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Naphthionic Acid 의 Azocoupling 反應에 關한 硏究
金容仁,徐明鎬 弘益大學校 1980 弘大論叢 Vol.12 No.-
The coupling reaction of meta and para-substituted benzenediazonium salts with naphthionic acid has been studied kinetically in aqueous buffered solution. The activation energies observed for the coupling of napthionic acid with diazotized p-anisidine, p-toluidine, m-toluidine, aniline, m-anisidine, p-fluoroaniline, p-chloroaniline, p-bromoaniline, p-iodoaniline, sulfanilic acid, m-nitroaniline and p-nitroaniline are 6.91, 7.85, 8.59, 8.78, 9.34, 9.90, 10.65, 11.40, 12.14, 12.52, 13.27 and 14.01 ㎉/mole, respectively, and the rate of coupling reactions increase in sequence cited, and also show that the coupling reaction with diazotized PNA proceeds 10,000 times as rapid as that with diazotized PAD. Hammett ρσ linear relationship has been observed except for diazotized para-halogeno, methyl and methoxy anilines, for which the treatment of Yukawa-Tsuno permits a good ???? linear relationship by consideration due to the mesomeric effect, and the reaction constant of resonance contribution γ is calculated as γ=0.25. In the case of the reaction with diazotized para-halogeno anilines, the order of reaction increases in sequence of PFA, PCA, PBA, and PIA according to the solvation effect. The reaction constants, ρ for 5°, 10°, 15°and 20℃ are calculated as 3.56, 3.62, 3.72 and 3.88 respectively, and also the inverse functionality of ρ in relation to the reaction temperatures is observed.
균일한 두피 방사선 치료를 위한 bolus 적용 방법: Sutured bolus
서명호,이솔민,김귀언,최진현,박소현,김영석,Seo, Myung Ho,Lee, Sol Min,Kim, Gwi Eon,Choi, Jinhyun,Park, So Hyun,Kim, Young Suk 제주대학교 의과학연구소 2019 The Journal of Medicine and Life Science Vol.16 No.1
Total scalp irradiation is a challenging treatment because of unique concave target volume and difficulty with bolus applying. There are few reports about bolus applying methods to the entire scalp in detail. Application of conventional bolus (wax or superflab) is widely used, and it is considered effective. However, the curvature and irregularity of the scalp can produce significant air gap, resulting in inadequate radiation dose distribution. We describe a new method to applying the bolus to the entire scalp. We sutured 1 cm thickness superflab bolus on the thermoplastic mask using cotton string. This method can reduce the air gap between the bolus and scalp and be reproducible.
유리체절제술 중 광각안저관찰렌즈에 발생하는 김서림 예방 방법의 비교
서명호,하아늘,이혜진,정진호,남기태 대한안과학회 2023 대한안과학회지 Vol.64 No.10
목적: 유리체절제술 중 광각안저관찰렌즈에 발생하는 김서림을 예방하기 위해 warm saline과 anti-fog solution을 이용한 방법의 효과를 비교하였다. 대상과 방법: 섭씨 36℃, 5 L의 물을 용기에 담고 광각안저관찰렌즈에 발생하는 김서림 영역을 현미경 영상으로 획득하였다. 렌즈를1분간 25℃의 sailne에 담근 군(control), 50℃의 sailne에 담근 군(warm saline), 25℃의 sailne에 담근 후 anti-fog solution을 도포한군(anti-fog)으로 나누었으며 각각 10초, 1분, 3분, 5분의 김서림 영역(%)과 렌즈 중심 영역 침범 유무를 확인하였다. 각 10회의 실험을반복하였다. 결과: Control군은 모든 실험 동안 100% 김서림 영역이 확인되었다. 10초, 1분, 3분, 5분의 평균 김서림 영역은 warm saline군이 4.34 ± 1.28%, 6.30 ± 1.38%, 56.00 ± 25.01%, 93.81 ± 5.88%, anti-fog군이 4.74 ± 0.57%, 7.35 ± 0.96%, 10.13 ± 1.09%, 11.74 ± 1.74%였고, 3분과 5분에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.029, p=0.012). Warm saline군은 3분과 5분 경과 후 각각 8예, 10예의 렌즈중심 영역 침범이 있었으며 anti-fog군은 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: Anti-fog solution을 광각안저관찰렌즈에 도포하는 방법은 유리체절제술 중 발생하는 김서림을 예방할 수 있다. Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of warm saline and anti-fog solution for preventing fogging of a non-contact wide-field viewing system during vitrectomy. Methods: Five liters of water at 36°C were placed in a transparent container. The fogging areas of wide-field lenses were microscopically measured. We created three groups: lenses soaked in normal saline at 25°C for 1 minute (control), lenses soaked in normal saline at 50°C for 1 minute (warm saline), and lenses that were wiped with a sponge soaked in anti-fog solution (ULTRASTOP pro med. Solution, Sigmapharm, Vienna, Austria) after prior soaking in normal saline at 25°C for 1 minute (anti-fog). Images of fogged areas were acquired at 10 seconds and 1, 3, and 5 minutes. Extent of fogged areas and central lens invasion were determined. All experiments were repeated 10 times. Results: In the control group, the entire areas were always completely fogged. The average fog coverage values were 4.34 ± 1.28, 6.30 ± 1.38, 56.00 ± 25.01, and 93.81 ± 5.88% at 10 seconds and 1, 3, and 5 minutes in the warm saline group and 4.74 ± 0.57, 7.35 ± 0.96, 10.13 ± 1.09, and 11.74 ± 1.74% in the anti-fog group, respectively. There were significant differences at 3 and 5 minutes (p = 0.029, p = 0.012). Fogging of the central lens was detected in 8 tests after 3 minutes and all 10 tests after 5 minutes in the warm saline group, but no fogging was detected in the anti-fog group. Conclusions: Application of an anti-fog solution to a wide-field viewing lens prevents lens fogging during vitrectomy.