거대언어모델 기반 인공지능의 일반물리학 학습 도구로서의 가능성 탐색: 문제 풀이 능력을 중심으로

강동열 한국컴퓨터교육학회 2024 컴퓨터교육학회 논문지 Vol.27 No.4

최신 거대언어모델 기반 인공지능(LLM-AI)인 GPT-4o, ChatGPT4, Gemini Advanced, 그리고 Claude-3 Opus를 대상으로, 실제 대학의 일반물리학 교과목 정규 시험에서 발췌한 45개 문제에 대한 풀이 능력을 측정하였다. LLM-AI를 학습 도구로 사용하는 학습자 관점에서, 단순 문제 입력 방식과 문제에 추가 정보를 포함한 방식으로 각 문제를 3번씩 시도하였다. 그 결과, 모든 LLM-AI 모델들은 학생들의 평균 정답률인 50%를 웃도는 80% 이상의 정답률을 기록하였으며 특히, GPT-4o는 90%를 넘는 성능을 보였다. 또한, LLM-AI의 정답률이 낮은 문제들과 이에 대한 LLM-AI의 오답 유형을 분석하여 LLM-AI의 확률적 추론 방식의 특성과 한계를 논의하였다. 본 연구 결과는 LLM-AI 가 대학 일반물리학 교육에서 지능형 맞춤 학습 도구 등으로 활용될 가능성을 시사한다. This study evaluated the problem-solving capabilities of latest Large Language Model based Artificial Intelligence (LLM-AI) models, GPT-4o, GPT-4, Gemini Advanced, and Claude-3 Opus, on 45 problems extracted from actual university-level introductory physics course exams. From the perspective of a learner using LLM-AI as a learning tool, we attempted to solve each problem three times using two input methods: simple problem input and problem input with additional information. All LLM-AI models achieved accuracy rates exceeding 80% with the performance of GPT-4o more than 90%, which surpass the average student accuracy rate of approximately 50%. We also analyzed the problems with low accuracy rates of LLM-AI and their incorrect responses to discuss the characteristics and limitations of probabilistic inference reasoning of LLM-AI. The findings of this study suggest that the currently available LLM-AIs can be utilized as intelligent personalized learning tools in university-level introductory physics education.

완전 숙달 학습 개념 기반 온라인 문제 다변화 수시 시험 프로그램을 통한 일반물리학의 학업 성취도 향상

강동열 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.14

목적 본 연구에서는 일반물리학을 수강하는 공학 전공 1학년 학생들을 대상으로 완전 숙달 학습 개념을 적용한 수시 시험 프로그램을 적용하여 효율적이고 효과적인 학업 성취도 향상을 도모하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 수시 본시험-재시험-재재시험의 3단계를 1회로 설계하여 4개 분반 80~90명의 학생에게 한 학기 동안 총 4회를 시행하였다. 문제들이 다변화되어 출제되는, 자체 개발한 온라인 시험 시스템을 활용하여 일련의 수시 시험을 효율적으로 실시하는 동시에 각 시험 단계에서 학습의 효과성이 향상되도록 하였다. 결과 실험군 학생들의 정규 시험 평균 점수는 다른 일반물리학 분반의 대조군 학생들에 비해 뚜렷하게 향상되었고, 이는 작년의 동일 교과목을 수강한 학생들의 시험 점수와 비교해서 더 확실하게 입증되었다. 그러나 실험군과 대조군의 정규 시험 점수의 분산은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었다. 결론 완전 숙달 학습 개념에 기반한 일련의 문제 다변화 수시 시험 체제는 공학 전공 학생들의 일반물리학 학업 성취도를 향상하는 데 효과적이었다. 하지만, 교과 참여도나 학업 수행력이 매우 낮은 학생들의 학습 성취도를 끌어올리는 것은 추가 과제로 남았다. Objectives The purposes of this study were to implement an interim-exam program based on the concept of mastery learning for first-year engineering students enrolled in General Physics, and to promote efficient and effective improvement in academic achievement. Methods The achieve this, a three-phase process consisting of an initial exam and first and second retake exams was designed as a single cycle, which was implemented four times over a semester for 80~90 students in four class sections. Utilizing a self-developed online examination system, which features a diversified set of exam questions, the series of interim exams was effectively conducted, simultaneously enhancing the effectiveness of learning at each exam stage. Results The average scores of the experimental group on post-program regular exams demonstrated a significant enhancement in comparison to those of control group students in other General Physics sections. This improvement was even more evident when juxtaposed with the exam scores of students enrolled in the same course last year. However, the variance in those regular exam scores between the experimental and control groups did not exhibit a statistically significant difference. Conclusions The implementation of problem-diversified interim exams based on the mastery learning concept has proven effective in enhancing the academic achievements of engineering students enrolled in General Physics. Nonetheless, the task of improving the academic outcomes for students exhibiting very low course participation and academic performance remains an additional challenge.

