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김상목(Kim, Sang Mok) 한국체육교육학회 2021 한국체육교육학회지 Vol.25 No.4
본 연구는 초등학교에서 투기도전 수업이 활발하게 이루어지지 않는 문제의 원인과 개선방안을 모색하고자 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 투기도전 수업을 운영한 경험이 있는 초등교사의 사례를 연구하였다. 연구결과 수업을 초등교사들은 투기도전 수업에 필요한 실천적 지식을 형성할 기회가 절대적으로 부족함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 투기도전 수업을 위한 물리적 환경 조성, 투기도전의 활동 형태에 따른 각종 사고, 기능 부족에 따른 부담감 등 다양한 내적 어려움이 있었다. 개선방안으로 투기도전 수업 사례 공유, 학교와 관련 협회의 협력, 교사의 교육활동에 대한 전폭적인 신뢰와 지원이 제안되었다. 이를 통해 교사의 실천적 지식을 풍부하게 하고 교사효능감이 높아질 수 있기 때문이다. 결론적으로 투기도전 수업의 개선을 위해서 현장에 필요한 것은 실천적 지식의 보급과 교사효능감 향상 기회이다. Purpose: This study was conducted to find the difficulties and improvement methods of teaching combat challenge classes are not actively conducted in elementary schools. Methods: In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the case of an elementary school teacher with experience in operating combat challenge classes was studied. Results: As a result of the study, it was found that elementary teachers who attended classes absolutely lacked the opportunity to form practical knowledge for teaching combat challenges. In addition, there were various internal difficulties such as setting a physical environment, the risk of various accidents, and feeling of burden due to lack of skills. As methods for improvement, it was suggested sharing cases of combat challenges classes, cooperation between schools and related associations, and full trust and support teachers" educational activities. This is because the practical knowledge of teachers can be enriched and teacher efficacy can be enhanced. Conclusion: What is needed in the field for improvement of combat challenge classes is an opportunity to spread practical knowledge and improve teacher efficacy. Also, practical knowledge and teacher efficacy are very important factors for combat challenges classes.
변형된 샤논 엔트로피식을 이용한 온실가스 농도변화량 예측
김상목 ( Sang Mok Kim ),이도행 ( Do Haeng Lee ),최얼 ( Eol Choi ),고미솔 ( Mi Sol Koh ),양재규 ( Jae Kyu Yang ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.11
Entropy is a measure of disorder or uncertainty. This terminology is qualitatively used in the understanding of its correlation to pollution in the environmental area. In this research, three different entropies were defined and characterized in order to quantify the qualitative entropy previously used in the environmental science. We are dealing with newly defined distinct entropies E1, E2, and E3 originated from Shannon entropy in the information theory, reflecting concentration of three major green house gases CO2, N2O and CH4 represented as the probability variables. First, E1 is to evaluate the total amount of entropy from concentration difference of each green house gas with respect to three periods, due to industrial revolution, post-industrial revolution, and information revolution, respectively. Next, E2 is to evaluate the entropy reflecting the increasing of the logarithm base along with the accumulated time unit. Lastly, E3 is to evaluate the entropy with a fixed logarithm base by 2 depending on the time. Analytical results are as follows. E1 shows the degree of prediction reliability with respect to variation of green house gases. As E1 increased, the concentration variation becomes stabilized, so that it follows from linear correlation. E2 is a valid indicator for the mutual comparison of those green house gases. Although E3 locally varies within specific periods, it eventually follows a logarithmic curve like a similar pattern observed in thermodynamic entropy.
간경변증 환자의 혈청 칼륨 농도와 산 - 염기 평형 변화에 관한 연구
김상목(Sang Mok Kim),박경근(Kyung Geun Park),김호중(Ho Jung Kim),기춘석(Choon Suhk Kee) 대한내과학회 1996 대한내과학회지 Vol.50 No.4
Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the changes of serum potassium concentration and acid-base balance, and probable mechanisms for those changes, in a total of 24 patients of liver cirrhosis with(group I, n=8) and without ascites (group II, n=16) during hospital course. Methods: All 4 cirrhotic patients were put on the conservative treatments. On hospital day 1 and hospital day 10, blood levels of sodium and potassium, 24 hour urine for sodium & creatinine and creatinine clearance were evaluated in patients with and without ascites. Patients were weighed and performed arterial blood gases. Aldosterone & norepinephrine levels were checked from the blood samples obtained after one hour supine before meal by way of radio-immunoassay. Results: As compared to group II serum potassium level was significantly elevated in group I (3.9±0.4mEq/L vs 4.6±0.5mEq/L, p=0.003) with significantly decreased urinary sodium and potassium excretion(Una; 43±24mEq/1, Uk; 31±21 mEq/ L), as well as creatinine clearance in hospital day l. There was significant elevation of norepinephrine in group I (781±284pg/ml vs 557 ±150pg/ml, p=0.018) but no difference in aldosterone level between group I and II. The frequency of acid-base imbalance was higher in Group I (Croup I : 100%, group II : 43%). On hospital day 10, the serum potassium concentration was significantly decreased in group I as compared to that of hospital day 1(4.1±0.3mEq/L, p=0.017) with concomitant decrease of creatinine clearance(46±11ml/min, p=0.003) and with concomitant increase of mean arterial blood pH(7.5±0.06, p=0.0011). On contray, in group II serum potassium concentration as well as creatinine clearance were not changed significantly over 10 days in hospital. Both groups showed no significant changes in 24 hour urine excretion of sodium and potassium over 10 days respectively. Group I and II showed decreased body weight over 10 days in hospital with more prominent decrement in group I (-3.7±3.2Kg vs. -0.2+/-1.2Kg, p=0.001). Conclusion: These results indicated that the initial blood potassium concentration of cirrhotic patients on admission was closely related with urinary sodium amount, and the change of potassium during hospital course was dependent on decreased effective circulatory volume and intracellular shifting of potassium due to alkalosis following conservative treatments.