Land-Use Changes in Southwestern Guatemala: Assessment of their Effects and Sustainability

Shelton, Maura University of Washington 2012 해외박사(DDOD)

Land-use changes in the Pacific coastal plain of southwest Guatemala have accelerated in the past twenty years as native arable and pasture lands have been converted at an increasing rate to oil palm and banana plantations. This study of the changes during this period has been made by remote-sensing analyses calibrated to field observations and water analyses. It has been determined that the changes, which include soil erosion, measureable contamination of streams by sediment and chemicals, and deterioration of lands adjoining plantations, have a long-range detrimental (non-sustainable) effect in terms of the ecosystem. As an example of the effects on adjoining lands, there is excess of water on them during the wet season, when the plantations use drainage procedures, and water shortages during the dry season, when the plantations use much of the available water for irrigation. These empirical observations of land degradation and productivity deterioration outside the plantations accompanying the introduction and expansion of the plantations are confirmed and substantiated by statistical treatment of remotely sensed data. In particular, vegetative cover, as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), indicates statistically significant differences during the period of plantation activity. This finding is supported by the results of permutation tests and variability trend analysis, which are well suited for testing non-parametric data, a characteristic of the data of this study area. Water quality, especially values of chloride, arsenic, nitrites, and nitrates, is also of concern, when compared with international standards. The results of this study should aid in decision-making of the Guatemala governing bodies as they decide what practices are in the best interests of the people—practices that are sustainable. Also, this study shows that surface-calibrated remote-sensing methods allow assessment of land-use changes in areas that otherwise would be without assessments because of budgetary restrictions. This study also includes compilation/synthesis of background information in terms of meaningful parameters of sustainability and the physical setting, as they pertain to Guatemala. Correspondingly, the first parts of the dissertation focus on generalizations of sustainability and land-use changes and the geology, soils, and hydrology of the region.

