The Choice of Urban Spaces in the COVID-19 Era : A Case of Three East Asian Cities

오희진 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

COVID-19 has had an unprecedented impact on people’s lives around the world. The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 is known to be a spatial process, presenting different challenges depending on the region. Cities are home to more than half the world’s population, with more than 90% of confirmed cases of COVID-19 concentrated in the area. In particular, cluster infections of COVID-19 have occurred in various urban spaces, including workplaces, restaurants, bars, religious facilities, healthcare facilities, shopping centers, and sports clubs. Previous studies have been conducted at an urban space-scale; however, studies that have sought to cover multiple urban spaces in one study and identify factors that affect visits to urban spaces during the pandemic have been so far insufficient. Conducting a case study in three East Asian cities, Seoul, Shanghai, and Taipei, this thesis examines individual’s behavior- and perception-related factors that affect the use of urban spaces during the epidemic of COVID-19. Seoul, Shanghai, and Taipei are among the earliest cities where the virus was initially imported. The coronavirus was introduced to those cities around the same time, and lots of policies were accordingly implemented to prevent the spread of the virus. Nevertheless, the three cities showed different patterns in the spread of COVID-19. In Seoul, the city repeatedly experienced the spread and mitigation of the disease. In the case of Shanghai, the city was inevitably affected by infected cases from other provinces in China at the beginning. Shortly after, the city implemented strict movement control and strong containment measures, thereby maintaining a consistently low number of daily new confirmed cases. Taipei in Taiwan implemented strict and consistent border control, quarantine measures, health monitoring, and contact tracing immediately after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan. Taipei is considered to be one of the world’s best responders. The study surveyed adults aged 19 or older living in each city. With the same questionnaire in different languages, the survey was conducted between September 23 and October 7, 2020 in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, September 8, 2020 and January 8, 2021 in the Shanghai Metropolitan Area, and October 15, 2020 and January 4, 2021 in Taipei. The sample sizes of the survey are: 537 in Seoul, 398 in Shanghai, and 152 in Taipei. In shedding light on the impact of individual’s behavior- and perception-related factors or variables on urban space visits, a total of 14 types of urban space are classified into three categories (mandatory activity space, maintenance activity space, and discretionary activity space) based on literature review. For the statistical model, an ordered logit model is performed. Since the response variable is set as the level of urban space visits compared to before the COVID-19 outbreak, which is ordinal, employing the ordered logit model is justified under the consideration of the given data. As a result of the analysis, behavior- and perception-related factors or variables that commonly influence the choice of all types of urban space in Seoul are identified as refraining from leisure or social activities and risk perception of COVID-19. It reveals that the more people desist from having leisure time outside and participating in social events, the less likely they are to visit all types of urban spaces. The higher the risk perception of COVID-19, the lower the visits to all types of urban space. The study also finds that high perceived safety in the city influences the increase in visits to maintenance and discretionary activity space in Seoul, except for mandatory activity space. This can be interpreted that the more people perceive their city to be safe from COVID-19, the more frequently they visit those spaces. In shanghai, compliance with preventive measures turns out to affect the decrease of all types of urban space visits. It can be attributed to the Chinese unique social and political characteristics, such as a high level of trust and loyalty in their government. Refraining from leisure or social activities is positively correlated with the decreased use of mandatory activity space only. Interestingly, higher risk perception of COVID-19 increases the use of maintenance and discretionary activity space in Shanghai. Since the epidemic was effectively controlled at the time of surveying, it is assumed that a higher risk of perception did not lead to a reduction in visits to those spaces. Lastly, in Taipei, no factors that are commonly involved in the visit to all types of urban space are derived. The city was well-known for its highly advanced prevention and control strategies that lead to mostly COVID-19-free daily life during the global epidemic. This result can be explained that no behavior- and perception-related factors influenced changes in visiting behavior compared to before the COVID-19. Nonetheless, refraining from leisure or social activities turns out to influence the increased visits to mandatory and discretionary activity space, contrary to the results from the other two cities. The study demonstrates urban resident’s behavior- and perception-related factors associated with urban space visiting amid the COVID-19 epidemic. The study reconfirms some of the findings from previous studies. It also elucidates the results presented herein based on the context of the spread pattern of the virus, policy responses, and social and political backgrounds of each city. Lastly, this study emphasizes the importance of consideration of people’s behavior and perception factors when designing infection prevention and control policies. It also highlights the importance of risk communication as policy implications. 코로나19는 전세계인의 삶에 유례없는 영향을 미쳤다. 코로나19와 같은 전염병의 확산은 공간적인 과정으로써, 지역에 따라 상이한 발생률과 사망률을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그 가운데 도시는 전세계 인구의 절반 이상이 거주하고 있는 곳으로, 코로나19 확진자의 90% 이상이 도시 지역에 집중되어 있다. 또한, 도시 내 여러 다중 이용 시설 및 공간에서의 집단감염이 보고되면서 도시 공간을 대상으로 코로나19의 역학을 규명하기 위한 연구가 진행되었다. 도시 내에는 다양한 종류의 다중 이용 시설이 존재함에도 불구하고, 많은 연구에서는 일부의 도시 공간만을 대상으로 코로나19의 전염과 확산을 분석해 왔다. 이에 이 연구는 14종의 도시 공간을 연구에 포함하여 코로나19 팬데믹 가운데 도시민의 도시 공간 이용에 영향을 미치는 인식 및 행동 요인을 3개 도시를 대상으로 한 사례연구를 통해 밝히고자 한다. 사례연구를 진행함에 있어, 이 연구는 대한민국의 서울, 중국의 상해, 대만의 타이베이를 연구의 공간적 범위로 선정하였다. 서울, 상해, 타이베이는 코로나19 발병 초기부터 전염병의 영향을 받은 도시에 속한다. 첫 코로나19 확진 사례가 같거나 유사한 일자에 보고되었으며, 이에 따라 일제히 확산을 방지하기 위한 정책적 조치를 시행했다. 그러나 첫 확진자 보고 이후 코로나19 확산과 통제 양상에서 세 도시는 다른 모습을 보였다. 서울에서는 코로나19의 확산과 완화가 반복되며 오랜 기간 코로나19 그늘 아래에서 끊임없이 영향을 받았다. 상해의 경우, 확진 사례 보고 초기에 매우 강도 높은 이동 제한 및 도시 공간 이용 금지 조치를 시행하였고 이로 인해 지속적으로 낮은 신규 확진자 수를 유지하였다. 타이베이 및 대만의 경우, 즉각적이고 선제적인 국경 봉쇄와 과학적인 사례 추적을 통해 전염병을 영향을 매우 제한적으로 경험한 모범 방역국으로 평가받는다. 이 연구는 상기한 도시에 거주하는 만 19세 이상 성인을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 서울, 상해, 타이베이 순서로 2020년 9월 23일-10월 7일, 2020년 9월 8일-2021년 1월 8일, 2020년 10월 15일-2021년 1월 4일에 설문조사를 시행하였다. 표본 크기는 각각 537명, 398명, 152명이다. 선행연구 검토를 통해 도시 공간 이용에 영향을 미치는 변수로, 코로나19에 대한 위험인식, 코로나19에 대한 도시 안전도 인식, 방역 및 전염병 통제 정책을 도출하였다. 또한 크론바흐 알파값을 계산해 모형에 포함될 복수의 설문문항을 하나의 요인으로 묶고 이를 통계모형에 투입하였다. 개인의 인식 및 행동 변수가 도시 공간 방문에 미치는 영향을 조명하는 데 있어, 문헌검토를 통해 14종의 도시 공간을 3가지 활동 공간 (필수 활동 공간, 유지 활동 공간, 여가 활동 공간)으로 분류하여 분석 결과를 제시 및 해석하였다. 분석모형으로는 순서형 로짓 모형을 채택하였다. 반응변수가 11점 리커트식 척도로 구성되어 “코로나19 발병 이전과 비교한 현재의 도시 공간 방문 수준”을 질문한 문항이기 때문이다. 반응변수가 순서형 범주를 가진다는 점을 고려하여 순서형 로짓 모형을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 우리나라 수도권에서 모든 유형의 공간 방문에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 인식 및 행동 요인으로 여가 및 사회활동 자제와 코로나19에 대한 위험인식이 도출되었다. 개인적인 여가 및 사회활동을 자제할수록, 코로나19에 대한 위험인식이 높을수록 모든 종류의 도시 공간 방문을 덜 방문하는 것으로 나타났다. 필수 활동 공간을 제외한 유지 활동 공간과 여가 활동 공간 방문 증가에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 도시에 대한 높은 안전도가 도출되었다. 개인이 거주하고 있는 도시가 코로나19로부터 안전하다고 인식할수록 해당 공간을 더욱 자주 방문한다고 해석할 수 있다. 상해 대도시권에서는 방역 정책에 대한 순응이 모든 유형의 도시 공간 방문을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 중국 국민의 정부에 대한 높은 신뢰도와 충성심 등 중국 특유의 사회 정치적 배경에 따른 결과로 추측된다. 여가 및 사회활동 자제는 업무 시설 및 학교를 뜻하는 필수 활동 공간 방문 감소에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 서울과 다르게 코로나19에 대한 위험 인식이 높을수록 유지 활동 공간과 여가 활동 공간에의 방문이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 설문조사 당시 오랜 기간 낮은 일일 신규 확진자 수가 유지되며 전염병이 효과적으로 통제되고 있었기 때문에, 코로나19에 대한 위험인식이 높음에도 불구하고 해당 공간에의 방문이 줄지 않고 늘어난 것으로 생각된다. 타이베이에서는 모든 유형의 도시 공간 방문에 공통적으로 영향을 미치는 인식 및 행동 요인이 도출되지 않았다. 다시 말해, 코로나19 발병 이전과 비교한 당시의 공간 방문 수준 변화에 영향을 미치는 요인이 존재하지 않는다는 것이다. 타이베이는 전염병의 영향을 매우 제한적으로 경험한 도시이기 때문에, 코로나19 발병 이전과 이후의 도시 공간 이용에 관여하는 변수가 존재하지 않았던 것으로 추측된다. 마지막으로 필수 활동 공간과 여가 활동 공간 방문 증가에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 여가 및 사회활동의 자제가 나타나 나머지 두 도시와는 상반된 결과를 보였다. 위의 과정을 통해 세 도시의 공간 방문에 영향을 미치는 인식 및 행동 요인과 변수를 확인하였다. 이 연구는 코로나19 확산의 중심지인 도시 공간을 조명하고, 도시 공간 이용에 관여하는 도시민의 인식 및 행동 변수를 확인하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. 이 연구를 통해 선행 연구에서 제시된 공간 이용 관련 변수를 일부 재확인하였으며, 도시별 코로나19 확산 양상, 감염병 대응 정책, 각 국의 사회 정치적 특성 등을 배경으로 각 도시의 결과를 해석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 감염병 대응 및 통제 정책 설계 시에 시민들의 인식 및 행동 요인을 고려할 필요성과 위험 커뮤니케이션의 중요성에 대한 정책적 함의를 제시하였다.

