일본 냉온대지역 중 산성퇴적물의 영향을 받는 활엽수림에서 DOC 용탈에 관한 연구 (pp.110-110)

장관순 한국환경관리학회 2003 한국환경관리학회 학술연구발표회 논문초록집 Vol.2003 No.6

산성우(酸性雨)에 대한 산림생태계(山林生態系)의 민감도(敏感度) 및 자정기능(自淨機能)(II) - 식생층(植生層)과 토양층(土壤層) 용탈(溶脫)이온 분석(分析)을 중심으로 -

장관순,이수욱,Chang, Kwan Soon,Lee, Soo Wook 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.1

산림생태계(山林生態系)의 산성우(酸性雨)에 대한 완충능(緩衝能)과 민감성(敏感性)을 분석하기 위해서 리기다소나무림(林) 굴참나무림(林)의 수관통과수(樹冠通過水), 수간류(樹幹流) 및 토양층 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)의 성분을 각각 분석하였고, GIS의 IDRISI system을 이용하여 토양도(土壤圖)와 식생도(植生圖)를 영상(映像) 변환(變換)시킨 후 중첩시켜 토양(土壤) 모암(母岩)에 따른 임상(林相)의 분포를 분석하였다. 모암(母岩) 및 토양(土壤)은 산성암(酸性岩), 퇴적암(堆積巖)으로 구분하고 산성(酸性), 중성(中性), 염기성(鹽基性), 변성잔적토(變成殘積土)로 세분하였다. 식생층(植生層)을 통과한 강우의 평균 pH는 굴참나무림(林)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 낮았으며, 두 수종 모두 임외강우(林外降雨)보다 수관통과수(樹冠通過水)에서는 높은 반면에 수간류(樹幹流)에서 낮았다. 식생층(植生層)을 통과한 강우(降雨)내 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ 및 $Cl^-$의 양은 수관통과수(樹冠通過水)보다 수간류(樹幹流)에서 높았고, 토양으로 투입되는 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ 및 $Cl^-$ 양은 임외(林外)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 각각 7.2, 4.3 및 2.5배, 굴참나무림(林)에서 각각 4.4, 2 및 2.5배 많았으며 굴참나무림(林)보다 리기다소나무림(林)에서 많았으나, 치환성(置換性) 양이온의 농도는 리기다소나무림(林)에서 4.1배, 굴참나무림(林)에서 4.6배로 굴참나무림(林)에서 높았다. 토양층(土壤層) 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)의 평균 pH는 수관통과수(樹冠通過水) pH보다는 낮은 반면에, 수간류(樹幹流)보다 높은 경향을 보였으며, 수종별(樹種別)로는 리기다소나무림(林) 지역에서 낮았다. 산성물질(酸性物質)에 의해서 토양층(土壤層)으로부터 용탈되는 양료(養料)와 $Al^{3+}$ 양(量)은 관엽수림(關葉樹林)보다 침엽수림(針葉樹林)이 많았고, 이들 양은 토양(土壤) 용탈용액(溶脫溶液)내 산성물질(酸性物質) 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 산림생태계중(山林生態系中) 리기다소나무림(林)은 식생층 용탈용액에 $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ 및 $Cl^-$ 양이 많은 것으로 보아 산성물질(酸性物質)의 침적량(沈積量)과 차단량(遮斷量)이 많은 것으로 인정되는 동시에 토양으로부터 양료손실이 많았고 반면 굴참나무림(林)은 수관층(樹冠層)에서 양(陽)이온치환(置換)과 $H^+$ 소비가 많았고, 토양에서 양료손실(養料損失)이 적어 식생과 토양층의 완층력(緩衝力)이 우수했다. 대전지역의 산림토양은 산성암잔적토가 69%, 퇴적 및 변성암잔적토가 25%, 중성 및 염기성암잔적토는 6%를 차지하고 있는데, 양이온 치환용량(置換容量)이 부족한 산성암(酸性岩)에서 풍화된 토양(土壤)이 가장 많은 면적을 차지하고 있었고, 산성우(酸性雨) 대해서 가장 민감성(敏感性)을 나타내는 산성암이면서 동시에 침엽수림(針葉樹林)으로 구성된 임지는 소나무림(林)과 리기다소나무림(林)林으로 전체 면적중 50%를 차지하고 있었다. To estimate buffer capacity and sensitivity of forest ecosystem to acid rain in Taejon, ionic components of throughfall, stemflow, soil leachate, and open rain in Pinus rigida and Quercus variabilis forest were analysed. The spatial sensitivity based on parent rock and forest type was given by IDRISI of GIS which created imagery conversion from soil and vegetation map. Parent rocks and soils were classified into acidic, sedimentary, metamorphic rock and then subdivided based on $SiO_2$ content. Average pH of vegetation leachate was higher in throughfall but lower in stemflow than open rain and higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in Pinus rigida forest. The flow of $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $Cl^-$ through vegetation leaching(throughfall plus stemflow) into soil were 7.2, 4.3, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.4, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. But the concentration of exchangeable cations was 4.1 times higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.6 times higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. Average pH of soil leachate was lower than that of throughfall, but higher than that of stemflow. The concentration of exchangeable canons and $Al^{3+}$ in soil leachate were more in Pinus rigida forest than in Quercus variabilis forest and increase signficantly with the increase of acidic deposits. Pinus forest had more deposition and canopy interception of acidic pollutants and more nutrient loss than Quercus forest, and Quercus forest had more cation exchange and proton consumption and than consequently had less nutrient loss and better buffer capacity than Pinus forest. The 69% of forest soils was distributed on acidic rock, 25% of it on metamorphic rock, and 6% of it on intermediate and basic rock. Acidic rock residuals which had low very canon exchange capacity and high sensitivity to acid rain occupied a half of total forest land in Taejon area. Therefore forests in Taejon showed high vulnerability to acid rain and will receive much more stress with the increase of acid rain precursors.

The Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Fine Soil in Soil Washing Water using Advanced Oxidation Processes

장관순 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.47 No.5

This study was performed to test the applicability of the ozone/hydroxy radical reaction system, which appliedadvanced oxidation processes, to remove total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from the fine soil in washingwater of the soil washing process. Removal efficiency was tested on 40 L of washing water in a pilot reactiontank. Fine soil contaminated with 800 mg kg-1 TPH was prepared at 5% and 10% suspended solids. Testingconditions included ozone/hydroxy radical flow rates of 40, 80, and 120 L min-1, and processing time of 2 to12 hours. The removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbon from water waster by ozone/hydroxy radical wasincreased with higher flow rates and lower percentages of suspended solids. Optimal efficiency was achievedat 80 L min-1 flow rate for 4 hours for the 5% suspended solids, and 120 L min-1 for 6 hours for the 10%suspended solids. These results verified the efficiency of hydroxy radical in removing TPH and theapplicability of the ozone/hydroxy radical reaction system in the field.

논문집 초록 : 학술발표일정 ; 3. 포스터발표 : 일본 냉온대지역 중 산성퇴적물의 영향을 받는 활엽수림에서 DOC 용탈에 관한 연구

장관순 한국환경관리학회 2003 하계학술연구발표회 Vol.2003 No.-

용존유기탄소(Dissolved Organic Carbon : DOC)는 생태계에서 탄소, 질소, 인 순환 및 무기토양의 풍화와 오염물질의 이동에 관여하는 중요한 요인으로 물질이동에 관여하는 DOC의 중요성에 비하여 그 생성에 영향을 미치는 환경적인 요인들과 흐름(flux)에 대한 정보는 아직도 제한되어 있다. 따라서 일본 냉온대 지역인 북해도에서 산성강하 물에 의해서 영향을 받고 있는 천연낙엽활엽수림 지역을 대상으로 임내우, 수간류 및 토양용탈액내 DOC 농도를 조사하여 각 부분별로 DOC의 흐름을 추정하였으며, 지역적 특징을 고려하여 pH와 온도변화가 DOC의 수준에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 토양으로 물질 유입뿐만 아니고 시스템 전체 물질순환을 제어하는 수관층에서 용탈되는 DOC 순 흐름(Net flux)는 10.01㎏C ha^-1 y^-1이었으며, 이는 수리적으로 지상부로부터 토양으로 유입되는 총 DOC 흐름 중 48%에 해당되는 양이었다. 토양층에서 DOC의 수준은 유기물에 대한 흡착능이 빈약한 Andic Regosol의 토양특성이 반영되어 나타났고, 조사기간 중에 강우 pH변화(3.79∼4.52)와 지표온도 변화가 DOC 생성에 미치는 뚜렷한 영향은 발견할 수 없었다. Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) concentrations in Wet deposition(WD), Throughfall(TF), Stemflow(SF), forest floor(organic horizon) and mineral soil leachates were investigated to estimate the fluxes of DOC for the compartments of deciduous forest ecosystem impacted by acidic deposition in the cool-temperate zone of Hokkaido, Japan and also, the effects of pH and temperature on DOC level were verified. The fluxes of H^+, cation(K^+, Na^+, Ca^2+, Mg^2+), and anion(CI_-, NO_3^-SO_4^2-) in wet deposition were 0.34, 0.49 and 0.4 kmolc ha^-1 y^-1 during investigated period(from may to October), respectively. The fluxes of DOC were 5.58, 14.84 and 0.79㎏C ha^-1 y^-1 for wet deposition, throughfall, and stemflow, respectively. Net canopy flux of DOC calculated by(TF_DOC + SF_DOC)-WD_DOC was 10.01㎏C ha^-1 y^-1 and this value corresponded to about 48% of the total DOC load as