Immunohistochemical Study to Evaluate the Prognostic Significance of Four Biomolecular Markers in Radiotherapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

김연주(Yeon-Joo Kim)ㆍ이승희(Seung Hee Lee)ㆍ우홍균(Hong-Gyun Wu)ㆍ고현정(Heounjeong Go)ㆍ전윤경(Yoon Kyung Jeon) 대한방사선종양학회 2010 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.28 No.2

목 적: 방사선 치료를 받은 코인두암 환자의 치료 전 조직을 면역조직화학염색하여 생체분자적 예후인자를 찾고자하였다.대상 및 방법: 1998년부터 2006년까지 방사선 치료를 받은 코인두암환자는 68명이었다. 이중 38명의 환자에서 면 역조직화학염색을 위한 파라핀 블록을 찾을 수 있었다. 전체 환자 중 31명은 미분화암종이었고, 7명은 편평세포암종이었다. 전체 환자의 84%가 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage III or IV 환자였다. 전체 환자의파라핀 블록을 이용하여 Met, COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), nm23-H1에 대해 면역조직화학염색을 시행하였다.결 과: 전체 환자의 중앙 추적 기간은 30개월이었고 생존 환자의 중앙 추적 기간은 39개월이었다. 높은(≥50%)Met 발현을 보인 환자들의 5년 생존율은 48%, 낮은 Met 발현을 보인 환자들의 5년 생존율은 84%로 이는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.02). Met 발현 정도는 다변량 분석에서도 유의한 인자로 분석되었다(p=0.01). Met발현은 종양의 병기, 성별, 나이, 항암제나 방사선 치료에 대한 반응 정도와 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. Met 발현정도는 COX-2 발현과 중등도의 상관관계를 보였으나(Pearson coefficient 0.496, p<0.01), COX-2 발현은 전체생존율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 nm23-H1이나 EGFR의 발현은 예후인자가 아닌 것으로 분석되었다.결 론: 방사선치료를 받은 코인두암에서, 높은(≥ 50%) Met 발현은 전체생존율에 영향을 미치는 독립적인 예후인자일 가능성이 있다. Purpose: We performed an immunohistochemical study with pre-treatment biopsy specimens to evaluate the prognostic significance of four biomolecular markers which can be used as a predictive assay for radiotherapy (RT) treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods: From January 1998 through December 2006, 68 patients were histologically diagnosed as non-metastatic NPC and treated by RT. Only 38 patients had the paraffin block for the immunohistochemical study. Thirty-one patients had undifferentiated carcinoma and 7 patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Thirtytwo patients (84%) had advanced stage NPC (2002 AJCC Stage III∼IV). Immunohistochemical staining was performed for Met, COX-2, nm23-H1, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression using routine methods. Results: The median follow-up time was 30 months (range, 11 to 83 months) for all patients, and 39 months (range, 19 to 83 months) for surviving patients. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of the patients with high Met extent (≥50%) was significantly lower than that of the patients with low Met extent (48% vs. 84%, p=0.02). In addition, Met extent was also a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (p=0.01). No correlation was observed between Met extent and T stage, N stage, stage group, gender, age, and the response to chemotherapy or RT. Met extent showed moderate correlation with COX-2 expression (Pearson coefficient 0.496, p<0.01), but COX-2 expression did not affect OS. Neither nm23-H1 or EGFR expression was a prognostic factor for OS in this study. Conclusion: High Met extent (≥50%) might be an independent prognostic factor that predicts poor OS in NPC treated with RT.

자율주행자동차 공도 주행 실현의 현대적 과제에 대한 시론(試論) : 도로교통법 개정사항 및 운전면허 규정을 중심으로

김연주(Kim, Yeon Joo) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2021 과학기술과 법 Vol.12 No.2