도시 이미지의 기하학적 표현 연구 : 본인 작품을 중심으로

박지연 중앙대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

이 논문은 도시 공간의 이미지를 기반으로 기하학적 회화 표현을 하는 연구자의 작품을 분석한다. 동시대 미술에서 도시 공간이 회화로 표현되는 양상과 의미를 고찰하고자 하는 목적에 따라 도시 공간의 시각적 분석, 기하학적 표현 연구, 선행 작가 연구, 연구 작품 분석을 통해 고찰한다. 연구자의 작품은 도시 공간의 사물을 기하학적인 표현으로 재구성하는 데 특징이 있다. 따라서 도시 공간이 재구성되는 과정에서 나타나는 의미와 정체성에 대해 고찰하고, 도시 공간의 현상학적, 미학적 측면을 연구하며, 새로운 이미지가 만들어지는 과정에 대한 기초를 제시할 수 있다. 미적 관조로 대상을 바라보는 시각적 태도와 작품에서의 연계성을 고려하여 관조적 시선에 대해 고찰하였으며, 신조형주의의 회화에서 기하학적 표현방식을 나타내는 도시 회화 작품이 이 논문의 주요 논제라 할 수 있다. 위와 같은 논점에 따라 본 논문은 도시 공간에 관한 논의, 기하학적 표현 방법, 선행 작가 연구, 연구 작품 분석으로 분류할 수 있다. 우선 이론적 배경으로 도시 공간에 관한 논의에서는 메를로 퐁티, 임마누엘 칸트의 개념들을 토대로 도시 공간의 의미와 정체성, 현상학적 도시 공간과 미학적 도시 공간에 대해 분석하고, 도시 이미지의 미적 관조에 대해 고찰한다. 이와 함께 이미지 재구성의 미술사적 고찰과 신조형주의의 형성과 회화적인 특징을 분석하여 몬드리안, 사라 모리스의 기하학적 표현에 대해 살펴본다. 연구자가 제시하는 선행 작가는 리처드 에스테스, 미구엘 앙헬 이글래시아스, 장면들-도시 회화 전시에 참여한 작가이며, 도시 공간을 각자의 방식으로 해석하는 부분에 대해 연구자의 작품과 유사성과 차이점을 비교하여 분석하였다. 이 논문이 가진 궁극적인 목적은 연구자의 작품에서 나타나는 도시 공간에 대한 이미지 변화와 표현 방식을 제시하는 데 있다. 이에 따라 연구 작품 분석에서는 필터링 된 도시 공간, 기하학적 도시 공간, 작품과 기법의 관계성 연구로 구성하여 분석한다. 작품의 이미지에 관한 도시 공간의 재구성은 연구자의 시각적 간접 경험을 투영시켜 새로운 이미지가 창조된다. 작품에서 기하학적인 표현 과정은 연구자의 시각으로 받아들이는 도시 공간의 인식에 대한 결과물로 재구성된다. 이로써 도시 공간의 관조적 시각이 중요한 논점이 되며, 기하학적인 이미지로 구축함에 의미가 있다. This study analyzes the researcher’s painting that expresses geometric painting based on the image of urban space. In contemporary art, urban space is considered through visual analysis of urban space, research geometric expression, research preceding author, and research work analysis for the purpose of considering the aspects and meanings of urban space expressed in paintings. The researcher's work is characterized by reconstructing objects in urban spaces into geometric expressions. Therefore, it is possible to examine the meaning and identity that appears in the process of reconstruction of urban spaces, study the phenomenological and aesthetic aspects of urban spaces, and present the basis of the process of creating new images. The visual attitude of looking at objects of aesthetic perspective and the connection with the work was considered. And the main issue of this study is the urban painting work that analyzes the case of image reconstruction and shows the geometric expression method of the painting of neo-plasticism. According to the above points, this study can be divided into discussions on urban spaces, reconstruction of images, geometric characteristics of neoplastic art, research by preceding authors, and analysis of research works. Initially, the discussion on urban space as a theoretical background analyzes the meaning and identity of urban space, phenomenological urban space and aesthetic urban space based on the concepts of Merleau Ponty and Immanuel Kant, and considers the aesthetic contemplation of urban image. Also, the reconstruction cases of images are studied in art history, and the formation and pictorial characteristics of neo-plasticism are analyzed to examine the geometric expression of Mondrian and Sarah Morris. The preceding authors suggested by the researcher are Richard Estes, Miguel Angel Iglesias, and the authors that participated in the scenes-urban painting exhibition, and compare similarities and differences with the work of researchers was analyzed for the interpretation of urban spaces in their respective ways. The ultimate purpose of this study is to present the changes in images and ways of expression about urban space. Thus, the analysis of research works consists of the relationship study of filtered urban space, geometric urban space, works and techniques. It is possible to create new image by reconstructing urban space about image of work throughout the resercher’s indirect visual experience. The geometric expression process of the work is reconstructed by the researcher’s perception of the urban space as a result. Thus, the perspective of urban space becomes an important point, and it is meaningful to construct with geometric images.

