Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of CrTiAlN Nanocomposite Thin Films Synthesized by Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering

김연준,Ho Y. Lee,Jeon G. Han,Kab S. Kim,Sung I. Kim 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.51 No.3

Quaternary CrTiAlN nanocomposite thin films were synthesized by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering (CFUBMS) at various N2 partial pressures, and their properties were evaluated. The preferred orientations of the CrTiAlN nanocomposite films were in the CrN (111) and CrN (200) directions. The black spots in the CrTiAlN nanocomposite films were proven by using a fast-Fourier transform (FFT) method to be a nanocomposite having in the [.113] direction. The hardness of the CrTiAlN nanocomposite films ranged from about 30 39 GPa, with the highest hardness corresponding to a grain size of about 2.9 nm. The resistance to plastic deformation and the fracture toughness depended on the hardness and the grain size. The critical grain size needed to maximize the hardness, dc, was also determined.寓

Long-term Follow-up (Minimum 5 Years) Study of Single-level Posterior Dynamic Stabilization in Lumbar Degenerative Disease; 'Interspinous U' & 'DIAM'

김연준,이상구,박찬우,손성,김우경 대한척추신경외과학회 2012 Neurospine Vol.9 No.2

Objectives: Recently posterior dynamic stabilizations (PDS) are increased in degenerative lumbar disease. But, some previous studies had doubts its long term prognosis. Long term clinical and radiological results of PDS using interspinous device (Interspinous U, DIAM) were analyzed. Methods: We have used the ‘interspinous U’ and ‘DIAM’ for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. We included single level lumbar spinal stenosis patients who completed minimum 60 months follow-up evaluation. All patients checked plain lateral and flexion-extension views at immediately after the surgery and each follow-up. The clinical outcome was measured by Odom’s criteria. Complications including post operative infection, bony erosion, device fracture, device malformations, and instabilities were surveyed. Results: We included 18 for ‘Interspinous U’ and 7 patients ‘DIAM’ groups. Mean follow-up durations for ‘Interspinous U’ and ‘DIAM’ were 74.6 and 62.6 months, respectively. Satisfactory groups were 50.0% and 42.9%for ‘Interspinous U’ and ‘DIAM’ groups. In ‘Interspinous U’ group disc height ratio increased transiently in immediate postoperative period (from 0.18 to 0.21)and then, decreased significantly in last follow-up (0.18). In ‘DIAM’ group, disc height ratio increased transiently in immediate postoperative period (from 0.18 to 0.19), and then decreased significantly in the last follow-up (0.16). Three(16.7%) and two(28.6%) patients undergo on a re-operation due to severe back pain in ‘Interspinous U’ and ‘DIAM’ groups. Conclusion: Long term follow up ‘Interspinous U’ and ‘DIAM’ group showed low patient satisfaction and poor radiological outcomes. To ascertain the benefit of PDS compare with posterior screw fixation, prospective analysis with larger population and multi-center study will be needed.

주택가격 분석을 통한 친환경인증단지 평가 연구- 수도권 공동주택을 중심으로 -

김연준,성장환,안태선 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.12

The propose of this study is to evaluate the environment-friendly housing estates by the housing price analysis in the capital region of Korea. For this purpose this study compares the certified and the non-certified housing estates in terms of the housing price differences between them. 20 certified and 40 non-certified estates were selected to analyze housing price difference according to the factors which affect the housing price. In order to find out the evaluation factor differences T-test and Chai square were conducted and Cluster analysis was also done for the different housing estates. It finds that no housing price differences between the certified and non-certified estates exist clearly. It means the Environment-friendly certification system does not work effectively in the housing development in Korea. From the price difference analysis this study suggests the environment elements to be provieded in the new housing development. It also discusses the reasons why the certification system does not operate in the housing development. Finally, this study concludes with the some recommendations for the future Environment-friendly housing development.