hydraulic processes from over ground. DOC levels of mineral horizons had reflected soil properties of Andic Regosol which may adsorb the organics low. There were no effects of acidic deposition(pH 3.79∼4.52) on DOC level and also, no effects of ground temperature on DOC concentrations in C horizon of deciduous forest ecosystem impacted by acidic deposition in the cool-temperate zone of Hokkaido, Japan during the growing period(from may to October).

GIS를 이용한 산림생태계의 산성우에 대한 민감도 분석

장관순,이수욱 한국공간정보학회 1995 한국공간정보학회지 Vol.3 No.1

韓國內 酸性雨의 長距離汚染源(Distant Pollution Source)에 關한 硏究

李壽煜,張寬淳 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1987 環境硏究 Vol.5 No.1

1986年 大田地方의 5個 Monitoring Points에서 夏季降雨 pH를 調査한 結果를 分析하여 다음과 같은 結論을 얻었다. 1. 大田市內에서는 각 地域(Monitoring Points) 間의 降雨pH의 差異보다는 降雨別 pH값의 差異가 더 컸다. 가. 大田市內 각 지역간 平均 pH값의 最大差異는 0.65로서(H+ion 濃度로는 4.5倍差 異) 工團地域인 大禾洞과 郊外인 甲洞 사이에서 나타났다. 나. 降雨別 pH가 가장 낮은 日字는 1986年 9月 1日과 2日로서 그 平均値가 각각 4.32,4.15이었다. 8月 30日의 降雨pH5.6과 비교해 볼 때 각각 1.28,1.45의 차이 를 나타냈다.(H+이온濃度로는 9月 1日이 19倍 9月 2日이 28倍가 더 많았다.) 2. 9月 1日과 2日 酸性雨는 그 降雨量으로 推定해 볼 때 國內汚染源의 영향으로 볼 수 없으므로 日氣圖를 利用, 低氣壓 經路를 추적한 결과 偏西風의 영향으로 中國으로부터 移動된 것으로 思料된다. 3. 中國內에서 pH가 가장 낮은 酸性雨가 내리는 곳은 華南地方의 貴陽(pH:4.0), 重慶(pH:4.2), 및 福州(pH:4.2) 및 慮州(pH:4.7)로서 Point Source Pollution의 形態로 擴散되어 가고 있다. 4. 北京과 天津地方은 酸性雨 原因物質이 降雨中에 많이 포함되어 있으나 알카리성 黃土粉塵(Alkaline Loess Dustfall)의 영향으로 中和되어 降雨中 水素이온 濃度가 낮아진 것으로 思料된다. 5. 1986年 9月 1日과 2日에 大田地方에 내린 强酸性 降雨는 中國 華南地方의 貴陽, 重慶 및 慮州地方에서 長距離 移動(Long Range Transport)된 것으로 推定된다. Measurements of pH levels were made fore the precipitations sampled at five monitoring points in Taejon, Korea from August 1986 to February 1987. But the results of pH values analysis for summer precipitations in 1986 came to the following conclusions. 1. The differences of precipitation pH between monitoring points was less than those between each rain in Taejon. a. The largest pH difference between monitoring points was 0.65 in between Daewha-dong (industrial area) and Gab-dong (suburb). b. The pH values of precipitation on September 1 and 2, 1986 were 4.32 and 4.15 respectively which were thought to be too low compared with pH 5.6 of previous rain on August 30. 2. The acid precipitations on September 1 and 2 were estimated to be flown from the inland of China through the long range transport by the influence of Westerlies. 3. There were some local pollution sources in China which have the lowest pH values in precipitation such as Guiyang(pH:4.0), Chongging(pH:4.2), Fuzhou(pH:4.2) and Luzhou(pH:4.7). 4. Instead of very high anion(SO??+NO₃-) concentration in precipitation, Beijing and Tianjin have very low hydrogen ion content in rain by the influence of very high concentration of exchangeable cations(Ca+²+NH₄+ +K+). 5. Industrializing region of Guiyang, Chongging and Luzhou in southern part of China was thought to be the origin of the acid precipitation on September 1 and 2, 1986 in Taejon, Korea.