Land MRIO(Multi-Region Input-Output) 모형을 이용한 지역내 산업별 토지수요 예측과 지가 안정화 방안 연구

박재용 漢陽大學校 大學院 1997 국내석사

장래 사회경제적 여건의 변화에 따라 발생하게 될 토지 수요를 예측하고 그에 맞는 규모의 토지를 효율적으로 공급하는 것은 도시나 지역을 다루는 계획가들에게 있어서 중요한 문제이다. 왜냐하면 토지 자원의 효율적 이용을 통한 만성적인 토지 수급 불균형 해소 뿐만 아니라 다른 나라에 비해 상대적으로 높은 지가의 문제 해결에도 실마리를 제공할 수 있기 때문이다. 또한 지역 경제 측면에서 토지 수요를 결정할 때는 지역의 산업구조를 구체적으로 고려해야 한다. 왜냐하면 산업의 특성에 따라 토지 수요의 차이가 크게 나타나기 때문이다. 그러나 경제 활동과 토지와의 관계를 산업 구조 측면에서 동시에 다룬 연구는 거의 없는 것이 현실이다. 이러한 인식을 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 생산요소로서의 토지와 경제 활동을 산업 구조 측면에서 동시에 고려한 Land MRIO 모형을 구체적인 분석 수단으로 이용하였다 분석 대상 지역은 광역행정구역을 기준으로 하여 전국을 제주도를 제외한 8개 지역으로 구분하였고, 각 지역별 산업부문은 26개 산업으로 분류하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구의 주요 내용은 크게 두 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 하나는 장래 외부 수요의 변화에 따라 발생하게 될 지역내 산업별 토지 수요 및 도시적 용지의 수요를 예측하는 것이다. 또 하나는 일반적인 토지 시장에서의 지대 결정과 토지 수급 원리에 근거하여 각 지역의 토지 수요 함수를 도출하고 이로부터 지가 안정화 방안을 모색하기 위해 설정된 정책 시나리오에 의해 정책이 집행될 경우 그로 인한 지대 절감 효과를 측정하는 것이다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 목적을 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 첫째 토지를 중요한 생산요소로 인식함과 동시에 기존의 투입산출모형에 생산요소로서의 토지가 고려된 Land MRIO 모형을 구축함으로써 다양한 정책에 따른 산업연관분석을 수행하는 데 있어 분석 도구로 활용할 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다. 둘째, 장래 외부 수요 변화에 따른 지역내 산업별 토지 수요 및 도시적 용지에 대한 수요를 예측함으로써 지역이나 전국 단위의 토지 공급 규모를 결정할 수 있는 객관적 지침을 마련하여 토지 수요에 근거한 원활한 토지 공급이 이루어지도록 하는 데 있다. 셋째, Land MRIO 모형을 이용하여 여러 가지 정책의 집행에 따른 지대 절감 효과를 파악해 봄으로써 지가 안정화 방안을 모색해 보고자 한다. 이러한 연구 배경과 목적을 가지고 수행된 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 2010년의 경우 전국적으로 볼 때 도시적 용지에 대한 수요는 2,175.9㎢에 달할 것으로 예측되어 현재보다 1,387.3㎢가 추가적으로 발생할 것으로 전망된다. 이 중 수도권 지역과 경남 지역이 절반 이상을 차지함으로써 이 두 지역에서 수요가 집중적으로 발생할 것으로 보인다. 또한 공장용지와 상업용지/공공용지에 대한 수요 증가를 비교해 볼 때 공장용지에 대한 수요는 시간이 지남에 따라 점진적으로 감소하는 반면에 상업용지/공공용지에 대한 수요는 높아지는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 본 연구에서는 지가 안정화 방안을 모색하기 위해 설정된 3가지의 정책 시나리오에 의한 정책 집행시 그로 인한 각 시나리오별 정책 효과를 제시하였다. 즉 시나리오 #1에서는 장래 발생하게 될 도시적 용지 수요에 근거하여 토지 공급이 원활하게 이루어질 경우 그로 인한 지대 절감 효과는 도시적 용지에 대한 수요 증가율이 높은 지역일수록 지대 절감 효과가 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 시나리오 #2에서는 현재 각 지역별로 지정되어 있는 준농림지의 1%를 도시적 용지로 전환하였을 경우 그로 인한 지대 절감 효과는 현재 도시적 용지 규모에 비해 전환된 도시적 용지 규모가 차지하는 비중이 큰 지역일수록 그 효과가 크게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다. 시나리오 #3에서는 토지 수급을 통하여 지역간 발생하는 지대 차이를 해소하기 위해서는 현재 지역별 지대 수준을 고려하여 토지 공급 규모를 결정해야 함을 제시하고 있다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서는 만성적인 토지 수급 불균형 현상을 해소하고 지역의 지가를 안정화 시키기 위해서는 장래 외부 수요의 변화에 따라 발생하는 지역내 산업별 토지 수요에 근거하여 토지 공급이 원활하게 이루어져야 함을 제시하였다. 그러기 위해서 우선적으로 총량적인 규모보다는 지역내 산업별·용도별로 구체적으로 예측이 이루어져야 함을 주장하였다. 왜냐하면 구체적인 산업별·용도별 토지 수요 예측이 이루어져야만 필요한 곳에 필요한 만큼의 양을 적절하게 공급함으로써 한정된 토지 자원의 낭비나 사회적 비용의 낭비를 막을 수 있기 때문이다. With rapid changes both in social and economic situations these days, it becomes more important to forecast future land demand, especially for urban and regional planners. Since land is a primary input factor in the production process, the exact forecast for land must be derived from the production side. That is to say, land demand should be determined from the essential relationship between land demand and supply which represents specific urban and regional economic surroundings. However, the literature shows that researchers have little paid attention to the relationship. This fact motivates current thesis. Land Multi-Region Input-Output(Land MRIO) model designed to consider both land and economic activity at the same time is employed as a analyzing tool. For analysis, Korea is divided into 8-region and industries are sorted to 26-sector. This thesis is largely composed of two major parts. One is to forecast future land demand of each industrial and urban land within region, which is eventually determined by external demand changes for sectoral outputs. The other is to analyze the land price stabilizing policies through simulating three possible policy scenarios. This thesis is pursuing three academic purposes : a) Confirming the status of land as a major production factor and reinforcing use of the Land MRIO model as a input-output analyzing tool for the purpose of various policies. b) Developing reliable reference as to future land demand of individual industry and urban activity, and by this, estimating and facilitating appropriate future land supply. c) Suggesting feasible land rent saving policies for stabilizing land price by evaluating three different scenarios using the Land MRIO model. And with these specific goal and approach, the research reached at the conclusion as follows. As of 2010, Korea will demand additional 1,387.3 ㎢ of urban land comparing with the present level, summing up to national total of 2,175.9 ㎢. As much as an half of this additional demand will be expected to be concentrated on both Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) and Kyongnam Area. Meanwhile, land demand for factorial land, contrary to that for commercial or public land, will be decreasing steadily with time passing. The Effects of three policy scenarios on stabilizing land price are also presented. In scenario 1, the land rent saving is bigger in region where the demand growth rate for additional urban land is higher than that in region where the rate is lower. In scenario 2 when 1% of Semi-Agricultural Zone in each region is hypothesized to be converted to urban land, the land rent saving is bigger in region where the scale of newly converted urban land is large comparing with that of the present urban land. In the last scenario the thesis shows that in order to diminish the interregional gap among land rent by way of land demand-supply control, the scale of land supply should be determined by reflection of the present land rent in each region. Finally it is suggested that land supply should be based on land demand within a regional economy to achieve balance between land demand and supply and to acquire stable land price. Consequently, the thesis insists on concrete forecast for regional demand in every individual industrial and urban land rather than in total amount. Because only by this approach, the limited land resource and social cost can be free from waste and at last used most efficiently.

