정보검색분리(情報檢索分理)에 미치는 인공지능(人工知能)의 영향(影響)

김영환,Kim, Young-Whan 한국과학기술정보연구원 과학기술정보센터 1988 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.19 No.2

정보검색분야(情報檢索分野)의 연구과제(硏究課題)들을 구분하여 정리하였으며 인공지능(人工知能)의 중요연구분야(重要硏究分野)를 소개하고 이들이 정보검색(情報檢索)에 응용될 수 있는 특성에 대해서 살펴보았다. 그리고 정보검색분야(情報檢索分野)에 이용될 수 있는 인공지능(人工知能)의 응용분야중(應用分野中) 현재까지 활발히 연구되고 있는 몇 가지 분야(分野)를 살펴봄으로써 정보검색(情報檢索)에서의 인공지능기술(人工知能技術)의 응용가능성(應用可能性)과 그 영향(影響)을 정리하였다. The definition of information retrieval and artificial intelligence is given and the research activity in information retrieval, as well as the major artificial intelligence techniques which can be applied to information retrieval problems, is reviewed. By outlining the several artificial intelligence application in information retrieval, the potential role of artificial intelligence in information retrieval is discussed.

도로 상황인식을 위한 배경 및 로컬히스토그램 기반 객체 추적 기법

김영환,박순영,오일환,최경호,Kim, Young Hwan,Park, Soon Young,Oh, Il Whan,Choi, Kyoung Ho 한국공간정보학회 2013 한국공간정보학회지 Vol.21 No.3

도로에서 발생되는 차량간 충돌사고, 교통 소통 상황, 보행자 사고 등 다양한 도로 상황을 모니터링 및 자동으로 인식하여 교통정보를 제공하거나 긴급구난 서비스를 제공하기 위한 다양한 기술이 개발되고 있다. 도로 모니터링을 통한 다양한 객체 추적 및 상황인식을 위해서는 잡음 및 겹침 등에 강인한 객체 추적 기술이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 외부 환경에서 Background Subtraction, LK-Optical Flow, 지역 기반 히스토그램 특징의 결합을 통해 추적을 위한 몇 가지 추정 인자를 생성하고 이를 통해 변화가 있는 객체, 잡음에도 비교적 강인한 추적 방법을 제안한다. 구체적으로는 객체의 초기 움직임 정보를 검출하기 위해 옵티컬 플로우를 적용하여 컬러 정보 및 밝기 변화에 무관한 이동 정보를 측정한다. 측정된 정보를 기반으로 하여 지역 히스토그램 기반 검증을 통해 신뢰도를 판단한다. 신뢰도가 낮을 경우 배경 제거 정보와 지역 히스토그램 트래커의 정보를 혼합하여 새로운 위치를 추정한다. 실험을 통해 제안된 기법이 객체를 추적하고 있는 도중 나타날 수 있는 충돌, 새로운 특징의 등장, 크기 변화 상황에 강인하게 동작함을 제시한다. Compared with traditional video monitoring systems that provide a video-recording function as a main service, an intelligent video monitoring system is capable of extracting/tracking objects and detecting events such as car accidents, traffic congestion, pedestrian detection, and so on. Thus, the object tracking is an essential function for various intelligent video monitoring and surveillance systems. In this paper, we propose a background and local histogram-based object tracking approach for intelligent video monitoring systems. For robust object tracking in a live situation, the result of optical flow and local histogram verification are combined with the result of background subtraction. In the proposed approach, local histogram verification allows the system to track target objects more reliably when the local histogram of LK position is not similar to the previous histogram. Experimental results are provided to show the proposed tracking algorithm is robust in object occlusion and scale change situation.

