Central American Region Maritime Organization and their Role in the occurrence of maritime casualties

Oscar PORRAS ROJAS,Hayama IMAZU,Takahiko FUJISAKA 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

Since many years ago and in spite of the existence of national regulations and international conventions ratified by the countries that are conformed the Central American Region (CAR), the seagoing maritime sector of this Region, has developed its activity without any type of safety measures. Therefore, a large number of people are known to die, disappear and suffer from serious injuries each year. These maritime casualties devastate the families affected by these events, and severely impact the local social and economic well-being. While all these accidents occurred in this Region, non government or any other official records are available recording these casualties. Due to the lack of any historical written reports about maritime casualties occurred in this Region, the compilation of this type of accidents information and data was carried out directly by the researchers in the field. Also, all the information about the CAR Maritime Organization Components was too compiled by the authors from the respective National Maritimes Authorities. From the compiled information was elaborated the CAR maritime casualties data base and from the analysis of the above data base were determined the main causes of the maritime accidents occurred in the CAR. The lack of safety measures onboard and the ignorance of the presence and influence of atmospheric phenomena were among main factors that had been caused the maritime casualties in this Region. By other hand, from the analysis of the CAR maritime organization components, the existence of one level of organization very similar among them was determinate. The objective of this research was to analyze the role of the CAR maritime organization in the prevention of the occurrence of maritime casualties. The results of this study provides general understanding of the causes of this type of accidents in the CAR and basis for support in improving safety navigation system and measures so that the number of fatalities and maritime accidents may be reduced in the future.

Maritime Casualties Occurred Onboard Ships Registered under the Central American Region Flag States

Oscar Porras Rojas,Hayama Imazu,Takahiko Fujisaka 한국항해항만학회 2006 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1 No.-

This research is based on the information compiled on the occurrence of maritime casualties onboard ships registered under Central American Region (CAR) flag States. Due to nonexistence of writing reports in anyone of the countries that are integrating this Region, the information was compiled by the author through personal communication with the people involved in the casualties. The information was compiled by typing up the text and digitizing on the computer for the respective data base. For each casualty occurred, the following information was compiled, date and type of the casualty, position of the ship at the time of the casualty, dimension of the ship, number of people affected by the casualty, and cause and consequences of the casualty. Based on the number of people affected (death and disappear) by the casualties occurred was calculated the mortality rate by 100,000 persons and then compared with the Japanese mortality rate. Furthermore were analyzed the CAR maritime authorities competences and then were compared to that the Japanese counter part. In addition, the implementation rate of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions ratified by the CAR countries were analyzed. The objective of this research was to compiled and analyze the occurrences of maritime casualties happened on board the ships registered under the CAR Flag States, in order to determine the causes of these accidents. The results of the analysis enable us to better understand of the maritime safety situation of the ships that are registered under the CAR flag States. In order to reduce the occurrence of maritime casualties are proposed a series of measures based on the differences found then the comparison between CAR and Japan. Based on the results of this research, is possible to conclude that the inaccessibility of atmospheric information and the lack of safety measures onboard has been the main cause of the maritime casualties happened in the Pacific side of the CAR.

Earth Observation for Monitoring Agriculture

Oscar Rojas 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

Acute and Repeated 28-Day Oral Dose Toxicity Studies of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil in Rats

Rojas-Armas, Juan,Arroyo-Acevedo, Jorge,Ortiz-Sanchez, Manuel,Palomino-Pacheco, Miriam,Castro-Luna, Americo,Ramos-Cevallos, Norma,Justil-Guerrero, Hugo,Hilario-Vargas, Julio,Herrera-Calderon, Oscar Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.3

Thymus vulgaris L. is widely used as an ingredient in cooking and in herbal medicine. However, there is little information about its toxicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the acute and repeated 28-day oral dose toxicity of thyme essential oil in rats. For the acute toxicity test, two groups of three rats were used. The rats received a single dose of essential oil: 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of body weight (bw). The rats were observed individually during the first four hours, and then daily until day 14. For the toxicity test with repeated doses, four groups of 10 rats were used. Doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day were tested for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological examination showed that in the lungs of rats given the 2,000 mg/kg bw dose, polymorph nuclear infiltrates, hemosiderin macrophages, and interstitial space thickening were present. In the repeated dose study, all rats survived the 28-day treatment period and apparently showed no signs of toxicity. The hematological and biochemical parameters were not altered. The histopathological study of the organs showed severe changes in the lung, with the dose of 500 mg/kg/day; in the other organs, no alterations were observed or the changes were slight. The body weight was only altered in male rats given the 500 mg/kg dose. The relative weight of the organs did not show any significant changes. Our studies revealed that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris has moderate oral toxicity according to the results of the acute test, whereas the results of the 28-day oral toxicity test suggest that the no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 250 mg/kg/day.