Autonomous Vehicles are one of the representative products of the 4th industrial revolution from which we can expect benefits such as the reduction of traffic accidents and the decrease of casualties and loosening of traffic congestion by that. It can be said that interest in and movement about the development and commercialization of Autonomous Vehicles are considerable globally. Autonomous Vehicles can be described as the ones that perceive surroundings and do things dynamically on their own through recognition, judgment, and control. Also, to realize the driving and operation of Autonomous Vehicles on public roads, basically, it is needed to examine and revise the Road Traffic Act that has been institutionalized to keep cars moving smoothly by preventing and eliminating all the dangerous and hindrance factors of traffic on roads. We cannot deny the fact that the safe and desirable commercialization of those cars will be never obtained without it. Therefore, it is necessary not only to reflect technological perspectives to the revision of the Road Traffic Act but also to understand Autonomous Vehicles from the standpoint of the Road Traffic Act. From the viewpoint of the Road Traffic Act, Autonomous Vehicles can be regarded as the cars that support driving, but it is somewhat different in the perspective of technology. We cannot say that operating capacity directly means driving ability. Accordingly, in the situation to develop Autonomous Vehicles, we carry out recognition based on the technological concept of Autonomous Vehicles. To realize the reflection of it diversely into legislation, however, it is needed to perform consideration more precisely. In other words, not only technological development but efforts and attempts have been made multilaterally to commercialize and generalize Autonomous Vehicles from which we can expect various advantages associated with the decrease of traffic accidents. Yet, what is related to autonomous driving is not just from today or yesterday but has been a part of technological advancement and development that have been done continuously from long before. To wit, the emergence of Autonomous Vehicles did not take place in a day along with the 4th industrial revolution, and it can also be considered as part of the acceptance of technological development. Moreover, it seems to be necessary to establish definite criteria or such regarding what should be the focus in the realization of Autonomous Vehicles. In other words, on which should we put the emphasis, the acceptance of developed and advanced technology or the enhancement of safety? In conclusion, basically, it is needed to consider and arouse opinions about two aspects; one is to advocate technology as much as possible immediately, and the other is to accept it stepwise through discussion and examination. Therefore, it is necessary to consider all those things generally and revise the law practically and realistically in order to realize the public road driving of Autonomous Vehicles.

텍스트 마이닝을 활용한 고등학교 영어 교과서 어휘 목록 개선방안에 대한 제안

김연주 ( Kim Yeon-joo ),이건수 ( Lee Gun-soo ) 대한언어학회 2016 언어학 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this study is to propose a way of revising high school English textbooks. We extracted 300 engineering and IT-related vocabularies from American math & science textbooks and English newspapers to be reflected on the textbook revision. The proposed revision including the extracted words is deemed highly necessary in the current hi-tech age as Korea has emerged as an IT power nation. The IPA method was used for a survey to find out whether college students feel the necessity of the early ESP instruction. The 300 words were selected through POS tagging and frequency analyses after basic lexical items were removed by stop-word lists by utilizing text mining techniques. It is expected that such a revision would greatly facilitate students` understanding of engineering fields and enhance their ESP communication skills at the college level if the newly revised English textbooks could be used for high school English education prior to college.

비정규시간 상부위장관 출혈 환자에서 응급 내시경이 예후에 미치는 영향

김연주 ( Youn Joo Kim ),김상균 ( Sang Gyun Kim ),강해연 ( Hae Yeon Kang ),강현우 ( Hyoun Woo Kang ),김주성 ( Joo Sung Kim ),정현채 ( Hyun Chae Jung ),송인성 ( In Sung Song ) 대한소화기학회 2009 대한소화기학회지 Vol.53 No.4

