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Brain Stimulation and Modulation for Autism Spectrum Disorder
김태,류지은,반건호 한양대학교 의과대학 2016 Hanyang Medical Reviews Vol.36 No.1
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a range of conditions including impair-ments in social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Phar-macological treatments can improve some symptoms of ASD, but the effect is limited and there is a huge unmet demand for successful interventions of ASD. Brain stimulation and modulation are emerging treatment options for ASD: electroconvulsive therapy for catato-nia in ASD, vagal nerve stimulation for comorbid epilepsy and ASD, and deep brain stimu-lation for serious self-injurious behavior. Therapeutic tools are evolving to mechanism-driven treatment. Excitation/Inhibition (E/I) imbalance alters the brain mechanism of information processing and behavioral regulation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can stabilize aberrant neuroplasticity by improving E/I balance. These brain stimulation and modulation methods are expected to be used for exploration of the pathophysiology and etiology of ASD and might facilitate the development of a mechanism-driven solution of core domains of ASD in the future.
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김태,박진아,조지훈,이진석,이홍재 대한척추신경외과학회 2023 Neurospine Vol.20 No.4
Objective: To compare unilateral extrapedicular vertebroplasty (UEV) and bilateral transpedicular vertebroplasty (BTV) by quantitatively calculating the structural changes of fractured vertebral body after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) using 3-dimensional voxelbased morphometry (VBM). Methods: We calculated bone cement volume (BCV); vertebral body volume (VBV); leaked intradiscal BCV; and spatial, symmetric, and even bone cement distribution (BCD) in and out of 222 vertebral bodies treated with 2 different PVPs using VBM and evaluated the incidence of subsequent vertebral compression fracture (SVCF). Statistical analyses were conducted to compare values between the 2 different PVPs. Results: Relative BCV, which is a potential risk factor for SVCF, was higher in the BTV group based on the data using VBM (0.22 ± 0.03 vs. 0.29 ± 0.03; p < 0.001, t-test); however, the SVCF incidence between the 2 surgeries was not significantly different (UEV, 24.7%; BTV, 31%; p = 0.046, chi-square test). Spatial, even, and symmetric BCD along the 3 axes was not significantly different between UEV and BTV using VBM (x, y, z-axis, p = 0.893, p = 0.590, p = 0.908 respectively, chi-square test). Conclusion: Contrary to intuitive concerns, UEV can inject a sufficient and more optimal BCV than BTV. Additionally, it can inject bone cement spatially, symmetrically, and evenly well-distributed without an increased rate of intradiscal leakage and SVCF compared with BTV based on VBM. Therefore, UEV could be a superior alternative surgical method with similar clinical effectiveness and safety, considering the above results and the consensus that UEV is less invasive.
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뇌 기능영상에서의 TE값의 변화에 따른 1.5T와 3.0T MRI의 자화율 변화 비교
김태,최보영,김의녕,서태석,이흥규,신경섭,Kim, Tae,Choe, Bo-Young,Kim, Euy-Neyng,Suh, Tae-Suk,Lee, Heung-Kyu,Shinn, Kyung-Sub 대한자기공명의과학회 1999 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.3 No.2
Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find the optimum TE value for enhancing $T_2^{*}$ weighting effect and minimizing the SNR degradation and to compare the BOLD effects according to the changes of TE in 1.5T and 3.0T MRI systems. Materials and Methods : Healthy normal volunteers (eight males and two females with 24-38 years old) participated in this study. Each volunteer was asked to perform a simple finger-tapping task (sequential opposition of thumb to each of the other four fingers) with right hand with a mean frequency of about 2Hz. The stimulus was initially off for 3 images and was then alternatively switched on and off for 2 cycles of 6 images. Images were acquired on the 1.5T and 3.0T MRI with the FLASH (fast low angle shot) pulse sequence (TR : 100ms, FA : $20^{\circ}$, FOV : 230mm) that was used with 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76ms of TE times in 1.5T and 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66ms of TE in 3.0T MRI system. After the completion of scan, MR images were transferred into a PC and processed with a home-made analysis program based on the correlation coefficient method with the threshold value of 0.45. To search for the optimum TE value in fMRI, the difference between the activation and the rest by the susceptibility change for each TE was used in 1.5T and 3.0T respectively. In addition, the functional $T_2^{*}$ map was calculated to quantify susceptibility change. Results : The calculated optimum TE for fMRI was $61.89{\pm}2.68$ at 1.5T and $47.64{\pm}13.34$ at 3.0T. The maximum percentage of signal intensity change due to the susceptibility effect inactivation region was 3.36% at TE 66ms in 1.5T 10.05% at TE 46ms in 3.0T, respectively. The signal intensity change of 3.0T was about 3 times bigger than of 1.5T. The calculated optimum TE value was consistent with TE values which were obtained from the maximum signal change for each TE. Conclusion : In this study, the 3.0T MRI was clearly more sensitive, about three times bigger than the 1.5T in detecting the susceptibility due to the deoxyhemoglobin level change in the functional MR imaging. So the 3.0T fMRI I ore useful than 1.5T.