A Study on the Cooperation Between Korea and the EU regarding Climate Change

김연준,박광수 한국유럽학회 2011 유럽연구 Vol.29 No.3

During the Post Kyoto era, we face main and hot issues such as ‘who will be a principal agents to reduce the GHGs emissions,’ ‘which appropriate reduction standards will be chosen,’ ‘which reduction methods will be used.’ Moreover, we need to discuss further on the following issues; ‘systemizing MRV for effective ET’; ‘checking whether the ETS helps real GHGs reduction and low-carbon growth’; ‘need research on the possibility of international trading of emission right’; ‘developing and diffusing technology to reduce the GHGs in substance.’After careful consideration on the above mentioned issues, we need to choose appropriate methods and standards to reduce the GHGs remissions. And, we need to investigate carefully ‘how to systemize MRV with the EU’ and ‘how to develop new technology and transfer this’ and so on. With this, South Korea can become a hub in the era of green growth with the role of bridge between developed anddeveloping countries. These efforts of the world to reduce the GHGs emissions are helpful for each country to promote their economy with green new deal investments. The Granger causality test result in this research shows that the U.K. affects to Germany in emitting CO2. And, the U.K. affects to France in emitting CO2. France affects to the U.K. in emitting CO2. It is likely that South Korea will be affected by the European countries through CO2 emission. Rapid economic growth of South Korea makes CO2 emissions more and more, and this “likely” affect to the European countries by trading with each other. With this result, we can presume that intimacy in geography, politics, and economy affect to emit more CO2. So, these countries need more cooperation with each other to reduce the GHGs. With this cooperation, their intimacy will be more tightened.

유럽재정위기로 인한 유로 존 주식시장의 충격에 관한 연구

김연준 한국유럽학회 2012 유럽연구 Vol.30 No.2

Recently, sovereign debt crisis has become a risk factor that threat world economy. Some European countries, such as the PIIGS countries, suffer from the sovereign debt crisis. This paper investigates reasons of the crisis and analyzes current trend of it. This paper tests the possibility of contagion effect using the Granger-causality test, the impulse response test, the correlation test, and the variance decomposition test. This paper investigates whether shocks of the European stock market affect to stock markets of the other countries. This paper uses two different sets of data to research on the contagion effect. Results of the first test show that contagion effects are very prevalent for the countries that are located closely with each other. A close financial connectivity between European countries is the reason why there exists contagion effect. Test results show that shocks from the European stock market affect to China in the early period. Results of the second test show that stock price of the EU is highly correlated with that of many countries. Results of the Granger-causality test show that shocks of the EU's stock market affect to the region of Middle east, Asia, and America. After putting together the results of the two tests, we conclude that shocks of European stock markets under the European debt crisis can be contagious to the markets of Asian countries. Contagion of the crisis to China hasa possibility to make huge crisis in South Korea. South Korea should pay more attention to the possibility that Euro zone debt crisis can make enlarge volatility of financial market. And, South Korea should double-check contingency plan by government and firms. 최근 세계경제의 위험 요인으로 남유럽국가의 재정위기가 급부상하고 있다. 본 연구는최근 이슈가 되고 있는 남유럽 재정위기의 원인 및 최근 동향에 대해 분석하고 위기의 주변국 확산 가능성을 연구한다. 특히 본 연구는 그랜저 인과(Granger-causality) 모형을도입해 최근 이슈가 되고 있는 유럽 재정위기로 인한 유로 존 주식시장의 충격이 한국을비롯한 다른 나라 주식시장에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 연구한다. 재정위기로 인한 유로존 주식시장의 충격이 다른 나라에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 지를 연구한다는 점, 즉contagion effect를 연구한다는 점에서 기존 연구에 비해 학문적으로 기여할 수 있는 점이라고 할 수 있다. 또한 본 연구에서는 두 가지 상이한 기간 및 데이터를 가지고Granger-causality 테스트 연구를 시행한다는 점도 학문적으로 기여할 수 있는 점이다.첫 번째 테스트 분석 결과, 유럽재정위기로 인한 유로 존 주식시장의 충격이 한국을 비롯한 다른 국가에 영향을 미치며 특히 한국과 중국 간에는 높은 상관관계를 보이고 있다. 두 번째 테스트 분석 결과 EU의 주가지수는 대부분 국가들의 주가지수와 높은 상관관계를 가진 것으로 나타났고 그랜저 인과관계 테스트 결과 EU의 충격은 중동 지역, 아시아지역, 미주 지역으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 두 가지 테스트를 종합해 본 결과유럽 재정위기의 충격은 아시아로 전이가 되며 특히 중국으로 전이는 한국에 심각한 위기를 초래할 가능성이 있다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 특히 두 테스트 결과가 보여주는 바와같이 2008년 금융위기로 인해 유로 존 재정위기가 더욱 확산될 수 있었음을 보여주고 있다.