초점 초음파 측정기로 측정한 광음향 신호의 광 흡수계수에 대한 비선형성

강동열 한국광학회 2017 한국광학회지 Vol.28 No.4

The physical shape of an ultrasound transducer has not been considered in previous studies of the photoacoustic saturationeffect, where a photoacoustic signal’s magnitude linearly increases as an absorption coefficient increases and it is finally saturated. In this paper, the effect of a spherically focused ultrasound transducer on photoacoustic nonlinearity is investigated. The focusedultrasound transducer’s spatial filtering effect on photoacoustic signals is analytically derived considering the combined conceptof a virtual point detector and Green function approach. The ultrasound transducer’s temporal response (i.e., transfer function)effect on photoacoustic signals is considered by integrating photoacoustic signal values within the absorption area covered by aspatial resolution of the ultrasound transducer. Results from the analytically derived expression show that the magnitude ofphotoacoustic signals measured by a spherical focused ultrasound transducer shows a maximum at a specific absorption coefficient,and decreases after that maximum point as an absorption coefficient is increased. The origin of this photoacoustic nonlinearityis physically understood by comparing the ultrasound transducer’s transfer functions and photoacoustic resonance spectra. Inaddition, this physical interpretation implies that the photoacoustic nonlinearity is strongly dependent on the irradiance distributioninside an absorption medium.

주파수 필터링 함수에 따른 시간 및 주파수 영역 광음향 측정에 대한 노이즈-대비-신호 분석

강동열 한국광학회 2019 한국광학회지 Vol.30 No.2

We investigate the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of time-domain (i.e. pulsed illumination) and frequency-domain (i.e. chirped illumination) photoacoustic signals measured by a spherically focused ultrasound transducer for spherical absorbers. The simulation results show that the time-domain photoacoustic SNR is higher than that of frequency-domain photoacoustic signals, as reported in the previous literature. We understand the reason for this SNR gap between the two measurement modes by analyzing photoacoustic-signal spectra, considering the incident beam energy controlled by the maximum permissible exposure. As the result of this approach, we find that filtering off the DC term in the chirped signal’s spectrum improves frequency-domain photoacoustic SNRs by up to approximately 5 dB. In particular, it is observed that photoacoustic SNRs are highly sensitive to an upper-frequency value of frequency filtering functions, and the optimal upper-frequency values maximizing the SNR are different in time- and frequency-domain photoacoustic measurements.

