$. It was found that the most suitable cubic structure of $LiMn_2O_4$ was obtained by heating at $850^{\circ}C$ for 12 hrs. However, in the calcination at $900^{\circ}C$, $Mn^{4+}$ of 0.06M was changed to $Mn^{+3}$ by the oxygen loss, so that it has been shown that the formula has changed to $LiMn_2O_{3.97}$. This phenomena were in agreement with the Jahn-Teller distortion by the increment of $Mn^{+3}$ ion on the octahedral sites of the spinel structured $LiMn_2O_4$. The results showed that after 15 charge/discharge cycles in the voltage range from 3.5V to 4.3V versus Li/$Li^+$ with a current density of $0.25mA/cm^2$, the spinel structured $LiMn_2O_4$ that was prepared at $900^{\circ}C$ showed a lower discharge capacity, 82~50 mAh/g, while the $LiMn_2O_4$, prepared at $850^{\circ}C$, showed the discharge capacity of 102~64 mAh/g. 스피넬 구조의 $LiMn_2O_4$를 $Li_2CO_3$와 $MnO_2$를 사용하여 $750{\sim}900^{\circ}C$에서 소성해서 합성하였다. 이 때 $850^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 동안 소성할 경우 입방정 구조의 $LiMn_2O_4$가 얻어졌다. 그러나 $900^{\circ}C$에서 소성해서 합성할 경우 산소의 발생으로 인해서 0.06M의 $Mn^{+4}$가 $Mn^{+3}$로 전이되면서 $LiMn_2O_{3.97}$이 얻어졌다. 이것은 스피넬 구조의 $LiMn_2O_4$에서 octahedral site의 $Mn^{+3}$ 이온의 증가로 인해서 Jahn-Teller distortion이 발생되며, 이로 인해 $3.6{\sim}4.3V_{Li/Li}+$의 전위범위에서 $0.25mA/cm^2$으로 15 cycle 동안 충 방전 실험한 결과 $900^{\circ}C$에서 합성된 스피넬 구조의 $LiMn_2O_4$는 82 mAh/g에서 50 mAh/g으로 용량 감소가 나타났으나 $850^{\circ}C$에서 합성한 $LiMn_2O_4$는 102~64 mAh/g을 유지했다.
이철태,이진석,김현중 ( Chul Tae Lee,Jin Sik Lee,Hyun Joong Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1996 공업화학 Vol.7 No.3
소성법을 이용하여 반응온도 1050℃, 반응시간 3시간, K₂CO₃에 대한 TiO₂(rutile)의 mole ratio 2.8 그리고 1℃/min의 서냉속도로 서냉하여 초생상을 합성하였으며, 이를 비등수로 10시간 처리하여 층상구조를 갖는 장섬유의 K₂Ti₄O_9을 효과적으로 합성하였다. 또한 합성된 K ₂Ti₄0_13의 열적안정성을 조사하였으며, 이 결과 K₂Ti₄0_9은 열적으로 매우 불안정하여 온도가 올라감에 따라 K₂O와 K₂Ti_6 O_13로 분리됨을 확인하였다. Synthesis of long fibrous K₂Ti₄O_9 was attempted to find a method to produce long fibrous K₂Ti_6O_13 and other derivatives and also phase transformation of K₂Ti₄O_9 synthesized was investigated. Long fibrous K₂Ti₄O_9 was succesively synthesized by the calcination reaction under the following reaction conditions ; reaction temperature of 1050℃, TiO₂mole ratio to K₂CO₃of 2.8 and reaction time of 3hrs, and scattering of calcined products for lOhrs with hot boiling water. K₂Ti₄O_9 showed lower structural stability under heat treatment and the structure of K₂Ti₄O_9 was converted to K₂Ti₄O_13 under heating temperature of over 250℃.
소성법에 의한 LiMn2O4 의 제조시 반응 온도의 영향과 전기화학적 특성
이철태,이진식,김현중 ( Chul Tae Lee,Jin Sik Lee,Hyun Joong Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1998 공업화학 Vol.9 No.2
스퍼넬 구조의 LiMn₂O₄를 Li₂CO₃와 MnO₂를 사용하여 750℃∼900℃에서 소성해서 합성하였다. 이 때 850℃에서 12시간 동안 소성할 경우 입방정 구조의 LiMn₂O₄가 얻어졌다. 그러나 900℃에서 소성해서 합성할 경우 산소의 발생으로 인해서 0.06M의 Mn^(+4)가 Mn^(+3)로 전이되면서 LiMn₂O_(3.97)이 얻어졌다. 이것은 스퍼넬 구조의 LiMn₂O₄에서 octahedral site의 Mn^(+3) 이온의 증가로 인해서 Jahn-Teller distortion이 발생되며, 이로 인해 3.6∼4.3 V_Li/Li+의 전위범위에서 0.25 ㎃/㎠으로 15 cycle 동안 충·방전 실험한 결과 900℃에서 합성된 스피넬 구조의 LiMn₂O₄는 82mAh/g에서 50mAh/g으로 용량감소가 나타났으나 850℃에서 합성한 LiMn₂O₄는 102∼64 mAh/g을 유지했다. The spinel structured LiMn₂O₄ was prepared from Li₂CO₃ and MnO₂by calcination at various temperatures in the range of 750℃∼900℃. It was found that the most suitable cubic structure of LiMn₂O₄ was obtained by heating at 850℃ for 12 hrs. However, in the calcination at 900℃, Mn^(4+) of 0.06M was changed to Mn^(+3) by the oxygen loss, so that it has been shown that the formula has changed to LiMn₂O_(3.97). This phenomena were in agreement with the Jahn-Teller distortion by the increment of n^(+3) ion on the octahedral sites of the spinel structured LiMn₂O₄. The results showedthat after 15 charge/discharge cycles in the voltage range from 3.5V to 4.3V versus Li/Li^+ with a current density of 0.25 ㎃/㎠, the spinel structured LiMn₂O₄that was prepared at 900℃ showed a lower discharge capacity, 82∼50 mAh/g, while the LiMn₂O₄, prepared at 850℃, showed the discharge capacity of 102∼64 mAh/g.