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기능적 자기공명영상법과 양성자 가지공명분광법을 이용한 시각자극에 의한 후두염 피질의 대사물질 변화
김태,서태석,최보영,김성은,이흥규,신경섭,Kim, Tae,Suh, Tae-Suk,Choe, Bo-Young,Kim, Sung-Eun,Lee, Heung-Kyu,Shinn, Kyung-Sub 대한자기공명의과학회 1999 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.3 No.1
Purpose : The purpose of this study was aimed to evaluate the BOLD(blood oxygen level dependent) contrast fMRI(functional MR imaging) in the occipital lobe and to compare with the metabolic changes based on H MRS (MR spectroscopy) and MRSI (MR spectroscopic imaging) before and after visual stimulation Materials and Methods : Healthy human volunteers (eight males and two females with 24-30 year age) participated in this study. All of the BOLD fMRI were acquired on a 1.5T MR with EPI during supervised visual stimulation in the occipital lobe. The red flicker with 8Hz was used for visual stimulation. After imaging acquisition, the MR images were transferred into unix workstation and processed with acquired from the same location based on the activation map. MRSI (magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) was also acquired to analyze the lactate changes before and after stimulation. Results : The activation maps were successfully produced by BOLD effect due to visual stimulation. NAA (N-acetyle aspartate)/Cr (creatine) ratio varied only from $1.79{\pm}0.28{\;}to{\;}1.88{\pm}0.20$ in activation area before and after stimulation. However, the signal intensity of lactate was elevated $9.48{\pm}4.38$ times higher than before activation. Lactate metabolite images were consistent with the activation maps. Conclusion : The BOLD contrast fMRI is enough sensitive to detect the activated area in human brain during the visual stimulation. Lactate metabolite map presents the evidence of lactate elevation on the same area of activation.
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증가된 기계적 강도 및 양방향 신호 검출이 가능한 3차원 폴리이미드 기반 뉴럴 프로브 개발
金泰?(Tae-Hyun Kim),李基根(Kee-Keun Lee) 대한전기학회 2007 전기학회논문지 Vol.56 No.11
A flexible but implantable polyimide-based neural implant was fabricated for reliable and stable long-term monitoring of neural activities from brain. The developed neural implant provides 3-dimensional (3D) 3×3 structure, avoids any hand handling, and makes the insertion more efficient and reliable. Any film curvature caused by residual stress was not observed in the electrode. The 3D flexible polyimide electrode penetrated a dense gel whose stiffness is close to live brain tissue, because a ~1㎛ thick nickel was electroplated along the edge of the shank in order to improve the stiffness. The recording sites were positioned at both side of the shank to increase the probability of recording neural signals from a target volume of tissue. Impedance remained stable over 72 hours because of extremely low moisture uptake in the polyimide dielectric layers. At electrical recording test in vitro, the fabricated electrode showed excellent recording performance, suggesting that this electrode has the potential for great recording from neuron firing and long-term implant performance
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