The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Biochemical, Body Composition, and Performance Outcomes in Humans: A Meta-analysis

( Oscar Gutierrez Sancho ),( Jose Moncada Jimenez ),( Walter Salazar Rojas ),( Ellyn Robinson ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2006 International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences Vol.18 No.2

Creatine supplementation has been widely used for athletes and in some studies it has been proved effective; however, there remain some moderator variables that still require meta-analysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct such an analysis on the effects of creatine supplementation on biochemical, body composition, and physical performance variables. From a total of 120 experimental studies found in databases, only 55 studies (46 %) were considered appropriate and/or contained the necessary information to obtain effect sizes. Creatine supplementation produced biochemical changes, including increases in excretion parameters. Anthropometric variables, body fat percentage, and lean mass were favorably changed by creatine supplementation. Improved peak power, total work, force power, and a maximal repetition (1RM) were also found following creatine supplementation. There was an evident placebo effect in the variables meta-analyzed; however, there was a clear increase in total work beyond the placebo effect. In summary, creatine supplementation consistently showed positive biochemical, body composition, and power changes in humans.

Acute and Repeated 28-Day Oral Dose Toxicity Studies of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil in Rats

Juan Rojas Armas,Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo,Manuel Ortiz-Sánchez,Miriam Palomino-Pacheco,Américo Castro-Luna,Norma Ramos-Cevallos,Hugo Justil-Guerrero,Julio Hilario-Vargas,Oscar Herrera-Calderón 한국독성학회 2019 Toxicological Research Vol.35 No.3

Thymus vulgaris L. is widely used as an ingredient in cooking and in herbal medicine. However, there is little information about its toxicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the acute and repeated 28-day oral dose toxicity of thyme essential oil in rats. For the acute toxicity test, two groups of three rats were used. The rats received a single dose of essential oil: 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of body weight (bw). The rats were observed individually during the first four hours, and then daily until day 14. For the toxicity test with repeated doses, four groups of 10 rats were used. Doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day were tested for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and the animals were sacrificed. Histopathological examination showed that in the lungs of rats given the 2,000 mg/kg bw dose, polymorph nuclear infiltrates, hemosiderin macrophages, and interstitial space thickening were present. In the repeated dose study, all rats survived the 28-day treatment period and apparently showed no signs of toxicity. The hematological and biochemical parameters were not altered. The histopathological study of the organs showed severe changes in the lung, with the dose of 500 mg/kg/day; in the other organs, no alterations were observed or the changes were slight. The body weight was only altered in male rats given the 500 mg/kg dose. The relative weight of the organs did not show any significant changes. Our studies revealed that the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris has moderate oral toxicity according to the results of the acute test, whereas the results of the 28-day oral toxicity test suggest that the no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 250 mg/kg/day.

SPOT NDVI와 기상요인을 이용한 동티모르 벼 수량 예측 모형 개발

나상일 ( Sang Il Na ),홍석영 ( Suk Young Hong ),김이현 ( Yi Hyun Kim ),이경도 ( Kyoung Do Lee ),( Rojas Oscar ),( Merza Marrieann ) 한국농공학회 2013 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2013 No.-

농업 부문에서 생산량 예측은 수급 조절, 가격 예측, 농가 소득 보전을 위한 정책 수립 등과 관련하여 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 특히 우리나라와 같이 벼를 주식으로 하는 나라에서 벼농사는 식량공급원 뿐만 아니라 종합적인 국토관리의 역할을 담당하고 있다. 그러나 최근 기상이변으로 인한 벼 재배면적 및 생산량의 유동적 변화는 식량안보에 중대한 영향을 미치고 있다. 최근 국제연합 식량농업기구(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)는 작황조기 예보시스템(National Information and Early Warning System, NIEWS)의 일환으로 전지구적 규모로 국가 단위 및 지역단위의 식량 정책 결정자를 위해 곡물 수출 가격, 세계 생산량, 요구량, 무역, 주가 등 식량안보관련 모니터링 자료를 적시에 제공하고자 원격탐사 자료를 이용한 농업 모니터링을 수행하고 있으며, FAO에서 구축한 위성 및 기상자료를 이용하여 세계 각국의 작물 생산 환경을 분석하고, 작황 추정 모형 결과를 토대로 조기경보 리포트를 작성 및 배포하고 있다. 또한, 미국, 유럽연합 등 선진국은 원격탐사 기술과 작물 생육모형을 이용하여 경지면적, 생산량, 질소수지, 토양 유기탄소 변화를 정기적으로 예측하고 모니터링 하는 시스템을 구축하여 웹을 통하여 식량생산과 농업 생산환경 정보를 주기적 보고하고 있고, 이를 정책적으로 활용하고 있다. 이처럼 세계적으로 작황감시 분야의 위성영상 활용도는 계속 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 독자적인 작황감시 알고리즘 개발에 대한 국내 원천기술 확보가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동티모르를 대상으로 8년(2005-2012) 동안의 SPOT-NDVI 및 기상요인 시계열 데이터를 이용하여 논벼 수량예측 모형을 개발하였다. 그 결과, 2013년 동티모르의 논벼 수량은 2.904 ton/ha로 예측되었으며, 모형의 RMSE는 0.474, R²는 0.765로 나타났다.