목적: 내시경은 위장관 출혈 환자에서 출혈의 위치를 확인하고 지혈 시술을 할 수 있다는 장점이 있으나 즉시 시행할 수 없는 경우가 많다. 이번 연구에서는 비정규시간에 상부위장관 출혈을 주소로 내원한 환자에서 응급 내시경 및 지혈술의 시행 유무에 따르는 임상 결과를 살펴봄으로써 응급 내시경의 유용성과 필요한 환자군을 선별하는 기준을 찾고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2005년 1월부터 2006년 10월까지 비정규시간에 상부위장관 출혈을 주소로 서울대학교병원 응급실을 방문하여 내시경을 시행한 383명의 환자를 대상으로 출혈 원인에 따라 정맥류 출혈과 비정맥류 출혈로 구분하여 내원 12시간 이내에 시행한 환자군(응급 내시경군)과 12시간에서 24시간 이내에 시행한 환자군(지연 내시경군)에 대해 임상 지표, 출혈 병소 확인 및 지혈술 여부 및 예후를 후향 분석하였다. 결과: 비정맥류 출혈을 보인 환자 중 응급 내시경군은 98명, 지연 내시경군은 137명이었다. 양군에 포함된 임상 Rockall 점수 3점 이상인 중증 환자의 수는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 내시경에서 진단을 하거나 시술을 하는 비율은 양 군 간 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 재출혈률, 재원 기간, 30일 사망률에도 차이를 보이지 않았다. 정맥류 출혈로 내원한 환자 중 응급 내시경군은 65명이며 지연 내시경군은 83명이었다. 양 군 간에 Child-Pugh 등급 등의 중증도 지표에는 차이가 없었다. 내시경 진단에서 응급 내시경군은 유의하게 출혈 병소를 찾지 못하였으며(78.5% vs. 90.4%, p=0.043) 내시경 이후 수술이나 방사선시술로 지혈을 하는 환자가 더 많았다(10.8% vs. 2.4%, p=0.053). 양 그룹 간 재출혈률은 차이가 없었으며, 30일 사망률은 12시간 이내 그룹이 더 높았다(21.5% vs. 8.4%, p=0.023). 결론: 비정규시간에 상부위장관 출혈을 주소로 내원한 환자에서 12시간 이내에 응급 내시경을 하는 것은 예후 향상에 영향을 미치지 못한다. Background/Aims: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is imperative for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) to find bleeding focus and stop bleeding. This study was designed to assess the necessity of emergency endoscopy and determine screening criteria for the patients who presented to emergency room (ER) with after-hours AUGIB. Methods: The medical records of 383 patents with AUGIB who presented to ER at after-hours were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups: emergency endoscopy (EE) group (<12 hours after arrival) or delayed endoscopy (DE) group (12-24 hours after arrival). We compared the severity, hemostatic procedures, rebleeding rate, length of hospitalization and 30-day mortality between the two groups. Results: Ninety-eight patients in EE group and 137 patients in DE group were evaluated among patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. No significant differences in clinical severity, finding the bleeding focus, hemostasis, 30-day mortality, hospital stay, and rebleeding rate were observed between the two groups. Among 148 patients with variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 65 patients were in EE group and 83 patients in DE group. Most clinical severity index were not different between the groups. In EE group, the rate of finding bleeding foci was lower (p=0.043), and 30-day mortality was higher than in DE group (p=0.023). Conclusions: Emergency endoscopy within 12 hours after arrival at after-hours do not lead to better prognosis in AUGIB. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2009;53:228-234)

유송(劉宋) 종병(宗炳)의 「화산수서(畵山水序)」 : 도(道)의 체현(體現)으로서 초기산수화(初期山水畵) 연구

김연주 ( Kim Yeon-joo ) 호남사학회(구 전남사학회) 2016 역사학연구 Vol.64 No.-

宗炳(375-443)의 「畵山水序」는 그의「明佛論」에서 보이는 佛家의 思想을 기반으로 儒ㆍ道家와 이를 포함하는 玄學을 융합하고 山水畵에 적용시켜 체계적이고도 철학적으로 기술한 현존하는 最古의 山水畵 이론서이자, 중국회화사에 실질적으로 가장 큰 영향을 미친 山水畵論이다. 「畵山水序」는 최초로 山水自然美에 주목하고 山水의 아름다움을 `道`의 드러남으로 설명하는 복합적 관점의 玄學的 회화이론이라는데 그 의의가 있다. 宗炳은 聖人들이 道를 대하는 방식과 함께 山水를 그 객관대상으로 드러냄으로써, 自然을 道가 아름답게 드러나는 것으로 구체화시키고 창작이나 감상의 심미적 대상으로 삼았다. 본질적이며 형이상학적이고 철학적인 道는 宗炳에 의해 구체적 山水를 통해 山水畵에도 구현되는 것으로 이론화되었고, 이로써 예술의 진지함과 심미성을 담보할 수 있었다. 「畵山水序」에서 가장 먼저 제출된 `澄懷味象`은 심미적 태도를 견지하고 있으나 상당히 이지적인 면이 다분한데, 宗炳은 이를 `臥遊`와 `暢神`의 개념을 통해 직접적이고 즉각적인 심미적 快와 연결시켰다. 이는 교화적이고 권계적인 내용을 담은 인물화 효능론으로부터 산수화 개화기에 그 창작 목적을 심미적으로 전환시키는 실제적 발상이었다. 宗炳은 山水畵의 본질이 단지 山水외관의 재현으로서의 모방으로 그려지는 것이 아니라 감성을 초월하는 초월적 감성과 무한한 정신을 체현해야 한다고 주장하며, 정신의 해방을 느낄 수 있는 `오묘한 묘사(妙寫)`를 주장하고 있는 것이다. 宗炳에게 있어서 山水畵는 山水의 정신(神)이자, 이치(理)이자, 道를 즉물적으로 표현하는 것이었으며, 그 진정한 가치는 이를 드러내는 사실적 묘사에 중점을 둔 것이 아니라 이를 體現함에 있어서 산수화를 창작하고 감상하는 방법과 그 목적을 觀道와 體道에 두었다. 예술은 감성적 직관력과 풍부한 상상력에 의해 그 경계를 확장시킨다. 그가 山水를 통해 道를 풍부하게 체험하도록 한 것은 `味象`, `臥遊` 및 `暢神`의 예술·심미적 가치를 인지하고 있었기 때문이다. Hua shan-shui hsu(畵山水序) of Tsung Ping(宗炳, 375-443) is not only the oldest existing theoretical book of landscape painting by fusing the Confucianism and Taoism based on the thought of Buddhism appeared in his Ming Fo lun(明佛論) and the Pedagogism including this and applying these in the landscape painting, but also the theory of landscape painting having the biggest effect on the Chinese painting history substantially. There is the meaning that the Hua shan-shui hsu is to take note on the natural beauty of natural landscape for the first time and the painting theory of complex point of view explaining the beauty of landscape as the exposure of Tao. Tsung Ping materialized that the nature is the exposure of Tao beautifully by revealing the natural landscape as the object with the method that saints dealt with the Tao and considered as the aesthetic object of creation or appreciation. The essential, metaphysical and philosophical Tao have been theorized as it is realized in the landscape painting through the concrete natural landscape by Tsung Ping. Moreover, the seriousness and aesthetic impression of art could be secured. It is full of the intelligent side even though `chunghuai weixiang(澄懷味象)` submitted earliest in Hua shan-shui hsu sticks to the aesthetic attitude, Tsung Ping connected this with the direct and intermediate aesthetic pleasure through the concept of `woyou(臥遊, strolling while lying)` and `changshen(暢神, rejoice the spirit)`. This was the practical idea converting the creative purpose aesthetically at the time of early landscape painting from the theory of efficacy of figure painting containing the edifying and admonishing content. Tsung Ping insisted that the essence of landscape painting was not painted as the imitation as the representation of landscape appearance only the transcendental sensitivity transcending the sensitivity and infinite spirit should be embodied. In addition, he assertes `a absrtus description(妙寫)` which is capable of feeling the liberation of spirit.