공간회귀분석을 사용한 대지가격 결정요인에 관한 연구 : 창원시를 대상으로

김은향 창원대학교 2020 국내박사

This study analyzes the determinants of vacant urban land price using the hedonic model with the data of 1,119 transaction cases obtained by eliminating outliers from 1,174 cases traded in Changwon from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. As the methodology, it uses not only a traditional regression, but also a spatial lag model and a spatial error model considering the spatial dependence of the neighboring land price. As for the dependent variable, it uses the land price per 3.3 squared meter area and per parcel price, and the independent variables include the squared value of land size, land size, the form of land, the number of road-contacting surfaces, the zoning, the slope, and accessibility variables such as distance to the city hall, highway IC, and highway. To control the regional effect, it also uses regional dummy variables such as urban dummy variable and development area dummy variable having rural area as the reference variable. The semi-log model is used for the analysis function because the dependent variable and the accessibility variables of the independent variable which have the biggest values need to be transformed into their logarithms. The rest of the independent variables are used as they are. Empirical results show that spatial auto-correlation exists in all models. And from comparison for model appropriateness through adjusted R-squared, log-likelihood, AIC and SC value, and LM test, it turns out that the spatial model is more appropriate than the traditional regression, but which one between spatial lag and spatial error model is more appropriate differs depending on the analysis model. Land size and the squared value of land size prove to be insignificant having the coefficients of 0 in all models. As for the form of land, a rectangular form has higher price than an indeterminate or an irregular form. This may be because a rectangular form of land provides higher utilization to the owner in consideration of building a new construction on it than an indeterminate form of land, thus resulting in higher per square meter price for the construction later on. With regard to the road-contacting surface variables, the land of which the two sides are adjacent to the roads, or a corner has higher price than the land of only one side contacting the road, and the land contacting a wider road has higher price, which means the more road contacting surfaces and the wider the road, the higher the land price. This may also be because the land which has more road contacting sides and wider contacting road has better accessibility. This can reflect people’s preference for accessibility. However, the variable for road contact length is insignificant in all models, which implies that just the length of road contact may not contribute to the utility of the land itself, rather making it clear that the width of the contacting road and the shape of road contact are more important. The variables related to zoning which restricts the floor area ratio and the use of the land (e.g., residential, commercial, and industrial area) where the reference variable is non-urban areas, prove to have higher to lower prices in the order of commercial, type 3 residential, semi-residential, and type 1, 2 residential areas. In other words, commercial areas which have the highest floor area ratio have the highest price, and type 1, 2 residential areas which have the lowest floor area ratio have the lowest land price. However, it seems strange that semi-residential areas show lower price than type 3 residential areas, even though the former has quite high floor area ratio compared to the latter and it also has the merit of construction of commercial buildings on it. The reason for this unexpected result can be that there are not many vacant land pieces in semi-residential areas in urban areas of Changwon, with most of them existing in rural areas. In fact, semi-residential areas in urban city of Changwon are mostly filled with commercial buildings and thus have high price. Urban region dummy variable shows a significantly positive coefficient in all models at 1% level. This is quite natural because urban land is usually more expensive than rural land. Yet, development region dummy has higher price than urban region dummy. Although most of the urban development region samples are located in rural areas, they have higher price than just urban region. This may be because designation of development region is positively reflected in the price. This can suggest that the government may need to implement continuous urban development schemes to boost the land preference for lagged regions, thus ensuring even, or balanced development of the nation. Degree of slope variables, with steep slope being the reference variable, show that flat land dummy has a significantly positive coefficient in all models, while gentle slope is insignificant. In other words, flat land is, as expected, more expensive than steep slope, whereas the price difference in between land of steep slope and that of gentle slope is unexpectedly not so big. This unexpected result may be because steep slope accounts for only a small portion of the sample, 10%, which may not provide enough explanatory power, because the land has a good view due to the locational characteristic - steep slope, or because there is development expectation for the land and thus it is traded as similar to gentle slope. Among the accessibility variables, the distance from the city hall and the main road show significantly negative regression coefficients, indicating that the closer the city hall and the main road, the higher the land price. Accessibility to the city hall implies that although Changwon has been multi-polarized since its integration of Masan and Jinhae, most of its industrial bases are still located in old Changwon yielding high incomes thus raising the property values in there accordingly. However, the distance to and from IC appears to be insignificant in both the spatial lag and the spatial error model, while having a significantly negative coefficient in only the traditional regression model at 1% level.

