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Environmental Regulation Effects Revisited: Channel Effects on Industrial Economic Performance
( Yun Seop Hwang ),( Xiaoxu Dong ),( Wonwoong Choi ) 한국생산성학회 2016 生産性論集 Vol.30 No.2
This paper theoretically reviews the researches about the effects of environmental regulations on economic performances. According to the previous researches, we propose that environmental regulations affect industrial economic performances through three channels: export, foreign direct investment, and innovative activities. We collected the related data over the period of 1997-2009 from 14 industries in Korea. The emission amounts of the eight kinds of pollutants were used to calculate the pollutant index as the measure of stringency of environmental regulations. We used the simultaneous equations model and the 3SLS method to solve the endogenous problems between the variables. The results indicated that environmental regulations negatively affect industrial economic performances through export channels. Environmental regulations have insignificant effects on inflow FDI. Although environmental regulations motivate companies to increase R&D investments, it does not influence industrial economic performances through R&D investments. In the future, Korean government should implement various policies of environmental regulations, reinforce economic policies and soft policies to enhance efficiency and flexibility.
Lee, Myoung Eun,Ko, Keon-hee,Park, Na-Hyun,Lee, Wonwoong,Yoo, Hye Hyun,Lee, Jeongmi,Choi, Yong Seok,Hong, Jongki Elsevier 2018 Microchemical Journal Vol.143 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Analysis of marine biotoxins in high-lipid bivalves has several limitations due to the coexistence of lipid matrices, low biotoxin concentrations, and the different physiochemical properties of the various biotoxins. In this study, a sensitive and reliable method to simultaneously determine six diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins (five acidic and one neutral biotoxins) in oysters and mussels was developed based on UHPLC-MS/MS-multiple ion reaction monitoring (MRM) using time segment polarity switching. For effective sample pretreatment, three protocols including syringe filtration, Strata™-X solid phase extraction (SPE), and freezing lipid filtration combined with SPE (FLF + SPE) were evaluated, and FLF + SPE method was shown to be the most effective with high lipid removal efficiency. Aging effects of the UHPLC mobile phase on MS detection sensitivity and retention time shift of DSP toxins were carefully examined. The developed method provided good recoveries ranging from 81.0 to 119.6%, showing no significant matrix effect and assay was linear with coefficients of determination above R<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.99 for all analytes. Validation tests using a certified reference material (CRM) and spiking DSP toxins (OA and DTX-1 at 1.07 μg/g, and DTX-2 at 0.86 μg/g) showed this method to be acceptable, with a relative standard deviation of <0.17% and recovery ranging from 87.29 to 109.97%. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to quantify DSP toxins in 40 oyster and mussel samples collected from Korean fishery markets, ensuring sea food safety.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Three extraction protocols were examined for determining lipophilic DSP toxins in high-lipid bivalves </LI> <LI> SPE combined with FLF was shown the best analytical performance in terms of cleanup efficiency, matrix effect, and sensitivity of DSP toxins. </LI> <LI> Simultaneously determined different polarity DSP toxins in a single run using time segment polarity switching mode </LI> <LI> Validated quantification of trace DSP toxins through CRM analysis and spiking experiments </LI> <LI> Successful monitoring the levels of DSP toxins in high-lipid bivalves </LI> </UL> </P>