‘교사-학생 간 의사소통’ 연구 동향분석

김연주(Kim Yeon Joo) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.10

목적 본 연구는 국내에서 발표된 초, 중, 고등학교 교사-학생 간 의사소통 증진에 관한 국내 연구 동향을 분석하여, 후속 연구를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다.방법 이를 위해 2000년 2월부터 2020년 8월까지의 학술지 및 학위논문 56편을 선정하여 연구 시기, 연구 대상, 연구 내용, 연구 방법 순으로 살펴보았다.결과 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사-학생 간 의사소통 연구는 아직까지 국내에서 다양하게 수행되지 않고 있으며, 더욱 활발한 연구가 이루어져야 할 필요성이 대두된다. 둘째, 연구 대상별 동향은 전 시기에 걸쳐 초등학생을 단독 대상으로 한 연구가 많았다. 따라서 추후 연구에서는 초등학생에 한정된 연구 대상의 범위가 중학생, 고등학생으로 확대되어 의사소통 연구 대상의 보편성이 수립되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 연구 내용별 동향은 교사-학생 간 의사소통의 어려움 및 관련 변인들과의 관계를 밝히고자 하는 연구가 가장 많이 이루어졌다, 넷째, 연구 방법별 동향은 질문지를 활용한 양적연구의 비중이 높았다.결론 본 연구는 교사-학생 간 의사소통 관련 연구의 경향을 파악하여 후속 연구 계획을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다. Objectives This study was conducted to provide basic data for follow-up research by analyzing the trends of domestic research on improving communication between teachers and students published in Korea. Methods To this end, 56 academic journals and dissertations from 2000 to August 2020 were selected and examined in the order of study period, study subject, study content, and study method. Results The main results of this study are as follows. First, research on communication between teachers and students has not been conducted in various ways in Korea, and the need for more active research is emerging. Second, as for the trends of each study subject, there were many studies conducted solely on elementary school students throughout the entire period. Therefore, in future research, the scope of research subjects limited to elementary school students should be expanded to middle and high school students, and the universality of communication research subjects should be established. Third, as for the trends of research content, the most research was conducted to reveal the difficulty of communication between teachers and students and the relationship with related variables. Fourth, the trend of each research method showed a high proportion of quantitative research using questionnaires. Conclusions By synthesizing the results of this study, we would like to present guidelines for diversification of follow-up research related to communication between teachers and students.