A Research on the Economic Growth, Export, Population, and Disparity:in case of the EU

김연준 한국유럽학회 2013 유럽연구 Vol.31 No.3

With the technological development and the industrialization, overall population has been grown. ‘Inter-regional disparity’ or ‘inter-regional inequality’ and ‘disparity in one country’ or ‘inequality in one country’ have been spread over the world. With the globalization and the internationalization, each country pays more attention to the export-led growth. This research investigates the regional disparity among the European countries. Also, this paper investigates one country’s disparity in the EU. This paper conducts three empirical tests. First, this paper conducts survey analysis by using the European quality life survey (EQLS). Second, this paper investigates the panel data analysis. With the panel data analysis, this paper investigates whether population affects economic growth in the European countries. And, this paper studies whether changes in population affect changes in growth rate in the European countries. Third, this paper conducts the Grangercausality test. With the analysis, this paper analyzes whether there exists the Granger-causality among economic growth, exports, and unemployment. First, with the result of the European quality life survey, the rural income is less than the urban income. And, high quality labor force is concentrated on the urban area. We find that educational level does not affect economic growth. For the low income countries, income of the agricultural sector is high. Second, this research conducts the panel data analysis using twenty-fiveEuropean countries. For the panel data analysis, we use the EU’s data of GDP and population. Results of the analysis show that population affects economic growth. Therefore, this research finds that economic growth is accomplished by maintaining appropriate amounts of population. And, this is one factor that reduces the regional disparity or the regional inequality. Third, this paper conducts the Granger-causality analysis using four European countries. This paper conducts the Granger-causality analysis using macroeconomic data by country. For the Granger-causality analysis, this paper uses real GDP growth, merchandise export growth, and unemployment rate for the selected European countries. Additionally, this paper conducts the Granger-causality analysis using macroeconomic data among countries. First results of the Granger-causality test show that exports affect economic growth and economic growth affects exports. This shows that each country accomplishes economic growth by exports. Second results of the Granger-causality test show that exports and economic growth are closely related and this has a role to reduce the regional disparity. With this research, we find that we need appropriate population to maintain one country. And, the export-led growth is a growth engine in one country with the globalization and the internationalization. Therefore, the export-led growth with proper population contributes to reduce the regional disparity in Europe. We find that globalization and internationalization are drive-forces in accomplishing an equal development.