[신기술동향] 정수처리 시스템이 내장된 다기능 물탱크

강동열 한국지반환경공학회 2004 지반환경 Vol.5 No.3

주파수 필터링 함수에 따른 시간 및 주파수 영역 광음향 측정에 대한 신호 대 잡음비 분석

강동열(DongYel Kang) 한국광학회 2019 한국광학회지 Vol.30 No.2

구면 초점 초음파 측정기에 의해 구형의 광 흡수체로부터 측정된 시간(즉, 펄스 형태 광원) 및 주파수 영역(즉, 처프 형태 광원) 광음향 신호의 신호 대 잡음비(signal-to-noise ratio)를 이론 및 시뮬레이션으로 분석하였다. 이전 문헌과 마찬가지로 시간 영역 광음향 측정에 의한 신호 대 잡음비 값이 주파수 영역 광음향 측정의 경우보다 더 높았는데 이 근본적인 이유를 최대허용노광량(maximum permissible exposure)에 따른 광원의 세기와 주파수 필터링을 통한 두 측정 모드의 광음향 스펙트럼들에 대한 분석을 통해 이해하였다. 또한, 분석의 결과로서 주파수 영역 광음향의 처프 형태 광원에 대한 정합 필터링에 더해 DC 스펙트럼 부분을 제거하니 신호 대 잡음비가 5 dB 정도 상승하는 것을 발견하였다. 특히, 주파수 필터 함수의 주파수 상한 값의 변화에 따라 신호대 잡음비 값이 급격하게 변동하였는데 신호 대 잡음비가 최대가 되는 주파수 상한 값이 두 광음향 측정 모드에서 서로 다르게 나타남을 관찰하였다. We investigate the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of time-domain (i.e. pulsed illumination) and frequency-domain (i.e. chirped illumination) photoacoustic signals measured by a spherically focused ultrasound transducer for spherical absorbers. The simulation results show that the time-domain photoacoustic SNR is higher than that of frequency-domain photoacoustic signals, as reported in the previous literature. We understand the reason for this SNR gap between the two measurement modes by analyzing photoacoustic-signal spectra, considering the incident beam energy controlled by the maximum permissible exposure. As the result of this approach, we find that filtering off the DC term in the chirped signal’s spectrum improves frequency-domain photoacoustic SNRs by up to approximately 5 dB. In particular, it is observed that photoacoustic SNRs are highly sensitive to an upper-frequency value of frequency filtering functions, and the optimal upper-frequency values maximizing the SNR are different in time- and frequency-domain photoacoustic measurements.

Tamsulosin 0.2 mg의 단기간 투여가 요로결석 배출에 미치는 영향: 다기관, 전향적, 무작위배분에 의한 연구

강동일,조원열,김태효,정재민,박지성,윤장호,이상돈 대한비뇨의학회 2009 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.50 No.6

Purpose: We evaluated the effect of tamsulosin for the short-term treatment of urinary stones. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty-seven patients who were diagnosed with urinary stones were enrolled in this prospective, randomized multicenter study. The treatment and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) group (Group 1, n=115) was given diclofenac sodium 100 mg plus tamsulosin 0.2 mg for 1 week. The control and SWL group (Group 2, n=92) was given diclofenac sodium for 1 week. The treatment and no SWL group (Group 3, n=19) was treated the same as Group 1. The control and no SWL group (Group 4, n=21) was given diclofenac sodium only. Patients in Groups 3 and 4 did not want to take SWL treatment. The size of the stone, expulsion rate according to stone location and ESWL machines, changes in pain score, and distance of stone migration when expulsion of the stone failed were compared among the groups. Results: There were no differences in the 4 groups in sex or stone size. The stone expulsion rate of lower ureter stones in group 1 (59.6%) was significantly higher than in group 2 (30.8%) (p=0.01). The distance of stone migration in group 3 was longer than that in group 4 (5.63±5.48 cm compared with 0.33±0.68 cm; p=0.002). Although the difference was not significant in the SWL groups, the distance of stone migration in group 1 was longer than that in group 2 (7.08±6.9 cm compared with 5.46±7.4 cm; p>0.05). There were no significant differences in changes on the pain scale among the groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that adjunctive medical therapy for 1 week with tamsulosin after SWL increases the stone expulsion rate of lower ureteral stones and increases the distance of stone migration in case of failure of stone expulsion. Purpose: We evaluated the effect of tamsulosin for the short-term treatment of urinary stones. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty-seven patients who were diagnosed with urinary stones were enrolled in this prospective, randomized multicenter study. The treatment and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) group (Group 1, n=115) was given diclofenac sodium 100 mg plus tamsulosin 0.2 mg for 1 week. The control and SWL group (Group 2, n=92) was given diclofenac sodium for 1 week. The treatment and no SWL group (Group 3, n=19) was treated the same as Group 1. The control and no SWL group (Group 4, n=21) was given diclofenac sodium only. Patients in Groups 3 and 4 did not want to take SWL treatment. The size of the stone, expulsion rate according to stone location and ESWL machines, changes in pain score, and distance of stone migration when expulsion of the stone failed were compared among the groups. Results: There were no differences in the 4 groups in sex or stone size. The stone expulsion rate of lower ureter stones in group 1 (59.6%) was significantly higher than in group 2 (30.8%) (p=0.01). The distance of stone migration in group 3 was longer than that in group 4 (5.63±5.48 cm compared with 0.33±0.68 cm; p=0.002). Although the difference was not significant in the SWL groups, the distance of stone migration in group 1 was longer than that in group 2 (7.08±6.9 cm compared with 5.46±7.4 cm; p>0.05). There were no significant differences in changes on the pain scale among the groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that adjunctive medical therapy for 1 week with tamsulosin after SWL increases the stone expulsion rate of lower ureteral stones and increases the distance of stone migration in case of failure of stone expulsion.