Evaluation of Environmental Circumstance Within Swine and Chicken Houses in South Korea for the Production of Safe and Hygienic Animal Food Products

김영환,서형주,김진만,정연훈,문경환,Kim, Young-Hwan,Suh, Hyung-Joo,Kim, Jin-Man,Jung, Yeon-Hoon,Moon, Kyong-Whan Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2008 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.28 No.5

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, particles, and endotoxin in swine and chicken houses. Six swine buildings and seven chicken houses were randomly selected in southern Gyonggi Province, South Korea. The geometric mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in swine and chicken houses were $2.7{\times}10^5\;CFU/m^3$ and $5.6{\times}10^7\;CFU/m^3$, respectively. The airborne bacteria concentrations in chicken houses were significantly higher than those of swine houses (p<0.05). The geometric mean concentration of airborne fungi in swine houses was $4.9{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$, which was higher than the value of $2.1{\times}10^3\;CFU/m^3$ found in chicken houses. The mean concentrations of airborne particles and endotoxin in swine houses were $3.48\;mg/m^3$ and $943.1\;EU/m^3$, and they were $15.43\;mg/m^3$ and $1,430.5\;EU/m^3$ in chicken houses, respectively. A significant difference between swine and chicken houses was found for total dust (p<0.05), but not for endotoxin. In this study, the concentrations of endotoxin in both swine and chicken houses as well as particles in chicken houses were high, and in about 50% of the samples exceeded the worker health safety levels of $614\;EU/m^3$ suggested in previous studies. These results may indicate a considerable respiratory hazard for workers in these environments.

Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy for Patients with Pathological Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Curative Resection

김미영(Mi Young Kim),우홍균(Hong-Gyun Wu),김학재(Hak Jae Kim),허대석(Dae-Seog Heo),김영환(Young Whan Kim),김동완(Dong-Wan Kim),이세훈(Se-Hoon Lee),김주현(Joo Hyun Kim),김영태(Young Tae Kim),강창현(Chang-Hyun Kang) 대한방사선종양학회 2011 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.29 No.1

목 적: 본 연구는 근치적 절제술 후 병기 3의 비소세포성 폐암에서 방사선 치료의 결과와 이에 영향을 주는 예후인자를 분석해 보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2000년부터 2007년까지 88명의 환자가 비소세포성 폐암으로 근치적 절제술 후 병기3기로 진단받았고, 수술 후 방사선 치료를 시행 받았다. 이중 80명의 환자가 병기 3A였으며, 8명의 환자가 병기 3B였다. 83명의 환자는 림프절 병기 N2였으며 이들 중 56명은 단일 부위(single-station)의 종격동 림프절 전이였다. 76명은 2차원, 12명은 3차원 입체조형치료로 수술 후 방사선 치료를 받았다. 총 선량은 30.6에서 63 Gy 였으며 중앙값은 54 Gy 였다. 36명의 환자가 항암치료를 시행받았다. 결 과: 생존기간은 26∼77개월이었다(중앙값, 54개월). 5년 생존율 및 무병생존율은 각각 45%, 38%였다. 전이된 림프절개수가 생존율에 영향을 미치는 인자로 분석되었다(hazard ratio, 1.037; p=0.040). 5년 국소제어율 및 원격 전이제어율은 각각 88%, 48%였다. 종격동 림프절 부위의 전이가 단일 부위(single-station)인 경우가 무병생존율 (p=0.0014)과 원격전이제어율(p=0.0044)을 의미 있게 증가시켰다. 총 51명의 재발이 발생하였으며 국소구역 재발은 10명, 원격전이는 41명이었다. 10명의 국소구역 재발 중에 6명은 방사선 치료 범위 내에서 재발하였다. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 2도의 방사선 폐렴은 3명의 환자에서 보였으며 증상은 진해성 약제만으로도 조절이 잘 되었다. CTCAE 2도의 방사선 식도염은 11명의 환자에서 관찰되었다. 수술 후 방사선 치료로 인한 3도 이상의 심각한 부작용은 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 국소 진행 비소세포성 폐암에서 근치적 수술 후 방사선 치료는 안전하고 임상적으로 적용 가능한 치료법이며, 국소제어를 증가시킬 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 예후인자로는 전이된 림프절 개수와 종격동 림프절 부위가 생존율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 국소 진행 비소세포성 폐암의 대부분의 재발 형태인 원격 전이를 감소시키기 위한 추가적인 노력이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for patients with pathological stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at a single institution. Materials and Methods: From 2000 to 2007, 88 patients diagnosed as having pathologic stage III NSCLC after curative resection were treated with PORT. There were 80 patients with pathologic stage IIIA and eight patients with pathologic stage IIIB in the AJCC 6th staging system. The majority of patients (n=83) had pathologic N2 disease, and 56 patients had single station mediastinal LN metastasis. PORT was administered using conventional technique (n=76) or three-dimensional conformal technique (n=12). The median radiation dose was 54 Gy (range, 30.6 to 63 Gy). Thirty-six patients received chemotherapy. Radiation pneumonitis was graded by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system, and other treatment-related toxicities were assessed by CTCAE v 3.0. Results: Median survival was 54 months (range, 26 to 77 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates were 45% and 38%, respectively. The number of metastatic lymph nodes was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.037; p-value=0.040). The 5-year locoregional recurrence free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) rates were 88% and 48%, respectively. Multiple stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis was associated with decreased DFS and DMFS rates (p-value=0.0014 and 0.0044, respectively). Fifty-one relapses occurred at the following sites: 10 loco-regional, 41 distant metastasis. Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis was seen in three patients, and symptoms were well tolerated with anti-tussive medication. Grade 2 radiation esophagitis was seen in 11 patients. There were no grade 3 or more severe complications associated with PORT. Conclusion: Our retrospective data show that PORT for pathological stage III NSCLC is a safe and feasible treatment and could improve loco-regional control. The number of metastatic lymph nodes and stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis were analyzed as prognostic factors. Furthermore, efforts are needed to reduce distant metastasis, which is a major failure pattern of advanced stage NSCLC.