蘇軾의 예술창작론에서 ‘手熟’의 경계 연구

김연주(Kim, Yeon-Joo) 중국문화연구학회 2015 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.28

자율주행자동차 시대 대비 도로교통법상의 운전과 운전자에 대한 검토

김연주(KIM, Yeon Joo) 대한교통학회 2021 교통 기술과 정책 Vol.18 No.2

취상(取象): 예술적 가치의 현현(顯現)

김연주 ( Yeon Joo Kim ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 人文論叢 Vol.44 No.-

본 논문은 현대사회 전반에 걸쳐 도모되는 창의적 발상이 표상과 상징, 상상의 자유로운 사유의 넘나듦을 통한 시각적 ‘상(象)’으로 드러나는 것임에 착안하여, 동아시아에서 시각적 창의성을 드러내는 ‘취상(取象)’의 개념을 제고하고자 한 것이다. ‘취상’은 창출된 시각적 상이 어떻게 모든 감각을 동원하여 새로운 체험을 유도하며 그 예술적 가치를 구현할 수 있는가에 대한 동아시아 예술창작의 근본적 사유를 드러낸다. ‘상’은 『역전(易傳)』에서 언어의 한계를 보완하면서도 성인의 뜻을 잇는 수단이자 상징성과 함축성을 지닌 것으로 제출되었고, ‘취상’은 『주역(周易)』의 괘(卦)로 형상화된 천지자연의 외적·내적 본질을 추상화하여 표현하는 창작행위의 발단이자. 인간의 길흉화복과 그 변화를 추구하여 해석하는 길로 나아갔다. 회화예술에서 추구된 ‘취상’은 형상을 추상화하고 표상하고 창작해내는 것으로서 객관대상의 관찰에 의한 사실보다는 심리적이고 삶의 축적에 의한 총체적 체험의 경지를 추구한다. 예술 행위로서의 ‘취상’은 물상에 예술적 가치를 부여 하는 일로서 사물과의 관계 형성을 통해 창작 주체자의 체험을 투영하는 일이며, 예술적 가치가 있는 상이란 현재와 과거가 소통하고 창작자와 감상자가 소통하는 상상의 경지로 초월할 수 있는 상상적 소통관계를 창출해야 하는 것이다. Creative thinking is emphasized throughout the modern society. This research aims to examine the concept of ‘taking image(取象)’ that has been revealed creativity through representation, symbol and free imagination in East Asia. ‘Taking image’ is the basic thought of artistic creation of East Asia for how created visual images can induce new experiences and realize artistic values by mobilizing all senses. The category of ‘image(象)’ had been presented in Yi Zhuan(易傳) for the first time as a means of making up for the limit of language and connecting with saint’s deep meanings and further more keeping symbolizations and implications. ‘Taking image’ activities which went through aesthetic modification have created diverse images and viewpoints of interpretation ceaselessly from the emblem, imagination and metaphor to stages of artistic creations and appreciation. ‘Taking image’ as art activities are to reflect experiences of creator through the formation of relationship with objects and more to authorize the artistic value to the simple objects. Images obtained artistic value have to create the stage of imaginative communication in relationship with creator and appreciator that transcend time.

교통범죄의 위법성 인식에 관한 고찰

김연주 ( Yeon Joo Kim ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2016 법학논총 Vol.40 No.1

The illegality awareness is critical in terms of the essence of criminal liability and takes on complicated aspects involving relevant issues due to conflict of traditionally various opinions. This is particularly significant in traffic crimes field that arise as a major issue facing practically all people in modern days as majority of regular citizens are likely to be involved in one way or another on a daily basis, that is, anyone can be either a victim or a perpetrator. The awareness of the illegality is related how the relationship between the fact awareness and the illegality awareness is understood, in particular, how the fact awareness with regards to traffic crimes is understood. Accordingly, contemplating the awareness of the illegality of traffic crimes, which is an important part of modern life plays a considerable role in criminal liability for traffic crimes, raising the need and importance of its close examination and contemplation. Therefore, thinking of the relationship between the awareness of criminal fact and the awareness of the illegality as well as the awareness of the illegality, the awareness of the illegality plays a critically important role in theory but the fact awareness is considered more important in reality, which is likely to make the awareness of the illegality rather potential and passive. In other words, regardless of whether it is a natural crime or an administrative crime, the presence of the awareness of criminal fact may presume the presence of the awareness of the illegality with no need to actively prove its existence unless there are special circumstances that affirms the non-existence of the awareness of the illegality. Therefore, it can be systematically defined like circumstances precluding responsibility in response to circumstances precluding wrongfulness. In addition, it can be thought that the stance of normative Schuldauffassung is attained by contemplation on the awareness of the illegality through theoretical and actual perspectives and, on the other hand, criminal policy issues and confirmation issues can be thought to be resolved. On top of it, violation of the Road Traffic Act can be deemed to be lack of fact awareness even in lack of the awareness of the illegality if such cases as error are set aside.