Effect of Acupuncture on the Expressions of Neuropeptide Y and Leptin Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Food-deprived Rats

김미아,정우상,문상관,김영석,김창주,조기호,Kim, Mi-A,Jung, Woo-Sang,Moon, Sang-Kwan,Kim, Young-Suk,Kim, Chang-Ju,Cho, Ki-Ho The Society of Internal Korean Medicine 2013 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

목 적 : 본 연구에서는 침치료가 비만치료의 주요방법인 식욕억제에 효과적인지 알아보기 위하여 굶긴 쥐 시상하부에서 NPY와 LR의 발현 변화를 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 방 법 : 생후 6주 Sprague-Dawley rats를 한 군에 다섯 마리씩 배정하여 대조군-무치료, 대조군-이침치료, 대조군-족삼리치료, 대조군-임의혈치료, 실험군-무치료, 실험군-이침치료, 실험군-족삼리치료, 실험군-임의혈치료의 8군으로 분류하여 실험하였다. 실험군은 3일간 물만 공급하고 사료를 금식시켰고, 침자극은 하루 2회 3일간 시행하였다. 침은 직경 0.3 mm 이었고, 양측혈을 사용하였고, 2-4 mm 깊이로 자입 하였으며, 20분 유침하였다. 3일 후 pentobarbital로 마취하여 사망시켰고, 4% paraformaldehyde로 조직을 고정한 후 뇌조직을 관상으로 $40{\mu}m$두께로 잘랐다. 식욕조절중후인 시상하부의 paraventricular nucleus(PVN)에서 NPY와 LR의 발현을 면역조직법으로 보았다. 결 과 : 굶기지 않은 대조군에 비하여 굶긴 실험군에서 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 증가와 LR 감소가 나타났다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 감소가 나타났으며, 이침이 타침 자침에 비하여 NPY의 감소를 더욱 크게 나타냈다. 굶기지 않은 정상상태에서 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 NPY의 증가가 있었으며 이는 자침에 의한 스트레스로 인한 것으로 보여진다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침 자침 시에만 시상하부 PVN에서 LR의 증가가 있었으며 정상상태에서 자침시 LR 발현의 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 연구결과로서 이침치료가 식욕을 억제하는데 가장 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives : This study aimed to find out whether acupuncture at various acupoints shows any effects on appetite by regulating neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus through the expression of NPY and LR in the PVN via immunohistochemistry. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups of five mice each. The rats in the acupuncture groups were treated with acupuncture at respective acupoints, twice per a day for 3 days. The animals were sacrificed 72 h after commencement of the experiment, the brains being dissected into serial coronal sections. Expressions of neuropeptide Y and leptin receptor in the hypothalamus were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results : NPY expression in the PVN was enhanced and LR expression in the PVN was decreased by food deprivation. NPY immunoreactivity in the PVN of the food-derived rats was decreased by acupuncture at the auricular acupoint, Zusanli-acupoint, a and non-acupoint. However, acupuncture at the auricular acupoint showed most potent suppressing effect on NPY expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. LR expression in the PVN decreased following food deprivation, and auricular acupuncture increased LR expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. In normal conditions (fed state), LR expression in the PVN was not changed by acupuncture treatment at several sites. Conclusions : From this study, we have shown that acupuncture at the auricular acupoint exerts the most potent appetite suppressing effect on the food restriction state.