고연령층에서의 세포성면역의 변화에 관한 연구 - 비특이적 자극에 대한 T - 세포와 폐포대식세포의 반응을 중심으로 -

한성구(Sung Koo Han),이계영(Kye Young Lee),최형석(Hyung Seok Choi),정희순(Hee Soon Chung),김영환(Young Whan Kim),심영수(Young Soo Shim),김건열(Keun Youl Kim),한용철(Yong Chol Han) 대한내과학회 1994 대한내과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Background: T-cells and macrophages are the two elements that play the key roles in cell-mediated immunity. Based on the evidences for the involution of thymus occuring as the age become older, the cell-mediated immunity is expected to be altered in geriatric population. Moreover, the T-cell proliferatve response to non-specific stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is known to be decreased in aged population. However, there has been no convincing evidences for the functional decline of macrophages in aged population. The alterations of immune system accompanied by the increase in age have the clinical significances in that the geriatric population is much more susceptible to the diseases such as infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune diseases where the immune system is proved to play a great role in their pathogenesis. To evaluate the alteration of cell-mediated immunity in old age, we investigated the responses of T-cell and alveolar macrophages from healthy geriatric population, and compared them with those of the young control population. Method: To evaluate the alterations of T-cell function, lymphoblastogenesis in response to concanavalin-A (Con-A) and PHA was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation method and high affinity IL-2 receptor expression (Tac antigen) after stimulation with PHA was measured by flow cytometry using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and old age group, respectively. To evaluate the alterations of macrophage function, superoxide anion productions by alveolar macrophages both in basal state and in response to phobol myristate acetate (PMA) were measured and the priming effect of interferon-gamma was also compared. Results: 1) The lymphoblastogenesis in response to Con-A and PHA was significantly depressed in old age group compared with young control group. 2) The expression of high affinity IL-2 receptor after stimulation with PHA was also significantly depressed in old age group. 3) There was no difference in the superoxide anion production by alveolar macrophages between old age group and young control group both in basal state and after PMA stimulation. 4) There was no priming effect of interferon-gamma pretreatment in both old age group and young control group. Conclusion: The functional defect of T-cells associated with aging is evident but that of alveolar macrophages is not conclusive. It is suggested that the alterations of T-cells play a more important role than macrophages in the depression of cell-mediated immunity accompanied by aging process than macrophages but there remain many palces of further investigation in the functional changes of macrophages associted with aging.