A Study on Inactivation of Pathogenic Bacteria for Nutrient Solution Recycling Using Advanced Oxidation Processes

장관순,남이 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5

This study was conducted to test the applicability of hydroxy radical reactor system, which applied advancedoxidation processes, to sterilize pathogenic bacteria for nutrient solution recycling in closed hydroponics. Removal efficiency was tested on 25 L of nutrient solution maxed with 10 mL culture solution of bacteria, E. coli, and R. solanacearum in a pilot tank. The testing conditions included various levels of hydroxy radicalsresulting from air flow rates of 40, 80, and 120 L min-1, and 12 hours processing time. The removal of bacteria,E. coli, and R. solanacearum by hydroxy radical in nutrient solution was significantly increased with anincrease in the flow rate of the air from 40 L min-1 to 120 L min-1. The optimum removal efficiency wasachieved at an air flow rate of 120 L min-1 for 2 hours treatment. There were no significant differences inremoval efficiency among bacteria, E. coli, and R. solanacearum for tested level and time of hydroxy radical. These results verified the efficiency of hydroxy radical in removing the pathogenic bacteria and theapplicability of hydroxy radical reactor system in the field.

都市에서 發生되는 大氣汚染物質이 森林生態界에 미치는 局所的 影響

張寬淳,李壽煜 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1987 環境硏究 Vol.5 No.2

本 調査는 各種 産業施設과 都市人口, 交通量이 密集되어 있는 大田市 地域에서 發生하는 汚染物質이 森林에 미치는 影響을 局所的으로, 季節的으로 分析하여 다음과 같은 結論을 얻었다. 1. 大田市에서 發生되는 大氣汚染物質의 影響은 大都市 中心部로부터 거리가 멀어짐에 따라 減少하였다. 2. 酸性雨(Acid Precipitation)의 影響에 의한 土壤 pH는 季節別로 여름보다 겨울이 낮았다. 3. 大都市에서 工團地域의 固定汚染源과 車輛運行이 빈번한 移動汚染源을 中心으로 排出되는 汚染物質이 森林土壤의 表土pH에 미치는 季節別 影響은 그 類型이 8月에 이르러 다르게 나타났다. 4. 固定汚染源이 集中的으로 排出되는 工團地域에서 土壤汚染의 擴散은 거리에 따라 뚜렷이 減少했다. 그 擴散率 Model은 Y=3.75+0.0013X와 같다. 5. 移動汚染源 地域에 있어서 土壤汚染의 擴散은 季節別 距離別로 뚜렷하며 8月에 현지히 增加했다. 그 擴散率 Model은 Y=4.54+0.00015X와 같다. The experiment has been made to find out the local effects of air pollutants from urban area on forest ecosystem. According to the distance from city center, 5 sample locations were selected. The influence of air pollutants from urban area decreased with increasing distance from city center. The soil pH by acid precipitation was lower in the winter than in the summer. The seasonal fluctuations of top-soil pH by industrial and traffic influences had a different pattern in August. The dispersion rate of soil contamination from industrial area significantly decreased according to the distance from pollution source (Y=3.75+0.0013X). The dispersion of soil contamination by heavy traffic showed significant seasonal changes and the most significant increase was in August(Y=4.54+0.00015X).