유럽통화통합의 무역 및 성장효과에 대한 패널분석

김미아(Mi-Ah Kim) 한국무역학회 2004 貿易學會誌 Vol.29 No.6

가부장적 가족 담론의 부조리-토니 모리슨의 『낙원』

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학21 Vol.24 No.2

This paper aims to re-think the absurdity of the discourse of patriarchal family system in Toni Morrison`s Paradise. Toni Morrison`s Paradise portrays the history of Ruby, the all-black town which tries to keep their blood purity, and the Convent women`s lives who are denied by family-oriented society. Morrison`s description of Ruby illustrates the negative implications of American exceptionalism, black nationalism, and racial purity, which constituted major American ideologies. Morrison`s novel focuses on the unavoidable exclusiveness of American ideologies in Ruby by showing that Ruby rejects those who cannot fit in the rule of the town. Morrison also pinpoints the exceptionalistic discourse of black nationalism through the collapse of Ruby and criticizes the negative aspects of black nationalism which should have avoided the kind of injustice inflicted on by the Whites. In addition, she radically exposes the absurdity of pursing racial purity by highlighting its illusion. In short, Morrison criticizes the family, which is seen to symbolize emotional comfort and safety by the men of Ruby, is in fact a politically suppressive unit for its women. Therefore, if we view that Ruby represents American society and also African American society, Paradise`s main there would be that a paradise cannot be achieved unless both exceptionalistic racist discourses and patriarchal family systems disappear. Morrison`s critique of patriarchal family is also illustrated in the lives of the Convent women. Whereas the lives of Ruby women expose the absurd idealism of patriarchal family system, the lives of the Convent women illustrates the trauma of the suffering women who have been ostracized from patriarchal family-oriented society. However, Morrison also implies that these women cannot really escape from the family system but adapt themselves to a new patriarchal and oppressive relationship in the Convent. Ultimately, this failure to obtain comfort in the Convent emphasizes that women cannot be healed and empowered unless they refuse patriarchal family relationship and have an alternative community which suggests new relationship.

전자화폐와 통화정책

김미아(Mi-ah Kim) 한국무역학회 2001 貿易學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

국내 외국인 직접투자의 국민 경제적 효과

김미아(Kim Mi Ah) 한국무역학회 1999 貿易學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

해체의 미학: 토니 모리슨의 『술라』

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 현대문학이론학회 2012 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.48

토니 모리슨(Toni Morrison)의 두 번째 작품인 『술라(Sula)』는 다양한 서술적 경계를 해체하는 시도를 하고 있는 작품이다. 기본적으로 연대기적 서술을 기대하게끔 하는 구조를 취하고 있으면서 실제로는 현재와 과거를 자유롭게 넘나들고, 소설의 마지막 또한 열린 결말로 남겨둠으로써 전체적으로 연대기 순이 아닌 "나선형"의 구조를 취하고 있다. 또한 3인칭 전지적 작가 시점을 기본으로 하되, 소설 중간 중간에 1인칭 주인공 시점의 자유로운 변환을 통해 서술 기법상의 경계를 해체하고 있다. 내용적인 측면에서도 주인공 술라(Sula)를 비롯한 여러 여성 등장인물들의 파격적 행위를 통해 등장인물들의 행동에 대한 해석의 다양성을 열어두고 있다. 이와 같은 시도들은 모두 서술적 경계를 해체하는 것에 해당한다고 볼 수 있다. 모리슨이 술라와 넬의 성장과 반복, 경계 허물기의 여정을 통해 우리에게 제시하고자 하는 바는 해체의 미학인 것이다. 억울함과 분노, 극단적 이기주의와 이데올로기의 경계를 허물고, 비움의 마음으로 세상의 구조를 바라볼 때 비로소 열린 인식이 이루어지는 것이며, 긍정의 비전을 추구할 수 있는 것이다. 그러한 모든 것의 출발점을 그녀는 해체에 두고 있다. 편견의 해체, 고정관념의 해체, 이데올로기의 해체, 구조의 해체, 그것은 결국 통합이라는 긍정의 비전에 초석이 되어줄 것임을 굳건하게 주창하고 있는 것이다. This paper aims to examine Toni Morrison`s attempts to break down the boundaries between binary oppositional values through her second novel, Sula. Morrison suggests important implications in terms of race and gender. She pursues a new vision free from issues of race and gender by subverting traditional and racial or gender-prejudiced ideas of top and bottom, male an female, moral and immoral, good and evil, life and death, individual and community, and presence and absence. Morrison deepens the processes of her argument by tearing down the boundaries through these three measures. One is the "spiral" narrative structure, in which the story is not told in chronological order; where the past and the present hover over each other freely; and in which new layers of meaning accumulate as supplementary explanations are given over time. Another is the characterization of unconventional and unprecedented behavior by female character, Sula, rarely acceptable by society. The last measure is the deconstruction of the familiar binary oppositions slated above and the integration of a new vision from that deconstruction. In the long run, the seed of Integration is sprouted after Sula`s death. Nel finally realizes the significance of her love for Sula, which surpasses her love for Jude, and then transcends the boundary of the limit. At the end of the novel, Morrison implies that Nel`s awareness of her love for Sula and her integration of a new vision as its result will be continued after Sula`s death, breaking down binary oppositions.