근대도시계획과정에서 나타난 공동묘지의 탄생과 소멸 : 서울 사례를 중심으로

이의성 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

죽음은 개인과 사회 성립의 뿌리이고, 죽음의 공간은 산 자와 죽은 자가 대면하는 장소로 망자에 대한 기억을 조직한다. 이 공간은 문명과 시대의 변화에 따라 인간의 생활환경과 밀접한 관계를 맺어왔다. 따라서 죽음의 공간은 당대의 사회문화적 태도를 읽어낼 수 있는 키워드가 된다. 전근대사회에서 묘지는 종교권력과 결합하여 도시의 구심적 역할을 하는 공간으로 자리 잡았다. 즉, 전근대도시에서 산 자와 죽은 자가 조화롭게 공존하였던 것이다. 하지만 19세기 산업화에 따른 급속한 도시화가 진행되고 인구가 급증하면서 도시는 주택난, 삶의 질 악화 등 문제의 온상지가 되었다. 특히 집단묘지가 전염병의 근원지로 지적되면서 근대도시는 묘지와 새로운 관계를 필요로 하였다. 이에 따라 종교권력과 결합한 교회묘지 다수가 폐지되었고, 근대적 죽음의 공간인 공동묘지가 발명되었다. 공동묘지의 출현은 죽음의 공간이 국가의 통제를 받는 공간으로 전환됨을 의미하였다. 근대화 초기 공동묘지의 위치는 주로 도시 외곽지역에 위치하며 전근대도시와 다른 관계를 형성하였다. 하지만 근대화가 진행되며 도시가 확장되었고, 도시 외곽에 위치하던 공동묘지는 도시 내로 편입되었다. 이 과정에서 여러 근대도시는 공동묘지를 도시 외곽으로 이전하는 대신에 각자의 방식으로 도시와 묘지 관계를 형성하였다. 파리의 묘지는 정원묘지로 역사 ‧ 예술의 보고로 자리 잡으며 문화공간을 형성하였고, 보스턴의 묘지는 공원묘지로 신설되며 도시인들의 공공공간으로 자리 잡았고, 동경의 묘지는 도시 구조 내에 편입되며 생활가로 및 도시정원 역할을 담당하였다. 하지만 서울의 경우 망우리묘지를 제외한 나머지 공동묘지가 모두 폐지되었고, 산 자와 죽은 자의 새로운 관계를 형성하지 못하였다. 그 결과 지금까지 서울은 죽음의 공간이 부재한 도시로 유지되고 있다. 직관적으로 공동묘지의 폐지는 도시화 과정에서 사람은 밀집하고 공간은 부족하기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 이해할 수 있다. 마찬가지로 해외 근대도시는 다수의 묘지가 폐지되었고, 일부 공동묘지만 도시 내에 유지되며 전근대사회와 다른 산 자와 죽은 자의 관계를 형성한 것이다. 하지만 서울의 근대화 과정에서 나타난 가장 큰 변화는 망우리묘지를 제외하고 도시 내 공동묘지가 모두 폐지되었다는 점이다. 이는 여러 근대도시에서 나타난 일반적인 현상으로 서울 공동묘지 부재 현상을 모두 설명할 수 없음을 보여준다. 따라서 “서울 공동묘지는 어떠한 과정을 겪으며 사라지게 되었나?”라는 질문에서 시작된 본 연구는 근대도시계획과정에서 서울 공동묘지의 탄생 및 소멸 과정을 분석하여 공동묘지 폐지 원인을 규명하고자 한다. 즉, 공동묘지의 명멸(明滅)을 분석하여 여러 근대도시와 다른 서울 근대화 과정의 특이성을 고찰하고자 한다. 연구의 시간적 범위는 묘지규칙이 공포된 1912년부터 마지막으로 폐지된 공동묘지인 신사리묘지가 사라진 1970년까지로 한정하였다. 도시계획의 변화에 따라 공동묘지가 사라지고 조성된 공간도 다르게 나타날 것으로 예상하여 시기별로 특성을 분석하였다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 23개의 공동묘지가 위치한 경성부와 관할 주변지역인 경성오부로 한정하여 분석을 진행하였다. 4장에서는 공동묘지 계획 및 제도의 변화에 대해 살펴보았고, 5장에서 23개의 공동묘지 중 10개의 공동묘지 공간 변화를 분석하였다. 10개 공동묘지 선정은 각 시기별로 면적이 크고 분묘수가 많은 공동묘지 두 개를 선정하여 진행하였다. 6장에서 그 결과를 분석하였는데, 근대도시의 일반적 경황과 더불어 서울의 특수성을 고찰하였다. 먼저 일반적 경향은 첫 번째, 도시계획에 의하여 공동묘지가 폐지되었다. 공간 생산의 과정에서 공동묘지의 존폐가 도시계획에 의해 수동적으로 결정된 것이다. 다시 말해 경성과 서울의 도시계획구역에 포함된 공동묘지가 차례로 폐지되었던 것이다. 구체적으로 1920년대 한양도성을 중심으로 동서지역, 1930-1940년대 경성시가지계획구역인 서남부지역, 1950년대에는 한국전쟁으로 인해 심각한 피해를 입은 지역, 1960년대 서부개발로 인한 북부지역의 공동묘지가 폐지된 것이다. 이러한 과정을 통해 도시 내 공동묘지는 폐지되었고, 공동묘지가 항상 도시 외곽지역에 위치한 결과로 이어졌다. 두 번째, 공동묘지 탄생과 소멸을 반복하는 과정에서 권역별 배치가 시행되었다. 공동묘지 폐지는 도시계획에 의해 결정되었지만, 묘지계획을 통해 총 면적과 권역별 배치를 유지하는 새로운 공동묘지가 도시 외곽지역에 신설되었다. 현대 도시계획 과정에서도 중요하게 다루어지는 도시계획시설의 권역별 배치기조가 유지된 것이다. 세 번째, 1940년대 ‧ 1960년대에 폐지된 공동묘지는 토지구획정리사업 또는 택지조성사업을 통해 일반주택지가 형성되었다. 도시화로 인해 나타난 인구밀집을 해소하기 위해 공동묘지가 폐지되고 중산층을 대상으로 한 일반주택지가 형성된 것이다. 이러한 세 가지 결과는 근대도시에서 묘지가 폐지되어 나타나는 일반적인 경향으로 볼 수 있다. 하지만 이와 동시에 서울의 특수성을 발견하였다. 첫 번째, 혼란기에 묘지계획의 부재로 공동묘지의 권역별 배치 기조가 해체되기 시작하였다. 광복, 한국전쟁, 4·19혁명과 5·16군사정변을 거치며 서울 행정은 마비되었고 묘지계획을 세울 여력이 없었다. 게다가 한국전쟁의 영향으로 다수의 공동묘지가 폐지되면서 서울 공동묘지의 권역별 배치 기조가 해체되는 결과로 이어졌다. 두 번째, 1930년대 ‧ 1950년대에 폐지된 공동묘지 공간은 고급주택지와 빈민주택지가 형성되었다. 이는 도시화로 인해 생산된 일반주택지과 다른 경향을 보여주고 있다. 고급주택지는 일제시기에 일본인을 위한 도시계획을 통해 형성되었는데, 권력집단을 위한 정치적 공간으로 공동묘지가 활용된 것이다. 또한 빈민주택지도 한국전쟁을 통해 도시빈민으로 나타난 전재민, 피난민들이 공동묘지 위에 판잣집을 지으며 형성되었다. 이후 서울시는 토지를 불하하는 방식으로 이들을 수용하였고, 공동묘지는 빈민주택지로 전환되었다. 이러한 공동묘지 폐지는 여러 근대도시에서 일반적 경향과 달리 일제시기와 한국전쟁을 겪은 서울의 독특한 도시사로 이해되어야 한다. 서울 공동묘지 폐지의 일반적 경향과 특수성은 도시 형태라는 유산으로 지금까지 남아있다. 중산층을 대상으로 한 일반주택지는 계획도시로 격자형 도시 형태를 형성하였다. 하지만 당시 낮은 소득수준으로 인해 좁은 필지와 도로 폭으로 도시가 계획되었다. 그 결과 2000년대 들어 신사리묘지를 제외한 세 지역이 뉴타운지구로 선정되며 대규모 아파트단지로 전환되었다. 고급주택지가 위치한 한남동과 신당동 ‧ 청구동은 넓은 필지와 격자형 도시 형태를 형성하여 그 모습이 유지되고 있고, 지금까지 서울의 부촌으로 자리잡고 있다. 또한 빈민주택지는 자연발생적으로 형성된 도시로서 유기적인 도시 형태를 보여주고 있으며, 저층 고밀의 주거단지를 형성하고 있다. 이처럼 근대화 및 도시화 과정에서 공동묘지 공간은 다양한 방식으로 주택지로 전환되면서 도시 형태라는 유산으로 남아있고, 그 영향은 지금까지 이어지고 있다. 서울 공동묘지의 부재 현상은 독특한 근대화 과정에서 나타난 결과이자 서울 도시사를 압축적으로 보여주는 결과로 이해해야 할 것이다. 즉 근대화 ‧ 도시화 과정에서 일반적 경향에 따라 공동묘지의 폐지가 자연스럽게 이루어진 측면과 함께, 식민지와 한국전쟁이라는 서울의 특수성이 현재 공동묘지 부재현상의 원인이 되었음을 알 수 있다. 나아가 반복적인 공동묘지 폐지로 인하여 서울은 산 자와 죽은 자가 새로운 관계를 형성하지 못하고, 지금까지 죽음의 공간이 혐오시설로 자리 잡게 되었다. 본 논문에서 서울 근대화 과정을 보여주는 매체로 공동묘지를 설정하고, 공동묘지의 폐지과정과 공간의 변화를 추적하여 공동묘지가 서울의 도시화에 어떠한 구성력을 갖게 되었는지 분석하였다. 근대적 공간인 공동묘지라는 렌즈를 통해 서울의 독특한 근대화 과정을 탐색하는 새로운 시각을 검토하고, 공동묘지의 폐지가 도시화에 의한 일방적 결과라는 결정론적 해석에서 벗어나, 우리나라의 독특한 근대사의 특징을 반영한 결과라는 점을 밝혔다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다. 또한 도시계획과 묘지계획이 공동묘지의 명멸에 끼친 영향을 살펴봄으로써, 미래 서울의 도시계획 과정에서 묘지계획의 중요성을 인식하였다. 즉, 죽음의 공간 가치를 재조명하고, 산 자와 죽은 자가 공존하는 도시의 가치를 역설한 것이다. 이를 통해 도시계획을 새롭게 조명하는 시각을 정립하고, 새로운 도시계획으로 나가는데 기틀을 형성함에 연구의 시사점이 있다. Death is the root of individual and social establishment, and the place of death organizes memories of the dead as a place where the living and the dead face each other. The place of death has been closely related to human living conditions as civilization and times change. Therefore, understanding the place of death becomes a keyword that can read out the social and cultural attitudes of the time. In the pre-modern society, the cemetery has become a central place for the city in combination with religious power. In other words, the living and the dead coexisted harmoniously in the pre-modern city. However, as rapid urbanization and population proliferated due to industrialization in the 19th century, the city became a hotbed of problems such as housing shortage, and deterioration of life quality. In particular, the pre-modern history society’s collective cemetery was pointed out as the source of the epidemic, and it demanded a new relationship between the city and the cemetery. As a result, many church cemeteries, combined with religious power, were abolished, and some cemeteries were converted into state-controlled cemeteries. In other words, cemetery, a modern death space, was invented. The location of public cemeteries is mainly located on the outskirts of the city, creating a different relationship with the pre-modern city. However, as modernization progressed, the city expanded, and the cemeteries located on the outskirts of the city were incorporated into the city. In this process, several modern cities formed relationship with cemetery in their own ways, instead of relocating cemetery to the outskirts of the city. The cemetery in Paris was established as a repository of history and art, and the cemetery in Boston was established as a park cemetery and a public space for urban people. The cemetery in Tokyo was incorporated into the urban structure and served as a living and urban garden. However, in Seoul, all but Manguri Cemetery were abolished, and no new relationship was established between the living and the dead. As a result, Seoul so far has been maintained as a city with no death space. Intuitively, the abolition of public cemeteries can be understood as a phenomenon caused by the concentration of people and lack of space in the urbanization process. Similarly, many cemeteries were abolished in overseas cities, but some cemeteries were maintained in the city, creating a new relationship between the living and the dead with the former modern society. However, the biggest change in the process of modernization of Seoul is that all the cemeteries in the city have been closed except for Manguri Cemetery. This