人工衛星 映像資料를 利用한 大田地域의 土地利用變化와 山林의 環境調節 能力의 評價

張寬淳,李壽煜 忠南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1994 環境硏究 Vol.12 No.-

Recently Taejon city have been developed as a center of science and traffic in Korea. Expansion of residential, commercial, and industrial area has continuously invaded the natural green zone and emmission of air pollutants jeopardizese the urban ecosphere and the comfortable living environment in the future. The purpose of this study is to give some ideas for reasonable forest management related to urban plan. For this study, change of land use in Taejon from 1988 to 1991 were analyzed using remote sensing data and to estimate buffer capacity of forest land against the effect of air pollution, forest soil productivity was analyzed based on soil texture, soil depth, slope, soil acidity, and parent rock. In Taejon forest, cultivated, urban, and denuded area were 316.87, 124.23, 42.98, and 34.03 km² in 1988 and were 297.66, 102.62, 62.29 and 51.10 km²in 1991, respectively. Forest, the largest area in Taejon, covers 50% of total area. But forest and agricultural area decreased 6.1% and 17.4% during 4 year respectively to transform urban and denuded phases. Urban expansion have progressed very fast and occupied 45% of total area in Taejon in 1991. Hence in Taejon the notable change in land use is greatly expanded urban phases. Therefore this pattern of land use in Taejon is warning that forest area will be seriosly invaded by urbanization. Level 4 and 5, the lowest level of productivity or none, occupied 68% of total forest land. At the sametime the quality of forest land in Taejon was estimated to have very poor buffer capacity against the effect of population and traffic.

산성우에 대한 산림생태계의 민감도 및 자정기능 (自淨機能) (Ⅱ) - 식생층과 (植生層) 토양층 용탈이온 (溶脫) 분석을 중심으로 -

장관순(Kwan Soon Chang),이수욱(Soo Wook Lee) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.1

To estimate buffer capacity and sensitivity of forest ecosystem to acid rain in Taejon, ionic components of throughfall, stemflow, soil leachate, and open rain in Pinus rigida and Quercus variabilis forest were analysed. The spatial sensitivity based on parent rock and forest type was given by IDRISI of GIS which created imagery conversion from soil and vegetation map- Parent rocks and soils were classified into acidic, sedimentary, metamorphic rock and then subdivided based on SiO₂ content. Average pH of vegetation leachate was higher in throughfall but lower in stemflow than open rain and higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in Pinus rigida forest. The flow of SO₄^(2-), NO₃^- and Cl^- through vegetation leaching(throughfall plus stemflow) into soil were 7.2, 4.3, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.4, 2, and 2.5 times, respectively, higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. But the concentration of exchangeable cations was 4.1 times higher in Pinus rigida forest and 4.6 times higher in Quercus variabilis forest than in open field. Average pH of soil leachate was lower than that of throughfall, but higher than that of stemflow. The concentration of exchangeable canons and Al^(3+) in soil leachate were more in Pinus rigida forest than in Quercus variabilis forest and increase signficantly with the increase of acidic deposits. Pinus forest had more deposition and canopy interception of acidic pollutants and more nutrient loss than Quercus forest, and Quercus forest had more cation exchange and proton consumption and than consequently had less nutrient loss and better buffer capacity than Pinus forest. The 69% of forest soils was distributed on acidic rock, 25% of it on metamorphic rock, and 6% of it on intermediate and basic rock. Acidic rock residuals which had low very canon exchange capacity and high sensitivity to acid rain occupied a half of total forest land in Taejon area. Therefore forests in Taejon showed high vulnerability to acid rain and will receive much more stress with the increase of acid rain precursors.