제 5요추 이상의 최소 침습 사측방 요추 추체간 유합술 후 인접 분절 질환의 위험 요인

강동호,장봉순,김형민,김동욱,박상현,장삼열 대한척추외과학회 2024 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.31 No.2

연구 계획: 후향적 관찰연구목적: 제 5요추 이상의 최소 침습 사측방 요추 추체간 유합술 후 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성(RASD)와 관련된 잠재적인 위험 요소를 식별한다. 선행 연구문헌의 요약: 제 5요추 이상의 최소 침습 사측방 요추 추체간 유합술 후 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성의 위험 요인을 조사한 연구는 소수에 불과하다. 대상 및 방법: 제 5요추 이상의 최소 침습 사측방 요추 추체간 유합술을 시행한 환자를 대상으로 후향적 연구를 실시하였다. 우리는 상부 인접 수준과 제5요추-제 1천추 수준에서 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성이 있는 환자와 없는 두 그룹의 환자를 각각 비교했다. 임상적, 방사선학적 지표 중 방사선학적 인접분절 변성의 위험인자를 확인하기 위해 콕스 비례위험회귀분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 최종적으로 108명의 환자가 포함되었다. 41명(38.0%)과 47명(43.5%)은 각각 상부 인접 수준과 제 5요추-제 1천추 수준에서 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성이 발생했다. 콕스 회귀 분석에서는 상부 인접 분절에서는 골감소증 또는 골다공증(위험비 [95% 신뢰구간]: 2.906 [1.111-7.604], p=0.030) 및 3 등급 후관절병증(위험비=3.925, [1.246-12.362], p=0.019)이 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성에 대한 중요한 예측인자로 밝혀졌다. 제 5요추-제 1천추 분절에서는 Pfirrmann 등급 IV 또는 V의 디스크 변성(위험비 [95% 신뢰구간]: 2.639 [1.161-6.000], p=0.021), 3등급 후관절병증(위험비=8.078, [2.329-28.023], p=0.001) 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성의 유의미한 위험 인자였습니다. 결론: 이 연구에서는 제 5요추 이상의 최소 침습 사측방 요추 추체간 유합술 이후 방사선학적 인접 분절 변성에 대한 중요한 예측 변수로서 상부 인접 분절에서는 골감소증 또는 골다공증, 3등급 후관절병증, 제 5요추-제 1천추 수준에서는 Pfirrmann 등급 IV 또는 V의 디스크 변성, L5-S1 수준의 3등급 후관절병증이 확인되었습니다. Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the potential risk factors associated with radiologic adjacent segment degeneration (RASD) after L5-floating minimally invasive oblique lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-OLIF). Summary of Literature Review: Few studies have explored the risk factors for RASD after L5-floating MIS-OLIF. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent L5-floating MIS-OLIF was conducted. We compared two groups of patients: with and without RASD at the upper adjacent level and at the L5-S1 level, respectively. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for RASD among clinical and radiologic parameters. Results: In total, 108 patients were included, of whom 41 (38.0%) and 47 (43.5%) developed RASD at the upper adjacent level and L5- S1 level, respectively. In Cox regression analysis, osteopenia or osteoporosis (hazard ratio [HR]=2.906; 95% CI, 1.111-7.604; p=0.030) and grade 3 facet arthropathy (HR=3.925; 95% CI, 1.246–12.362; p=0.019) at the upper adjacent level were found to be significant predictors for RASD. Regarding the status of the L5-S1 level, Pfirrmann grade IV or V disc degeneration (HR=2.639; 95% CI, 1.161-6.000; p=0.021), and grade 3 facet arthropathy (HR=8.078; 95% CI, 2.329–28.023; p=0.001) were significantly associated with RASD. Conclusions: This study identified osteopenia or osteoporosis and grade 3 facet arthropathy at the upper adjacent level, along with Pfirrmann grade IV or V disc degeneration and grade 3 facet arthropathy at the L5-S1 level as significant predictors for RASD following L5-floating MIS-OLIF.