is a common phenomenon in many cities, indicating that the absence of Seoul cemetery cannot be explained. Therefore, this study, which began with the question, "How did the cemetery disappear?" aims to determine the cause of the abolition, by analyzing the rise and fall of the cemetery in the process of modern urban planning. That is to say, the main intent of this research is to analyze the destruction of the cemetery, to examine the peculiarity of the modernization process of Seoul, which is different from many modern cities. The time range of the study was limited to 1912 when the cemetery rules were promulgated, and 1970 when the Sinsari Cemetery was last abolished. Characteristics were analyzed by time period, according to the changes in urban planning, as the cemeteries were expected to disappear and the space created were different in time. The spatial scope of the study was limited to Gyeongseong-bu, where 23 cemeteries are located, and Gyeongseong-Obu, the surrounding area of the jurisdiction. Chapter 4 examined changes in cemetery planning and system, and Chapter 5 analyzed changes in cemetery space in 10 out of 23 cemeteries. The selection of 10 cemeteries was carried out by selecting two cemeteries with large area and large number of graves for each time period. As a result of analyzing the process of abolishing the cemetery, we were able to find the particularity of Seoul along with the general situation of modern cities. First of all, the general trend was to abolish the cemetery under urban planning. Unlike the pre-modern city, the modern city was determined to passively survive and close the cemetery, which was a death space, in the process of production of space. In other words, the cemeteries included in the urban planning zones of Gyeongseong and Seoul were abolished one after another. Specifically, cemeteries in the East-West region in the 1920s, the Gyeongseong City Planning Zone in the 1930s and 1940s, the areas severely damaged by the Korean War in the 1950s, and the northern areas due to western development in the 19160s were abolished. This led to the abolition of cemeteries contained within the city, which always resulted in the location of cemeteries in the outer areas of the city. Second, in the process of repeating the rise and fall of the cemetery, the regional layout was maintained during the Japanese colonial period. The abolition of the cemetery was decided by urban planning, but a new cemetery was established in the outer-skirts of the city to maintain the total area and regional layout through the cemetery plan. The regional layout of urban planning facilities, which are also important in the modern urban planning process, was implemented. Third, the cemeteries, which were abolished in the 1940s and 1960s, were formed through land compartmentalization and readjustment projects or housing area development projects. In order to solve the population congestion caused by urbanization, the cemetery was abolished and housing areas for the middle class were formed. These three results can be seen as the general trend of the abolition of cemeteries in modern cities. But at the same time, we discovered the distinctiveness of Seoul. First, during the period of chaos due to the Korean War, the April 19 Revolution, and the May 16 coup, the absence of a cemetery plan occurred. In the process, many cemeteries were abolished, but no alternative cemeteries were established to compensate for the shortage of cemeteries. This marked the beginning of the dismantlement of the regional layout of the cemetery in Seoul. Second, the cemeteries, which were abolished in the 1930s and 1950s, were developed into high-end housing and poor housing areas. This shows a different trend from ordinary residential areas produced due to urbanization. The high-end residential area was formed as a city plan for the Japanese during the Japanese colonial period, and the cemetery became a political space which was used to create demand for the power groups. In addition, the poor housing map was formed by the war victims and refugees, who appeared as urban poor through the Korean War, building shacks on the cemetery. Afterwards, the Seoul Metropolitan Government accepted the land in a way that allowed them to live, and the cemetery was converted into a residential area. This should be understood as a result of Seoul's unique history during the Japanese colonial period and the Korean War. The general trend and specialty of abolishing the cemetery in Seoul remain a heritage of the city's form. General residential areas for the middle class formed a grid-type urban form as planned cities. However, due to the low-income level at the time, the city was planned with a narrow land size and road width, and as a result, three areas, excluding Sinsari Cemetery, were selected as New Town districts in the 2000s and converted into large apartment complexes. Hannam-dong, Sindang-dong, and Cheonggu-dong, where high-end residential areas are located, have been maintained by forming large-scale land and grid-type cities, and have been established as rich villages in Seoul until now. In addition, slum residential areas are naturally formed cities, showing organic urban forms and forming low-rise, dense residential complexes. In the process of modernization and urbanization, the cemetery has been transformed into a residential area in various ways, and its impact has continued to this day. The absence of a cemetery in Seoul should be understood as a result of the unique modernization process and a compressed demonstration of the city's history. That is to say, in the process of modernization and urbanization, the abolition of cemeteries was naturally achieved according to the general trend, and the particularity of Seoul as a colony and the Korean War contributed to the absence of cemeteries. The repeated abolition of the cemetery has prevented the living and the dead from forming a new relationship in Seoul, and has so far established the death space as an abomination facility. In this paper, the cemetery was incorporated as a medium to show the process of modernization of Seoul, and the process of abolishing the cemetery and the changes in space were tracked to analyze how the cemetery became an urbanization in Seoul. It is meaningful in that it reviewed the new perspective of exploring the unique modernization process of Seoul through the lens of the modern space, and revealed that the abolition of cemeteries reflects the characteristics of Korea's unique modern history, away from the deterministic interpretation that it is a one-sided by urbanization. It was also intended to emphasize the value of death space in the future Seoul city planning process by looking at the impact of urban planning and cemetery planning on the destruction of the cemetery. Through this, there is an implication of research that establishes a new perspective on urban planning and forms the foundation for moving forward with new urban planning.