북한의 제4세대전쟁 위협전망과 극복방안 연구 : 향토예비군 운용 개선을 중심으로

김연준 한국융합보안학회 2016 융합보안 논문지 Vol.16 No.6_1

우리는 전쟁에서 당연히 강한 자가 약한 자에게 승리한다고 생각한다. 그러나 현대전쟁에서 약한 자가 강한 자를상대로 승리한 사례들이 많음을 알 수 있다. 이는 제4세대전쟁 이론을 통해 논리적으로 이해할 수 있다. 북한은 열세한 국력임에도 한반도 무력통일 정책을 포기하지 않고 있다. 그들은 국제사회와 남한을 상대로 다양한 정치•사회• 군사적 수준의 도발을 계속하고 있다. 최근에 북한은 5차례의 핵실험, 대륙간탄도미사일 시험발사와, DMZ 도발 등을자행하였으며, 앞으로도 제4세대전쟁 차원의 도발을 계속할 것으로 예상된다. 이에 점증하고 있는 북한의 제4세대전쟁위협과 도발에 대한 본질을 이해해야 한다. 이를 통해 그들의 제4세대전쟁 위협에 대한 근본적인 대책중 하나인 향토예비군제도에 대한 가치를 재인식하고 관련 제도를 보완해야 한다. 우리는 개선된 향토예비군제도를 통해 한반도에세력균형 변화와 힘의 전환점으로 이행을 단호 거부할 수 있다. 즉 예상되는 북한의 제4세대전쟁 위협에 대하여, 우리의 향토예비군제도는 우리의 단호한 전쟁 수행을 위한 의지(意志)이자, 정치•사회•경제•군사적인 수단이며, 최적의대안으로 기능발휘가 가능하다. We take it for granted that strong sides defeat weaker counterparts, while predicting the outcome of the battles. But in modern war, we can find plenty of evidence that weak sides won against the strong. This phenomenon can be understood logically by the fourth-generation war theory. the North Korean does not give up its unification strategy, which is unification by force, even though its inferior power. It is continuing various political, social and military levels of provocations toward both the international community and South Korea. Recently, North Korea did nuclear test, launched ICBM test, provoked the DMZ, and expecting to continue the provocations of the fourth-generation war level. We have to understand the nature of North Korea's fourth-generation war threats and provocations that it is focusing on. Based on this, have a new understanding of the value of the Homeland Defense Reservists as fundamental measures as the fourth-generation war threat and supplement related systems. We can firmly refuse the balance of power and power shift of the Korean Peninsula through improved Homeland Defense Reservists. As the expected North Korea's the fourth-generation war threats, our Homeland Defense Reservists is a firm will of conduct war, and political-social-economic-military means, it is possible to display as the best alternative.

북한 핵테러 위협 대비방안 연구 : ‘선제적 자위권’ 보장을 중심으로

김연준 한국융합보안학회 2016 융합보안 논문지 Vol.16 No.3_2

북한은 최근 4차 핵실험과 대륙간탄도미사일 발사 실험을 실시하며, 한반도와 국제사회를 대상으로 핵 도발을 감행하였다. 북한에서 진행 중인 핵과 미사일 실험은 핵전력의 기술적 수준에 있어서 표준화, 경량화, 다종화의 완성단계에도달하였다고 판단된다. 이에 북한은 한반도와 국제사회를 대상으로 조만간 핵도발이 현실이 될 것이라는 예상된다. 핵폭탄은 그 엄청난 파괴력으로 인하여 상대방의 제1격을 허용한 다음에 반격을 하겠다는 논리가 적용될 수 없는절대무기이다. 따라서 핵을 보유하게 된 북한을 상대로 하는 우리는 최소한의 생존권을 보장하기 위해서 ‘선제적 자위권’ 행사는 선택이 아닌 필수적인 대응개념일 수밖에 없다. 조만간 북한의 핵도발이 예상되는 현시점에서 선제타격 시행에 대한 국민적 공감대를 형성하여 도발의 원점지역을 타격할 있는 역량을 구비해야 한다. 또한 향후 예상되는 북한의 5차 핵실험에 대비하여 ‘핵무장 선택권’ 확보할 수 있도록 국가적 역량을 결집해야 한다. North Korea had recently conducted the fourth nuclear test and ICBM tests, dared nuclear provocation targeting the Korea and the international community. It is determined based on experiments of nuclear and missile in progress in North Korea that the technical level of nuclear force reached the completion stage of standardization, lightweight, and variation. It is expected to become reality that North Korea executes the nuclear provocation targeting the Korea and the international community in the near future. Nuclear bomb is an absolute weapon that the logic of counterattack after allowing the first strike of the other party cannot be applied due to its tremendous destructive power. Therefore, as the opponent to North Korea that it decided to hold the nuclear, the exercise of anticipatory self-defense in order to guarantee a minimum of right to life is not a choice, but the only essential correspondence concept. At the moment that the North Korean nuclear provocation is expected in the near future, it shall be provided with competence to strike the origin region of provocation by forming a national consensus of preemptive strike enforcement. Also, in preparation for the fifth nuclear test of North Korea, which is anticipated, the national competence must be mobilize to be able to ensure the ‘Nuclear Option’ from the international community.