Integrating satellite and reanalysis products to detect and quantify global irrigation for improving land surface model simulations

Muhammad, Zohaib 성균관대학교 수자원전문대학원 2020 국내박사

Irrigated agriculture is an important commodity to tackle the world’s growing demand of food. Contrary, it interrupts the natural hydrological by modifying land surface variables such as the local soil moisture (SM), evapotranspiration, land surface temperature (LST), and albedo (AL), thus changing climate at local-, regional-, and in some case at global-scale. Consequently, it is indispensable to include irrigation in land surface modeling to correctly understanding the land-atmosphere interaction in agricultural and other ecosystems. Currently, accurate information regarding global irrigation practices are largely missing. Moreover, current land surface models (LSM) also lack in representing human-induced modification. However, satellite-based remote sensing observations potentially detect such unmodeled land surface processes at appropriate spatiotemporal scale and reasonable accuracy. Thus, this study utilized the incapability of model simulation and robustness of satellite observations to identify global irrigation practices. To estimate global irrigation, this study firstly demonstrated the assumption that irrigation is an unmodeled land surface process in European ReAnalysis (ERA) products, whereas, European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) SM can effectively detect irrigation. This was perceived by the abnormal negative (positive) correlation of ESA CCI SM with P (T) and an increasing trend of ESA CCI SM despite the decreasing P and increasing T trend in irrigated region of East Asia. Moreover, at global scale the Kolmogorov Smirnov test signified the limitation of ERA SM and ability of ESA CCI SM to detect irrigation. Secondly, by a bottom-up approach, three irrigation-dependent land surface variables: SM, LST, and AL, were utilized to map global irrigated areas. Individual detection by SM- and T-based irrigation detection had discrepancies in highly irrigated and urbanized irrigated areas, respectively. However, the final combined map showed reasonable accuracy with global and regional state-of-the-art irrigation datasets with an overall accuracy of around 70%. Thirdly, the global irrigation water (IWU) use was estimated by calculating the water balance equation for satellite and model SM products, individually. Estimated IWU satisfactorily captures the patterns (R ~ 0.80) of country-level irrigation water withdrawals (IWW), however, IWU for all the countries was substantially low than IWW (bias > -70 km3 yr-1). This underestimation was caused by the use of coarse spatial resolution of the products and the exclusion and inclusion of additional amount of water lost during conveyance and distribution in estimated IWU and reported IWW, respectively. Finally, the estimated irrigation was incorporated into Community Land Model (CLM) as a forcing data along with other atmospheric forcings. Two CLM experiment was setup designated as: CLM-default run and CLM-irrigated run. Simulated surface energy fluxes from CLM were compared with eddy covariance-based flux tower observations. The results showed that the CLM simulated energy fluxes from the CLM-irrigation run improved the representation of turbulent heat fluxes (latent and sensible heat fluxes). Overall, the mean bias was improved by 32% for sensible heat flux and 64% for latent heat flux. Thus, the results of this study indicate that the reliable irrigation data input into the LSMs potentially improve the model representation of surface energy fluxes, which is important to comprehend the complex interaction between land surface and atmosphere.