2단 섬유여과 공정의 역삼투막 전처리 성능평가

배시열,윤창한,강동효 한국막학회 2009 멤브레인 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 SDI (Silt Density Index)를 통해 RO막 전처리 장치로서의 섬유여과기 적용 가능성을 평가한 것이다. 실험 대상 원수는 탁도가 0.76∼1.6 NTU인 하수처리장 방류수와 탁도가 2.2∼3.3 NTU인 해수 및 탁도가 100 NTU인 지표수이었다. 2단 섬유여과기 공정의 최종여과수인 2차 여과수의 탁도는 17% PAC 10∼30 ppm주입 시 0.07∼0.25 NTU였으며 SDI는 1.4∼2.8이었다. 하수처리장 방류수에 대해 2단 섬유여과기 pilot 여과수와 실험실 규모의 MF, UF평막 여과수의 탁도 및 SDI15를 측정하여 비교한 결과, 여과수 수질은 2단 섬유여과기 > MF > UF순으로 약간 향상하였으며, SDI15 차이는 0.7∼1.0 수준으로 크지 않았다. 따라서 2단 섬유여과 공정을 RO막 전처리 공정으로 사용할 경우 통상의 RO막 제조사가 요구하는 SDI15 5 이하를 충분히 만족시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was for the evaluation of adaptability of the fiber filter as the pre-treatment of the RO membrane through SDI (Silt Density Index) measurement. The turbidity of raw waters were 0.76∼1.6 NTU for the effluent of sewer treatment plants (STP) and 2.2∼3.3 NTU for sea waters and 100 NTU for the surface water. The turbidity of the 2 nd filtrate of the serially connected two fiber filters was 0.07∼0.25 NTU and SDI15 was 1.4∼2.8 when the 17% PAC was dosed 10∼30 ppm. Results of the turbidity and SDI15 of the 2 nd filtrate of the fiber filter which were compared with them of the lab scale MF/UF disc filter for the same STP's effluents showed that filtrate quality were enhanced with a little on the order of two stage fiber filter>MF>UF, the difference in SDI15 was only 0.7∼1.0. So, the filtrate of the serially connected two stage fiber filter could satisfy SDI15 5.0 safely which was normally required for the feed water by the RO membrane supplier and it means the serially connected two stage fiber filter could be applied as the pre-treatment process of the RO membrane.

소(牛) 식도구 평활근의 Adrenergic receptor 존재부위에 관한 연구

강동묵,조제열,박전홍,양일석,Kang, Tong-mook,Cho, Je-yoel,Park, Jun-hong,Yang, Il-suk 대한수의학회 1993 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.33 No.4

The preliminary studies on the localization of adrenoceptors were performed on smooth muscle strips of bovine esophageal groove. The mechanical activity of the muscle strip was recorded isometrically in vitro.w In the bottom circular muscle strips. the excitatory ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ responses were not blocked by tetrodotoxin$(2.1{\times}10^{-6}M)$ and denervation which was carried by cold storage of strips for 48 hrs in Tyrode's solution at $5-6{^{\circ}C}$ without oxygen supply. These excitatory ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ responses were partially blocked by atropine. In the lip longitudinal muscle strips, the inhibitory${\beta}-adrenergic$ responses were not blocked by pretreatment of tetrodotoxin and atropine. The results suggest that ${\beta}-adrenergic$ receptors mediating relaxations are located on the postsynaptic smooth muscle cells, whereas ${\beta}-adrenergic$ receptors mediating contractions are located both in the smooth muscle cells and in the cholinergic neurones.