위험사회에서의 책임구조: 자연 재해에 대한 법적 담론

김영환 ( Young Whan Kim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.1

1. Die sog. Risikogesellschaft zeichnet sich in doppelter Hinsicht aus: Auf der objektiven Ebene sind wir mit dem mannigfachen Zerstorungspotential konfrontiert, das der technische Fortschritt herbeigefuhrt hat. Auf der subjektiven Ebene haben wir im Alltag das Gefuhl des Bedrohtseins, indem wir diesen mannigfaltigen Gefahren ausgesetzt sind. Der Risikodiskurs bezieht sich auf die verschieden Gefahrenquellen, 1) die Hochtechnologie, 2) die Biotechnik, 3) die Selbstgefahrdung der Menschen bei den verheerenden Folgen unsorgsamer Handlungsweisen. Wegen der nur einzudammenden Katastrophentrachtigkeit dieser Gefahquellen kommt der Risikodiskurs zustande. 2. Der Begriff der Verantwortung zielt gerade auf das Problem der Zurechnung von Handlungsfolgen. Wenn die Idee der Verantwortung im Sinne das Resultat einer Konstruktion sein soll, dass die fragliche Beziehung zwischen Subjekt und Objekt erst hergestellt werden muss., sind unterschiedliche Konzepte moglich. Dabei zeigt sich deutlich, dass zwei Zurechnungsmodelle in der normativen Struktur und in den sozialen Bedingungen stark voneinander divergieren: das klassische und das moderne, das diesem zeitlich nachfolgt. 3. Das sog. klassische Modell der Verantwortung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass ihm deontologische Moralsysteme zugrunde liegen. Nach denen ist eine Handlung erst dann gut, wenn sie mit den gultigen Normen ubereinstimmt. Dieses Modell gerat spatestens dann unter Druck, wenn die technische Entwicklung Gefahrdungspotentiale produziert, die zwar generell, nicht aber in jedem Einzelfall beherrschbar sind. Hier besteht die Notwendigkeit, die Haftung von der Rechtswidrigkeit der Handlung abzukoppeln. Dadurch tritt als die dritte Kategorie der Unfall; die konkret unvermeidbare Folge einer wegen ihres gesellschaftlichen Nutzensakzeptierten generellen Gefahrdung. 4. In normlogischer Hinsicht machen sich die folgenden strukturellen Besonderheiten dieses modernen Zurechnungsmodells bemerkbar. Wahrend der klassische Verantwortungsbegriff retrospektiv war, ist der neue Verantwortungsbegriff prospektiv. Dadurch kommt die Umstellung von einer normbezogenen auf eine folgenorientierte Verantwortung zustande. Wenn nun Verantwortung impliziert, einen erwunschten Zustand aufrechtzuerhalten oder gar zu herstellen, dann setzt das nicht notwendig das Handeln voraus, weshalb die Gleichsetzung von Tun und Unterlassen zustande kommt. 5. Wenn die Gemeinsamkeit von Gefahren und Risiken darin besteht, dass sie sich auf kunftige Schaden beziehen, gibt es im Hinblick auf deren Zurechnung zwei Moglichkeiten: Entweder wird der etwaige Schaden als Folge der Entscheidung gesehen, oder der etwaige Schaden auf die Umwelt zugerechnet. Im ersten Fall sprechen wir von Risiko und dann im zweiten Fall von Gefahr. Aber die Grenzlinie zwischen den beiden verlauft nicht nur unklar. Sondern wird der Bereich der Gefahr auch allmahlich von dem des Risikos okkupiert. Je umfassender die Kenntnisse uber die Natur und je systematischer die Kontrollen uber sie ausgebaut werden, desto mehr verlieren unerwartete Naturereignisse ihre Naturwuchsigkeit und nehmen anthropogenen Charakter an. Kurz: Die Transformierung von der Gefahr zum Risiko ist ein Einfallstor fur die GlobalisierungderVerantwortung. 