A Development of Cognitive Measurement for Urban Spaces : an application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory

Choi, Jooyeon 연세대학교 일반대학원 2016 국내박사

This study aims to develop a cognitive measure of urban spaces by applying Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory. The recent development and expansion of cities has sparked various efforts to improve the physical environment and Quality of Life (QoL) of residents, and the importance of urban spaces is being analyzed in various dimensions. There have been many studies on indicators that measure city competitiveness or QoL. Most urban space evaluations have focused on characteristics or advantages coming from improvement of the physical environment and have remained as singular studies. On the other hand, there have been efforts to evaluate urban spaces by emphasizing the people within them. This is because QoL is based on experiences within the city, and QoL is influenced by the fundamental and internal elements of the city. However, it is not easy to compare the various elements that are interconnected between people and urban spaces. Trying to measure QoL with only physical environment improvement indicators is restrictive, and it is difficult to suggest a specific framework of analysis to reveal internalized elements and the manner in which they function. Therefore, this study focuses on the cognitive attributes that people can experience QoL in urban spaces, and the purpose of the study is to use these attributes to develop a measure of urban spaces that can be structured objectively This study begins by taking a subjective, rather than objective, perspective and considering urban spaces as having psychological importance. In order to identify the various elements of urban spaces, four dimensions of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory are applied to the core elements of people’s evaluations of urban spaces. Based on the results of the analysis, the spatial standards and structural relationships resulting from the interactions of the various elements of urban spaces are explored. In particular, indices of power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance are applied to analyze various keywords cognized in urban spaces and verified through four attributes (Amenity, Safety, Image, and Environment). In this sense, the paper suggests elements of urban spaces unlike those suggested by previous studies and expands the study of urban spaces into new perspectives. The Delphi method was conducted five times in order to develop measurement items. Delphi 1st round was conducted in May 2015, and Delphi 5th round was completed in December 2015. Survey respondents were expert groups and an expert panel related to urban studies or development, and the expert panel was divided into three groups of academics/researchers, public officials, and private experts for the survey. This study structured every Delphi round utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods as well as the Delphi method to generalize from the specifics and verify the results from the perspective of improving people’s QoL in urban spaces. In developing each cognitive measure, PDI(power distance), IDV(individualism), MAS(masculinity) and UAI(uncertainty avoidance) had different key elements. With the premise that someone belonging in a society with large power distance believes “people are not born equal” and accepts the hierarchal structure of society, if this is applied to urban spaces, they tend to seek equality in urban spaces that are open to everyone. Individualism can be distinguished as a difference between mutual dependencies of an individual represented by whether “I” or “we” is more valued. If this is applied to urban spaces, an individualistic person thinks existing urban spaces should provide convenience of movement and use according to personal purposes. Additionally, individual QoL is prioritized and having a physical environment convenient for family use is deemed important. Attributes of masculinity can be seen as preferences for social success, such as “achievement” and “heroism,” and spatial features such as being high up, in front, and large. Therefore, a great sense of masculinity in urban spaces emphasizes the symbolic space or physical environment. Those who avoid uncertainty, or oppress ambiguity, tend to use urban spaces safely using “rules” and “restrictions.” Elements such as “respecting the elderly, young, or disabled in the transport system,” “installing CPTED in parks and blind spots,” and “regulating disorderly parking areas” are important factors. This study applies four key dimensions of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory to urban spaces. This is significant, because the four dimensions of Hofstede’s theory were found to be valid elements that can be explained in urban spaces.

Reclaiming the Urban: An Intersectional Analysis of Women’s and Men’s Experiences of Public Spaces in Kolkata, India

Biswas, Ritwika ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Temple University 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

This research examines the interconnectedness of urban infrastructure, the built environment and gendered socio-cultural norms in women’s vulnerability to male violence and differentiated accessibility in public spaces of Kolkata. By bringing together Black feminist intersectionality theoretical framework and post-colonial Indian feminist urban scholarship, it seeks to understand how gender intersects with other forms of identity and power to determine accessibility to urban public spaces, safety within those spaces, and what factors shape women’s accessibility to public spaces. Furthermore, by examining if and how men’s use and perceptions of space differ from that of women’s in Kolkata, this research provides a nuanced understanding of how structural power relations are embedded in urban space. Finally, by examining the experiences of a broader range of voices of marginalized groups from the global South to global North centric urban scholarship, this research seeks to understand how access to urban space affects people’s accessibility and their resulting decision-making related to education, jobs or socializing. In doing so, the objective is to shed light how the interconnection of urban infrastructure, the built environment and gendered socio-cultural norms have hampered women’s accessibility in public spaces and use of city resources, and therefore their right to the city in order that the “urban” can be reclaimed for and by women and marginalized groups, both in terms of access to public spaces and in urban knowledge production. This dissertation demonstrates that differentiated accessibility of women and other marginalized groups and violence against women in public spaces is caused by multiple factors of flawed urban infrastructure and built environment, experiences of harassment, patriarchal socio-cultural norms and values. In doing so, it argues that accessibility and safety issues can never be generalized based on a particular category like gender, but need to be considered in terms of intersecting multiple social identities and the specific power relations embedded in a place. The research exposes how particular power hierarchies are maintained in city spaces by reiterating women’s vulnerability to violence through gendered socio-cultural norms, deficient built environment and urban infrastructure. Simultaneously, power hierarchies are also maintained by creating and perpetuating images of the marginalized men as the dangerous Others; thereby producing an overall climate of fear and limiting accessibility of marginalized groups, mostly women. Therefore, this dissertation is significant in several scholarly ways, by a) bringing together several scholarly conversations including feminist urban geography, planning and global South feminist urban theorizing while examining different factors that impact women’s accessibility and safety to public spaces; b) adding a global South perspective of marginalized experiences of women and men to urban geography scholarship with a postcolonial lens which mostly focused on Anglo-American experiences; c) incorporating perspectives and experiences of men to feminist geography scholarship therefore proving a greater understanding of power relations over space and the need to go beyond gender to analyze causes of differentiated accessibility and safety; d)integrating Black feminists’ Intersectionality as a theoretical framework in feminist geography modes of inquiry and to Indian feminist urban scholarship thereby explaining the contextuality of urban experiences which cannot be generalized as per any group; and e) reconceptualizing our understanding of violence against women, accessibility in urban public spaces and safe cities by examining women’s experiences in public spaces and the negotiations they make while accessing a perceived safe city such as Kolkata.