전략적 “불가시성” 재조명 : 랠프 엘리슨의 『보이지 않는 인간』

김미아(Mi-A Kim) 신영어영문학회 2010 신영어영문학 Vol.46 No.-

This paper aims to re-examine the writing and the invisibility as the survival strategy of the protagonist’s construction of identity in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man. It focuses on the process of the protagonist’s resist against White society’s imposition of false names and inappropriate identities upon him. Almost all of the critical evaluations of writing in Invisible Man refer to conclusion, in which the protagonist secludes himself in his basement and becomes a complete self through the act of writing. This paper, however, insists that the protagonist’s hibernation is not only a method to achieve a true self but also a means to cope with reality and society. The protagonist encounters diverse experiences of African-American’s life in a discriminatory society. He comes to realize that the survival strategies of the Black characters who remained the subordinate relationship with White people are not the right model plan to follow. The protagonist, stepping out of a reality manipulated by dominant ideological formulations, is aware of the possibilities for identity, and thus transforms his isolated state into an opportunity to learn new strategies for survival. In the end of his writing, the protagonist eventually understands and accepts the nature of his own self.

토니 모리슨의 『재즈』-상실과 치유의 양상으로 드러나는 모성 연구

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2009 영어영문학21 Vol.22 No.3

"모성" 연구 -『음향과 분노』의 컴슨 가족을 중심으로

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학21 Vol.23 No.2

This paper aims to re-think `motherhood` as the ground to build up haman being`s universal identity. In The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner shows the collapse of the traditional southern society through the Compson Family which falls to the tragedy caused by the absence of maternal love. A mother in the family is usually the creator of her children`s world and exercises significant effects upon their attitude and interaction with the world. After all, a mother is a main prop of a family and society. But Mrs. Compson, the mother of the Compson Family, rejects her maternal role and withholds her love from her children. She is troubled with the discrepancy between her distorted image of the Southern lady and her reality and isolates herself from the outside world. Consequently, she damages her children`s character and ruins their lives. Mrs. Compson`s four children were spoiled and hurted by the desolation of their mother`s motherhood: the idiot Benjy is sent to the mental hospital filled with despair caused by a lack of love, Quentin commits suicide who feels abandoned and refused by his mother and tries to impose the ideal of motherhood upon his sister Caddy, and Jason becomes selfish and inhumane, expeling the warmth of his home due to his mother`s abnormal preference for him. Faulkner who always tried hard to get the answer about the question looking for the truth of literature and life constantly focused on researching the family. His affection of the family is connected to the interest in mothers and motherhood. Through The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner, eventually, tells the truth in human life, the importance of love, especially mother`s Love.

“합”의 정체성에 이르게 하는 흑인음악, 블루스의 재고찰 -Ralph Ellison의 『보이지 않는 인간』을 중심으로-

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.2

It is said that Ralph Ellison is the writer who seeks for artistic universality through his works more than any other African-American writer. Until Ellison, African-American writers` works tended to be devalued for a lot of reasons. For instance, their works were seen as simple outbursts of their persecution, distortion and repression in the reality of life. The critics sharply pinpointed the lack of artistry in their works. It was the very Ralph Ellison who caused a huge turning point for the evaluation of African-American writers, in that the writers were finally and appropriately seen as real literary men. The speaker in Ellison`s novel, Invisible Man, has constant trials and errors until he can build up his own identity in the invisible world of reality. In this work, the protagonist`s confrontation to invisibility in reality is developed by experiencing the blues tradition and spirit. The blues leads him to overcome his negative and limited reality. Ellison emphasizes that folk traditions, especially the blues, are art forms which help African-Americans survive and keep their courage and vision. Through the power of their traditions, they can transcend the agony of life by squeezing tragicomic lyricism from painful experiences. In the end, Ellison insists that self-discovery is the way to recover the human possibility refused by others, and that the firm recognition of freedom comes from affirming oneself as a human existence in reality. (Jeonju University)