A Research on the Contagion Effect using the Binary Logit Model

김연준,신계균 한국유럽학회 2012 유럽연구 Vol.30 No.3

Recently, the southern European countries suffer from the sovereign debt crisis. This paper suggests main reasons of the sovereign debt crisis with the following three aspects. First, expansion of fiscal payment along the recovery process of a financial crisis in 2008. Second, growth of a high intra-trade between the southern European countries. Third, internal flaw in the euro zone. This paper analyzes these three reasons of the southern European countries' sovereign debt crisis. Also, this paper suggests some keys to solve this sovereign debt crisis. This paper suggests a reinforcement of a mutual assistance system among the southern European countries to recover this sovereign debt crisis. This paper emphasizes a political split for the reason’s of the sovereign debt crisis. For this research, we conduct a binary logit model using Eichengreen et al.'s(1996) research. We use GDP, unemployment, fiscal revenue, fiscal expenditure, and fiscal balance using the WDI database covering ten countries including the PIIGS countries, the US,German, the UK, France, and South Korea. Based on the data availability, our data set covers from 1996 to 2009. The statistical results support our primary expectation. We get a strong statistical support when there is a simultaneous association between a fiscal crisis in one country and a corresponding crisis in the other country. A fiscal crisis in a country at a current year is not likely to lead to a fiscal crisis in a different country at a next year. As countries, which have and have not financial crisis, suggest both financial and policy solution tosolve a certain financial crisis, the contagion effect is not likely to sustain any longer. 최근 남유럽국가들의 국가채무 위기가 확산되고 있다. 특히 이러한 국가 채무위기 하에서 PIIGS라고 불리는 포르투갈, 아일랜드, 이탈리아, 그리스, 스페인의 국가채무 위기는심각하다. 본 연구에서는 Eichengreen et al.(1996)의 논문을 참조하고 이항 로짓 모델을이용하여 실증분석을 한다. 데이터는 1996년부터 2009년까지 경제변수들을 이용한다. 실증분석 결과, 본 연구에서는 한 국가의 재정위기와 다른 국가의 이에 상응하는 위기 간에는 동시적인 연계가 있음을 발견하였다. 즉, 한 해의 재정위기 발생은 그 해의 다른 국가로 전이될 가능성이 큰 반면, 한 해의 재정위기가 다음 해에 다른 국가로 전이될 가능성은 크지 않음을 발견하였다. 이는 재정위기를 겪고 있는 한 국가가 위기 극복을 위한 자체적인 정책을 제시하기 때문에 가능하다. 또한 주변국 입장에서 경제위기가 국내 시장경제로 전이되는 것을 최소화하기 위해 상대 위기 국가에 대한 대책과 지원을 위한 정책을 수립하기 때문에 국가 간의 재정 위기의 확산은 단기적으로 진행되는 것이다. 따라서그리스를 포함한 남유럽의 재정 위기가 한국경제에 미치는 영향은 단기적이지 장기적으로큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상되지 않는다.

EU의 탄소배출권 예비분 규모와 거시경제변수와의 관계에 관한 연구

김연준,유상희,김효선 한국환경경제학회, 한국자원경제학회 ( 구 한국환경경제학회 ) 2013 한국환경경제학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.하계

본 연구는 EU의 탄소배출권 예비분 규모와 거시경제변수와의 관계에 대해 분석한다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 EU에서 거시경제 변수들이 예비분 비율에 어떻게 영향을 미치는 지를 분석한다. 유럽에서 각국별 거시경제변수에 대한 통계는 World Bank의 World Development Indicators를 이용한다. 또한 예비분 비율(reserve size as a percentage of nation cap) 통계는 Gagelmann(2006, p.26)의 자료를 사용한다. 연구결과 EU의 경우 대체로 신재생에너지 공급비중과 제조 건설업의 배출비중이 작을수록, GDP 성장률과 인구성장률이 클수록 예비율이 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 제조업 및 건설업의 배출비중이 커지면 예비율이 오히려 줄어드는 것으로 분석되었으며, 특히 신재생에너지 비중이 커지면 예비율이 작아지는 것을 알 수 있다. 하지만 그 영향은 그다지 크지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서는 예비분 관련 독일과 영국 등 유럽의 예를 소개하고 이를 통해 EU에서 예비분 규모 결정시 적용할 수 있는 주요 내용을 분석해 본다.