옥외 영업 공간의 활성화 요인 분석 : 을지로 노가리 골목과 석촌호수 카페거리를 중심으로

조윤신 서울대학교 대학원 2021 국내석사

현대 도시에 다양한 공공 공간들이 존재하는 가운데, 특정 공간의 공적인 성격(공공공간)과 사적인 성격(상업적 행위)이 동시에 나타나는 결합성을 새로운 시각을 바라보고 이를 선호하는 소비자들이 증가했다. 실제로 최근 테라스 및 옥탑 등을 비롯한 실외공간 특유의 분위기를 찾는 소비자들이 늘어나고 있으며, 이런 소비자들을 유치시키기 위해 옥상 및 테라스를 활용함으로써 상가 가치가 상승하기도 한다. 또한 옥외 영업의 분위기가 특정 지역에 자리 잡으면서 침체기에 접어든 지역 상권이 활성화되는 가능성도 엿볼 수 있다고 상인들 및 주민들은 말한다. 기존의 일반적인 상업 형태보다 독특하게 이용되는 공간들이 소비자들에게 매력적으로 다가오고, 공공공간을 사적영역인 것처럼 이용할 수 있다는 심리적 효과에 이용객들은 매력을 느낀다. 이와 같이 옥외영업 공간을 선호하는 소비자들이 늘어나고, 이러한 소비자의 요구에 발맞춰 제도적인 틀에 변화가 온 것으로 알 수 있듯이 현대도시 공간에서 옥외영업장은 필수 불가결한 공간이 되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 옥외영업 공간의 필요성을 강조하면서도, 단순하게 소비자들의 선호와 유행 및 사회적 흐름에 맞춰 옥외영업 공간 규제를 완화하는 것을 비판적으로 바라보며, 소비자들이 옥외영업 공간을 선호하는 이유를 이론적 관점에서 요소별로 파악하고자 한다. 이는 도시공간에 활력을 불어넣어주는 공간적 요소들을 파악함으로써 추후 도시 내에 활력을 불어넣어 줄 수 있는 크고 작은 공간에 대해 올바른 지표를 제공할 수 있다. 본 연구는 샤론주킨의 역공간 이론, 레이 올덴버그의 제3공간 이론, 윌리엄 화이트의 도시 내 작은 공공공간 실험과 얀 겔의 실험에서 증명한 공공 장소의 중요성과 그 요소들에 대해 이론적인 연구를 진행하며, 도시 공간 내 활력을 주는 요소들을 선정하였다. 해당 요소들이 옥외영업 공간에 적용된다는 것을 인터뷰 가이드라인을 작성하여 인식조사를 진행하고자 하였고, 이를 통해 확인하면서 옥외영업 공간이 도시 내 활력을 불어넣어주는 필수적인 공간이라는 것을 증명하고자 한다. 옥외영업 공간으로는 노가리 골목과 석촌호수 카페거리로, 오랜 기간 활성화 되어왔고 합법화 된 옥외영업 공간인 2곳을 대상지로 선정하였다. 을지로 노가리 골목은 쇠퇴하는 토착 상권을 되살리기 위해 상인들 간의 비공식적인 협약을 통해 옥외영업이 이루어진 장소이다. 이후 본격적인 동네 상권의 개선을 위해 보다 체계적인 운영 방식이 채택되었고 그로 인해 현재의 노가리 골목이 형성되었다. 이와는 다르게, 석촌호수 카페거리는 처음부터 관광객 유치를 목적으로 가로 환경 조성 사업을 했다. 즉, 가로환경 사업의 가이드라인이 제시된 만큼, 공공공간과 상업공간의 공간적 분리가 명확한 편이다. 이렇게 옥외영업 공간 조성 배경이 다른 두 가지 대상지를 선정하여 이용객들이 옥외영업 공간을 어떻게 인식하고 있는지 그 차이점과 공통적인 부분을 파악하고자 한다. 이론적 연구에 따르면 도시공간을 활성화 시켜주는 옥외영업 공간의 특성은 다음과 같았다. 공공적 이용과 상업적 이용의 결합성, 선택적인 사적 행위의 가능성, 공간의 중립성, 주변 사람들로 인한 공간에 대한 안정감, 타인들과의 평등한 관계가 오가면서도 타인에 의한 감시가 이루어지는 이중적인 모습, 그리고 사람들 간의 가까운 거리감 등이 있었다. 이러한 활성화 요인들을 기반으로 질문지를 작성하고 인식 조사를 진행한 결과, 두 공간은 개방성과 사적 행위의 측면에서 약간의 차이를 보였다. 일시적인 시간대에만 간이 테이블과 의자를 이용해 도로를 점유하는 형태인 노가리 골목은 공간의 제약이 없어 자유롭고 개방적으로 오고 갈수 있다고 느끼지만, 그만큼 사적인 행위를 하기에는 어려워보인다. 반면 관광특구로 지정하여 제도적 지침으로 옥외영업 공간을 형성한 석촌호수 카페거리의 경우, 펜스로 경계가 둘러싸인 고정적인 형태의 옥외영업 공간으로 개방성은 조금 덜하다고 느껴지지만, 그만큼 선택적인 사적 행위가 수월했다. 그러나 공통적으로 보행자와 옥외영업 이용객간의 간접적인 교류가 이루어지며, 타인의 시선이 일종의 감시자 역할을 하여 암묵적으로 공간의 질서가 형성이 된다. 또한 같은 공간을 이용하는 이용객들은 비슷한 부류의 사람들이지만 서로 신변을 알 수 없는 엄연한 타인이다. 즉, 익숙한 부류의 사람들이지만 서로의 사회적 신분을 모르는 타인이기 때문에 동등한 관계로써 공간을 함께 이용할 수 있고 그에 따른 안정감과 해방감을 느끼는 것이다. 도시공간에 활력을 불어넣어주는 옥외영업 공간을 쾌적하고 지속적으로 유지하기 위해서는 앞서 분석했던 요소들이 충족되어야한다. 현대 도시민에게 개인적인 공간은 매우 주요한 요소지만 그와 동시에 타인과 직, 간접적으로 교류하고 싶어한다. 또한 개인의 의지로 공적 행위와 사적 행위를 넘나들고자 한다. 옥외영업 공간은 개인의 소비로 이루어짐과 동시에 공공영역을 누릴 수 있는 특권도 함께 소비하는 복합적인 공간이다. 따라서 현대 도시의 소비자들은 이러한 활력을 느낄 수 있는 옥외영업 공간을 선호하는 것이다. 앞선 연구결과가 추후의 도시 재생 및 도시 설계, 제도 수립 측면에서 긍정적인 지표 설정에 대한 근거가 될 것이라고 생각한다. 더불어 본 논문을 통해 질 좋은 도시 환경을 마련하기 위해서 집중해야할 중요한 요소는 화려하고 높은 스카이 라인의 건축물이 아닌 휴먼스케일적인 공간에서 이루어지는, 도시민의 교류로 이루어지는 공간이라는 것을 강조하고자 한다. Amid the existence of various public spaces in modern cities, the number of consumers who look at a new perspective and prefer the coherence of the public character (public space) and private character (commercial activity) of a specific space at the same time has increased. In fact, recently, the number of consumers looking for the unique atmosphere of outdoor spaces including terraces and rooftops is increasing, and the value of shopping malls increases by utilizing rooftops and terraces to attract such consumers. In addition, as the atmosphere of outdoor business is settled in a specific area, it is possible to see the possibility of revitalizing the local commercial district, which has entered a recession, say merchants and residents. Spaces that are uniquely used than conventional commercial forms are attractive to consumers, and users are attracted to the psychological effect that public spaces can be used as if they were private areas. As it can be seen that the number of consumers who prefer outdoor business spaces has increased, and the institutional framework has changed to meet the needs of these consumers, outdoor business spaces have become indispensable spaces in modern urban spaces. Therefore, while emphasizing the necessity of outdoor business space, this study critically looks at the relaxation of outdoor business space regulations in line with consumers’ preferences, trends and social trends, and explains the reasons why consumers prefer outdoor business spaces from a theoretical point of view. I want to grasp each element. This can provide correct indicators for large and small spaces that can revitalize the city in the future by identifying spatial elements that energize urban spaces. This study is a theoretical study on the importance of public spaces and their elements, as demonstrated by Sharon Zukin's inverse space theory, Ray Oldenberg's third space theory, William White's urban small public space experiment, and Jan Gehl's experiment. And selected elements that give vitality in the urban space. An interview guideline was drawn up to conduct a perception survey that these factors were applied to outdoor business spaces, and through this, we tried to prove that outdoor business spaces are essential spaces that inspire vitality within the city. For outdoor business spaces, Nogari Alley and Seokchon Lake Cafe Street, which have been active for a long time and are legalized outdoor business spaces, were selected as target sites. Eulji-ro Nogari Alley is a place where outdoor business was held through an informal agreement between merchants to revive the declining indigenous commercial district. Afterwards, a more systematic management method was adopted to improve the local commercial district in earnest, resulting in the formation of the current Nogari Alley. In contrast, Seokchon Lake Cafe Street started a street environment creation project to attract tourists. In other words, as the guidelines for street environment projects are presented, the spatial separation between public and commercial spaces is clear. In this way, by selecting two target sites with different backgrounds for the creation of outdoor business spaces, we intend to understand the differences and common areas of how users perceive outdoor business spaces. According to the theoretical study, the characteristics of outdoor business spaces that activate urban spaces are as follows. The combination of public and commercial use, the possibility of selective private action, the neutrality of the space, the sense of stability in the space due to the surrounding people, the dual appearance of being monitored by others while the equal relationship with others goes back and forth, and There was a sense of close distance between people. As a result of writing a questionnaire based on these activation factors and conducting a perception survey, the two spaces showed slight differences in terms of openness and private behavior. Nogari Alley, a form of occupying the road using simple tables and chairs only during temporary periods, feels free and open as there is no space limitation, but it seems that it is difficult to do private activities. On the other hand, in the case of Seokchon Lake Cafe Street, which was designated as a special tourist zone and formed an outdoor business space as an institutional guide, it is a fixed outdoor business space surrounded by fences, and it feels a little less open. did. However, indirect exchange between pedestrians and outdoor business users is common, and the gaze of others acts as a kind of monitor, implicitly forming order of space. In addition, the users who use the same space are people of a similar kind, but they are obvious others who cannot know each other. In other words, they are familiar types of people, but because they are others who do not know each other's social status, they can use the space together as an equal relationship and feel a sense of stability and liberation. In order to keep the outdoor business space that invigorates urban spaces comfortable and consistently, the factors analyzed above must be satisfied. Personal space is a very important element for modern urban residents, but at the same time, they want to interact directly or indirectly with others. In addition, it tries to cross public and private actions with individual will. Outdoor business space is a complex space that consists of individual consumption and also consumes the privilege of enjoying the public domain. Therefore, consumers in modern cities prefer outdoor business spaces where they can feel this vitality. I think the previous research results will serve as the basis for establishing positive indicators in terms of urban regeneration, urban design, and institutional establishment in the future. In addition, through this paper, I would like to emphasize that the important factor to focus on in order to create a quality urban environment is not a splendid and high skyline architecture, but a space made up of human-scale exchanges and exchanges of urban residents.