6. Nach dem klassischen Modell der Verantwortung stellt das Individuen das Subjekt der Zurechnung dar. Aber ein solches individualistisches Konzept stoßt dort auf Schwierigkeiten, wo Organisation und Institutionen zu maßgeblichen Akteuren geworden sind. Daneben verhalt es sich noch schwieriger mit den Folgen unorganisierten Zusammenwirkens einer großen Zahl von Individuen und Organisationen, was gerade die gesamte Okologiedebatte auslost. Daher wrd vorgeschlagen, von der Zurechnung auf Individuen abzurucken, um dadurch irgendwelche Formen der Kollektivverantwortlichkeit zu begrunden. Da aber die Menschheit als kausale Urheber wegen ihrer mangelnder inneren Strukturiertheit nicht als entscheidungs- und handlungsfahiges Subjekt gelten kann, wird dieses Dilemma dadurch umgegangen, dass die Frage nach dem Subjekt von der nach der Verursachung abgelost wird. Und der Ausweitung des Bereichs verantwortlicher Subjekte korrespondiert eine Erweiterung des Kreises der Objekte. Da die normative Relation zwischen Subjekt und Objekt dabei nicht leicht zu begrunden ist, soll sich diese normative Beziehung im Objekt selbst herstellen lassen. Durch diese Ontologisierung ergibt sich nun die Verantwortung unmittelbar aus dem inharenten Wert, der einem bestimmten Objekt zuerkannt wird. 7. Wenn die Aufgabe einer Theorie der Verantwortung darin liegt, Kriterien fur eine Zuschreibung zu entwickeln, zeigt sich, dass im modernen Verantwortungsmodell unter den Bedingungen der Risikogesellschaft neuartige Gegenstande der Verantwortung in den Vordergrund rucken. Hiergegen erhebt sich zunachst der Einwand, dass das Merkmal des Subjekts der Verantwortung zunehmend aus dem Blick gerat wird. Unter dem Einfluss der Subjektivitatsphilosphie wurde moralische Verantwortung als eine innere Rechenschaft aufgefasst, wobei das autonome Ich des Menschen im Vordergrund steht. Vor dem Hintergrund der neuartigen gesellschaftlichen Probleme, wird an dieser Leitvorstellung der inneren Rechenschaft nicht festgehalten. Auch in Bezug auf die praktische Funktion des Verantwortungsbegriffs ist an diesem Modell insofern kritisiert, als der Begriff der Verantwortung nicht eine Entlastungsfunktion ausubt. Um die Verantwortlichen von den Nichtverantwortlichen scharf abzugrenzen, hat das klassische Modell verschiedne Kriterien wie kausale Urheberschaft, Voraussichtbarkeit und Vermeidbarkeitentwickelt entwickelt. Dagegen ist fur das moderne Fursorge- Verantwortungkmuster kein vergleichbares Modell vorhanden. Angesichts dieser Lage soll mit Nachdruck dafur pladiert werden, die Voraussetzung der Verantwortlichkeit unbedingt am menschlichen Individuum als Person festzubinden, die seit der Philosophie der Aufklarung im Mittelpunkt des Begriffs der Verantwortung steht. Erst dann ist es auch moglich, das Objekt der Verantwortung einigermaßen zu prazisieren.

폐암세포에 p16(MTS1) 유전자 주입후 암생성능의 변화 및 세포주기관련 단백질의 변동에 관한 연구

김영환 ( Young Whan Kim ),김재열 ( Jae Yeol Kim ),유철규 ( Chul Gyu Yoo ),한성구 ( Sung Koo Han ),심영수 ( Young Soo Shim ),이계영 ( Kye Young Lee ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 1997 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.44 No.4

법의 흠결과 목적론적 축소해석

김영환 ( Young Whan Kim ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 1999 법학논총 Vol.16 No.-

이달의 엑스선 사진 : 우상엽 폐종괴

김영환 ( Young Whan Kim ),한성구 ( Sung Koo Han ),심영수 ( Young Soo Shim ),김건열 ( Keun Youl Kim ),한용철 ( Yong Chol Han ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 1987 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.34 No.4

공법(公法) : 법적 논증이론의 전개과정과 그 실천적 의의

김영환 ( Young Whan Kim ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 1995 법학논총 Vol.12 No.-