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Dialysis Unphysiology and Sodium Balance
김근호 전해질고혈압연구회 2009 Electrolytes & Blood Pressure Vol.7 No.2
Dialysis unphysiology was first discussed by Carl Kjellstrand in 1975 for the possible negative effects of the unphysiology of intermittent dialysis treatment. Current hemodialysis practices are still unphysiologic because they cannot keep blood chemistries within normal limits, both before and after dialysis. In addition, the discontinuous nature of hemodialysis causes saw-tooth volume fluctuations, and the extracellular fluid volume expansion during the interdialytic period may lead to hypertension and adverse cardiovascular consequences. Sodium, which is accumulated over the interdialytic period, may be divided into two fractions. The one is the fraction of osmotically active sodium which is mainly confined to the extracellular space, and the other is that of water-free (osmotically inactive) sodium which diffuses into the intracellular space. Both contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension because the former may act to expand extracellular fluid volume and the latter may cause vasoconstriction in the long run by increasing cytosolic concentration of calcium in the vascular smooth muscle cells. Even in intensive hemodialysis, it may take several weeks to months for water-free sodium storage in the vascular smooth muscle cells to be relieved. This may be an explanation for the lag phenomenon, i.e., the delay of blood pressure decrease after normalization of extracellular fluid volume shown in the Tassin experience. Modest restriction of dietary sodium intake, the dialytic session length long enough to maintain a high ultrafiltration volume, and the reasonably low dialysate sodium concentration are required to avoid unphysiology of positive sodium balance in current hemodialysis practice.
박완서의 자전소설에 나타난현저동 집의 공간성과 인민의 정치윤리학
김근호 현대문학이론학회 2023 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.- No.92
In Park Wan-seo’s autobiographical novels, the hyunjeo-dong and its house(home) which repeatedly appears in the first and second series of “Thirsty Season,” “Who ate all of the many Xing-a,” and “Was the mountain really there,” is a place where spatial perception that drove the author’s novel worlds. First of all, in Park Wan-seo’s autobiographical novels, the hyunjeo-dong and its house are metaphorical devices of subjectization, and ultimately, a space of place of topophilia. It is the place where the nuclear family of the city, not the traditional large family, was born, and the house laid the foundation for socialization by facing the others as neighbors for the first time. In addition, when the North Korean’s Army occupied Seoul again due to the January 4th retreat during the Korean War, it was the place where the main character’s family, who became a residual, visited as a fake shelter and hiding place. Therefore, family, neighborhood, and state become the units of the three communities relevant to the hyunjeo-dong, and neighbor and state are set as important others who encounter the subject. Among them, familiy and neighbor are bound by intimacy, but the state is in a discordant relationship. In hyunjeo-dong, they spend a cold winter acquiring the means to survive from many empty houses nearly where they fled from refuge. And in the process, main characters become aware of the ethics of the living community by seeing their neighbors who want to do their duty as humans. And they experience primarily separated people from their state by seeing situation of the remaining themselves who could not leave Seoul when the Korean War broke out. Even in the North Korean system, which emerges as a new ruling power, they experience enforced patriotism, and have a serious antipathy to nationalism. This makes them a clear problem consciousness of sovereign people. Since then, the exploration of sovereign people has weaken, but when Seoul is again under the North Korean’s Army, the main character pursues freedom in private realm that cannot be attributed to any states. In conclusion, the concept of the people is embodied as explorers of the private realm, especially through the other person of neighborhood, the people are not isolated as individuals, but become political subjects seeking ethical possibilities in the private realm against nationalism. The hyunjeo-dong and its house(home) are the places where the dynamic relationship between main character and space was formed.
김근호,오정환 대한의용생체공학회 1996 의공학회지 Vol.17 No.4
In the conventional digital ultrasound scanner, the reflected signal is sampled either in polar coordinates of R-$\theta$ method, or in Cartesian coordinates of uniform ladder algorithm (ULA). The R-$\theta$ scan method necessitates a coordinate transform process which makes hardware complex in comparison with ULA scan mrthoA In spite of this complexity, R-$\theta$ method has a good resolution in ultrasonographic (US) image, since scan direction of the US imaging is a radial direction. In this paper, a new digital scan converter is proposed, which is named the radius uniform ladder algorithm (RULA). The RULA has the rome scan direction as the US scanning in the radial direction and as the display space in the $\theta$ direction. In tllis new approach, sampled points we uniformly distributed in each horizontal line i.n well as in each radial ray so that the data are displayed in the Cartesian coordinates by the 1-D interpolation process. The propped algorithm has an uniform resolution in the periphery and the center field in comparison with equi-angle ULA and equi-interval ULA. To extend the scan angle, concentric square raster sampling (CSRS) is adopted with reduction of discontinuities on the junctions between horizontal scan and vertical scan. The discontinuities are reduced by using the hmction filtering along the $\theta$ direction.