도시재생 진행과정의 공간요소변화 : 청주시 중앙동을 중심으로

황지수 충북대학교 2019 국내석사

도시는 사회의 욕구를 반영하고 있는 물리적 실체라 할 수 있으며 사회의 욕구 변화는 도시의 변화를 통해 나타나며, 도시의 변화는 도시공간속에서 일어난다. 도시공간은 시간의 흐름 속에서 여러 가지 요인에 의해 생성, 발전, 쇠퇴, 소멸하는 순환과정을 겪으면서 지금의 모습으로 변화해왔다. 이러한 상황에서 도시재생과 지속가능한 도시재생의 개념이 어떻게 도시공간에서 변화를 가져오는지에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 본 연구는 초기의 도시재생 모델이라 할 수 있는 도시활력증진지역개발사업이 진행되고 있으며 이 뿐만 아니라 다양한 사업들이 주민주도로 일어나고 있는 청주시 중앙동 도시재생지역을 대상으로 하여 연구를 진행하였다. 이러한 도시재생지역내에서 도시재생이 진행되어가고 있는 시기를 구분하고 시기마다 공간에서 일어나는 다양한 변화를 파악하며 사업의 특징마다 어떠한 변화를 유도하였는지를 살펴봄에 따라 구도심활성화를 위한 도시재생사업 진행을 위한 시사점과 도시계획 차원에서 도시재생지역에 대해 고려해야 할 공간적 변화를 제시하고자한다. 분석결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 도시재생의 시작시기에는 기능적인 역할을 가진 위원회의 설립으로 이후 물리적 사업을 진행하게 되는 주체가 되었다. 그 이후에도 지속적인 물리적 사업은 계속해서 주변지역으로 이어져 나갔으며 재생사업에서의 물리적 사업은 대단위 건물의 등장보다는 보행환경과 공공공간에 대한 개선사업이 대다수였다. 주된 물리적 사업 이후에는 다양한 기능적 사업과 사회적 사업을 통하여 사람들의 행동을 도시공간에서 유발 시켰다. 둘째, 중앙동 도시재생지역을 총 6구역으로 나누어 구분한 결과 사업시기초반에는 기존상권과 인접한 지역과 사업이 집중적으로 일어난 지역을 중심으로 변화가 나타나나 점차적으로 인근 지역으로 그 변화가 옮겨가는 것으로 나타난다. 또한 지역 내 편중된 변화율 상승이 아닌 전체적으로 상승효과를 가져오는 것으로 나타난다. 셋째, 시기별 분석의 결과를 살펴보면 도시재생이 시작 된지 10년까지는 본격적인 도시공간에 대한 긍정적인 변화를 살펴보기는 힘들다. 최근 몇 년이 되어서야 긍정적인 여러 변화들이 나타나며 지금의 모습을 가지게 되었다. 이에 따라 도시재생의 효과적인 영향을 위해서는 물리적 조성사업만으로는 사람들의 행동을 자연적으로 끌어오기는 힘들며 물리적 사업으로 인해 변화된 공간에서의 사회적 사업을 통하여 직접적으로 도시 활동을 만들어 낼 수 있는 사업이 필요하며 변화를 위해서는 장기적 관점을 가지고 주민과 지역상인 스스로의 노력이 필요하다는 정책적 제언을 가진다. 본 연구를 통하여 구도심활성화를 위한 도시재생사업 진행과 도시계획 차원에서 도시재생지역에 대해 고려해야 할 공간적 변화에 대한 밑그림의 역할을 할 수 있을 거라 기대한다. Cities are physical entities that reflect the needs of society, and changes in the needs of society are reflected through the changes in the cities, and changes in the cities occur in the urban areas. Urban space has changed to what it is today, undergoing a cycle of generation, development, decline, and decay due to various factors in the passage of time. It is also very important to understand how traces of the past overlap and change in urban space in order to maintain the identity and contextual uniformity of the city, where human collective life has been achieved in the course of time. Korea has been growing rapidly in quantity since the 1970s with rapid industrialization policies, and cities have been constantly changing and expanding in superficial and interior. In the early days of industrialization, these changes sought to improve the quality of life of the people through the physical expansion of cities, but in the present time, urban areas have declined. Urban congestion and decline affect not only the long-term recession and leasing, but also the physical changes in urban space. For the concept of urban renewal and sustainable urban regeneration to take place in such a situation, a discussion of how urban regeneration is bringing about change in the urban space is needed. This study was conducted for urban regeneration areas in Cheongju, where the initial urban regeneration model was being developed, as well as various projects led by residents. As we distinguish when urban regeneration is progressing in these urban regeneration areas, identify the various changes that occur in space at each time, and examine the changes in urban regeneration projects for the revitalization of old cities and urban planning, we propose spatial changes that should be considered in urban regeneration areas. From this study, the following conclusions were obtained. First, for the effective impact of urban regeneration, it is difficult to naturally induce people's behavior through physical projects and projects that can create urban spatial activities directly through social projects changed by physical projects are needed. Second, Jungang-dong urban regeneration area was divided into six zones, and the initial phase of the project indicated that the change was made in the area adjacent to the existing commercial districts and areas where business was concentrated, but the change gradually shifted to nearby areas. It also appears to have a synergistic effect on the whole, not on a lateralized rate increase in the region. Third, if you look at the results of a periodical analysis, it is hard to see a change in urban space until 10 years after urban regeneration began. It wasn't until recent years that a number of changes emerged that made them what they are. As such, urban regeneration should be viewed from a long-term perspective. In response, the residents were able to identify the overall status of urban regeneration areas and the progress of projects in Jungang-dong, which have been undertaken by themselves, and also presented spatial transformation that should be considered for urban regeneration areas in the future as part of urban planning. It is expected to serve as a blueprint for the regeneration project of the old town centre in the future.

(A) semiotic approach to Wukang road in Shanghai

저우잉 Korea University 2016 국내석사

Many Chinese may tend to avoid the term “colonization” since it is a notorious humiliation for them. However, as a result of the conflict between Western hegemony and local chauvinism, it caused the modernization that turned a fishing village into a prosperous modern metropolis. Combining both local and foreign culture, it spurred the process of modernization and urbanization of the whole Shanghai city. This thesis will utilize urban semiotic methodology which has been proven to be a unique method when approaching urban space. The relation between spatial form and the culture embraced within it will be the logical starting point. Wukang Road, which is located in French Concession, will be the object of this thesis. A special emphasis will be laid on the signification of urban space and culture. Although it is only the tip of the iceberg, something meaningful and valuable is expectable to be discovered, theoretically and socially, through this thesis. Based on semiotic theory, the thesis aims to discuss the signification of urban space and culture development by analyzing the evolution of the Wukang Road and its semantic characteristics. Chapter One gives an overview of this thesis. It states the research background of it, including a brief introduction on Shanghai culture and the subject of this thesis—Wukang Road. The purpose of this study is also stated. Chapter Two introduces the theoretical foundation, covering basic concepts of urban semiotics, and is divided into the application of urban semiotics and studies on Shanghai culture and history, as well as a description of the methodology which will be applied in this thesis. After covering the theory and methodology of urban semiotics, Chapter Three to Chapter Five comprise the semiotic analysis of this thesis. Chapter Three analyzes Shanghai’s spatial form from the perspective of morphology, including the environment and spatial organization of Wukang Road area, which can be considered as the “form of expression” and “substance of expression”. Going further, Chapter Four explores the entity of Shanghai culture reflected by its spatial form. As a “form of content”, distinctive characteristics of Shanghai culture will be discussed from the perspective of semantics. Transmutation of power, which is regarded as the “substance of culture” in this case, is the thorniest part, given the hypothesis that culture is entangled with history and changes in the dynamic game of power. In Chapter Five, Wukang Road will be examined as a sign system from the perspective of pragmatics. Chapter Six consists of the conclusion of this thesis and proposals for future studies. On the premise of urban space as a typical sign system, it is expected to demonstrate the effectiveness of a semiotic approach in detecting the cultural connotations behind the spatial form.

Processes of Everyday Resilience: The Reassembling of Informal Vending in Urban Spaces of Malang, Indonesia

Sarasmita, Adnya University of Washington ProQuest Dissertations & 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation is part of the larger movement in urbanism scholarship to acknowledge the elements and processes of the ordinary that have been left out from the rational urban planning and policy discourses. Through following the actors and stories told by actors of informal street vending systems in the everyday urban spaces of Malang, Indonesia, this dissertation provides a detailed empirical study of informal street vending as a form of counter-hegemonic placemaking and a grounded conceptualization of the practices, struggles, and power relations in the resilience of its every day. Grounding the resilience approach on the processes of the everyday also offers a contextual and decentered view of power, through which this dissertation addresses the void in resilience scholarship with regards to issues of power.By examining these processes, I seek to understand how various street vending systems are able to constantly reassemble themselves into spatial-temporal patterns that produce relatively favorable outcome despite the unfavorable situations that are associated with the informality of their activities and presence in the everyday urban spaces. Three broad research questions emerge from my inquiries of the processes of everyday resilience as they apply to such social-spatial system in urban spaces: 1) How may an informal social-spatial system reassemble itself in response to challenges in its environment; 2) What role does power relations between actors of the everyday plan in the constant reassembling of the spaces of an informal social-spatial system; and 3) What effects do processes of the everyday reassembling of a contested social-spatial system have on its overall functioning.In an attempt to stay true to the core subject-centered value of the actor-network theory, the exploration of each case study site in this research begins with the vendors' distinct individual stories. I did not begin with a set of themes, let alone hypothesis, in mind. Though not hypothesized, much less predicted, discernible behavior-spatial patterns did display themselves. While stories and observations of individual cases are plotted as data points, their complexity is generated as we follow the relationships that they have formed. Congruent with complexity theory, no exact repetition is found in the empirical research, as would be the case with the purely natural-material phenomenon. Rather, from the description of each event and the tracing of each relationship, enough themes emerge to form a composite picture of the vendors' everyday practices and struggles, which informs the overall processes of the resilience of their everyday life.First, there exist identifiable spatial-temporal patterns even in urban spaces that appear visually messy and are perceived as spatially disruptive. These patterns emerge from the rhythmic reassembling of spaces of the everyday that is made possible by two fundamental qualities of such informal social-spatial system: the capacity for learning and adaptation, and the capacity for rules-creation. Second, power relations and the discretion of its exercise are an enabling factor for the creation and preservation of unwritten, oftentimes unspoken informal rules that underlie the capacity of an informal social-spatial system to continue to reassemble itself, and therefore is instrumental to the everyday resilience of the system. Third, the notion of system’s functioning can be used to frame the processes of everyday resilience by examining how the constant reassembling of a contested social-spatial system by way of persistence, adaptation, and transformation may impact its ability to perform its essential functions.In an attempt to take a step back from the solution-driven model that is the hallmark of modernist, rational planning, this dissertation is a step towards paying attention to the social construction of a social-spatial system that is often perceived to be an 'urban problem'. As opposed to continuing the dominant narrative of urban governance which views informal street vending as one of the sources of urban inefficiency and lack of visual order, this dissertation suggests an approach to genuinely seeing informal street vending as a functioning system that is embedded in the city’s urban spaces, and whose participants contribute to the larger social-economic processes of the city. While an empirical exploration of one set of case studies cannot–and should not be relied on to–provide the knowledge required to form a broader policy on informal street vending, it does offer a few lessons that cities in other parts of Indonesia or Southeast Asia can take into account when getting to know their own informal urban systems.

Violence and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Ecuador: : Social Cohesion Strategies to Reinforce CPTED in Urban Parks

SARA BEATRIZ GUERRERO MARTINEZ 경희대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

The security of cities in public spaces has strongly decreased worldwide. The importance of finding ways to promote solutions, take actions that enable this possibility, and prioritize citizens' safety is essential. The vitality of urban spaces is due to people's presence with their different social and cultural activities. However, if we do not ensure safety in public spaces, progressively, these places will become empty, obsolete, and unoccupied in the city. The concept of security in public spaces goes beyond the mere physical aspect due to metropolitan cities' growth and development. The study of social, cultural, economic, and political dimensions is critical (Aghaghnizadeh, 2012), and it is clear that security goes hand-in-hand with social, political, and economic responsibility. However, design and planning significantly affects this issue, as it can condition the vitality and well-being of a city. Urban parks are considered a main agent in city development, since they serve as a connector of spaces and allows people to socially interact. Citizens visit the parks, as they provide contact with nature and outdoor space and create opportunities to relax, socialize and have fun. In other words, urban areas, such as parks, are extremely valuable for residents. Nevertheless, currently situations of violence and danger occur in urban parks, especially at night. Jane Jacobs (1981) states that there is a greater possibility of criminal action because the parks are often lonely places in the evening. Crimes, such as robbery, assault, rape, and murder impact the lives of hundreds of people each year. By default, women and children are the most vulnerable people in terms of their difficulty in protecting themselves from criminals. The safety of vulnerable groups in public spaces is an issue that has currently had the most significant impact and importance in the design of urban areas due to social and political aspects. Women are part of these vulnerable group; however, their safety in urban parks is not explicitly an exclusive problem for women. If women feel secure, men and everyone will be positively affected. The objective of this research is to increase the knowledge of users, architects, landscape architects, designers, and urban planners regarding how design strategies can promote safety in urban parks and cause positive effects in Latin American and Caribbean countries, analyzing an urban sector in Quito, Ecuador, as a case study. Ecuador was selected as a case study given that statistics on violence against women increase every day. Six out of ten women have experienced some type of gender violence. The perception of the safety of women will improve not only their well-being but also the whole of society. The first part of this study is an analysis of the literature review. It includes the antecedents and conceptual approach of CPTED, analysis and review of the classification within the methodology, analysis of the limitations and criticisms of the approach, the potential benefits and barriers of the CPTED methodology, analysis of existing CPTED guidelines and frameworks, and the analysis of case studies around the world to identify the main concepts and principles used in urban parks that could be a basis for Latin America and the Caribbean countries. The second part of the research focuses on a stakeholder survey and interviews to obtain relevant results and collect data. A survey of 37 professionals in Ecuador was implemented to determine the perception and knowledge about CPTED in Ecuador. Subsequently, a preliminary study was developed using 85 questionnaires to analyze the current problems of the Iñaquito sector, which, based on official statistics, is one of the most insecure sectors in Quito, Ecuador. In addition, the perceived safety of the women was assessed against the reported safety information. Finally, once it was verified that the urban space with the greatest problems within the Iñaquito sector was La Carolina urban park, it was arranged to conduct an interview with 85 park users based on the concepts of the CPTED methodology. This study proposed an improvement of the theory of CPTED by a reconfiguration of the framework with concepts, such as surveillance, territoriality reinforcement, activity reinforcement, environmental reinforcement, and quality & image. In addition, according to the interviews' results, it was concluded that social cohesion strategies (theoretical and practical) must be applied in parallel so that a positive change can be effectively produced in Quito's urban spaces. The strategies proposed as social cohesion are: 1) Give the community a space to express themselves, 2) Recognize major community groups within the park, 3) Be receptive to the community, 4) Visual content for community participation strategies, 5) Trust authorities and parties, 6) Perception of justice, 7) Acceptance of diversity, 8) Solidarity and help, and 9) Social Rules.