Land Ownership Types across Countries

이유민 서울대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

This study aims to investigate the various forms of land ownership systems in the world. Land ownership status issues are being considered as one of the basic requirements for the countries’ development; it is because the land tenure systems are the fundamental effort of human life conditions on land. Secure land ownership is fundamental to shelter and livelihoods as well as the realisation of human rights, poverty reduction, economic prosperity and sustainable development. The objective of this research is to analyze the ownership systems in the world where the government, civil society, private sector and development cooperation initiatives have been implemented. Thus the problem definition can be formulated as a research question which is “How does the land ownership systems differ in the world?” According to the literature surveys conducted for the research, the land tenure ownership represent countries with different culture, socio-economic, legal aspect and land-related histories. It can take various forms among countries, including statutory, customary, public, crown, communal, informal and formal forms of land tenure. This thesis paper comprises five chapters. chapter 1 includes the introduction of the study, Chapter 2 provides reviews of the theoretical background through three key terminologies of the study: Land tenure, tenure security and land rights. It illustrates definitions and concepts of the terminologies that are the background of the study. This chapter also conducts an extensive literature review, which address the importance of this research and points out the difference between previous studies and this thesis. Chapter 3 presents general context of existing tenure types across the world. Through this chapter, analysis of the land tenure systems and the categorization of existing ownership systems into institutional frames. Chapter 4 continues with analyzing study findings from the previous chapter and land ownership types. It demonstrates analysis and identifies the key factors of each land ownership typology. The analysis is able to delineate the advantage and disadvantage of each system. As a closing remark, this thesis ends with providing conclusion with implications of the study and suggestions of future study agenda. Through the study, analysis of the land ownership systems and categorizing them into institutional frames: ‘Statutory-private ownership’, ‘Customary-private ownership’, ‘Communal ownership’, ‘Religious ownership’, ‘Public ownership’ and ‘Informal ownership’, it will provide an overview of existing land tenure systems across the world as a spectrum. The analysis is able to delineate the advantage and disadvantage of each type.

土地信託制度의 活性化 方案에 관한 硏究

이대길 京畿大學校 行政大學院 1997 국내석사

Since land is a ground of human life and a basis of production activities, it can be said that land is the most important part of individual right of property. Human's interest on land has grown along with the changes of history. And the necessity of continuous study on a resonable land development system is very demanded for the country like ours because of its high population and a small territory. Today, as the urbanization and the industralization is taking the place, conflicts among different income classes on a limited land, and the problem of using territory are coming to the fore as an important political task. Since 1960, Korea has been making a continuous economical development. NOW it's facing serious problems throughout its society and economy such as a land owner's windfall income, preponderance of wealth, and speculative spirit of preferring the actual object due to a sudden rise of land and housing price. For this reason, the government came to execute the Land Trust System--which allows a trusting company to utilize unused land--in the second half of 1990 as an efficient device of land use to stabilize the housing price, and to operate the Public Ownership of Land System actively. As a result, the government established two companies in May 1991 and carried out controlling, managing, and trusting matters of estate This led, later, the government to enforce the Land Development Trust--it's called a flower of the Land Trust--on November 11, 1992. The Land Trust System is the method of not only preventing unused land to be the subject of speculation or capital gain from land owners, but of using it positively by separating its possession and use. In another words, the system is based on the trust and land development between a truster, who set the trust, and a trustee, who accepts the trust, and means to promote reconsideration of land utilization and land security through an active management. A land owner's participation in development is the characteristic of this system. Therefore it is clear that the Land Trust System stimulates a joint development between the land owners and the trusting companies, But, in this report, Ibetween th presented some problems of the system by examining the benefits of both individual and public and public.. I also compared our system with the already succeeded systems of other developed countries, and drew up a plan that is suitable to our nation. To epitomize this report, part 2 dealt with an outline, structure, a process, and both merits and demerits of the Land Trust System by considering its theory. The efficiency of the system, that a land owner can develop the site and earn a profit from it without a burden of funds; and for the trusting companies, they can acquire land without a burden of the land purchasing price was dealt here. In addition, the part 2 showed the compare and contradiction between our system and the advanced nation's, such as Japan and U. S' s, along with the system's possibilities of being promoted due to its characteristic that it let the both parties to earn some portion of profit. In part 3, I studied operation and a condition of the present Land Trust System. Part 4 examined problems of the current system as well as an actvating device of the system, and the report ends with its conclusion in part 5. In conclusion, the Land Trust System possesses many problems such as people's excessive desire to hold on to the land, insufficiency of the system law, a low business returning rate, a difficulty of supplying, development funds, deficiency of ability of carry out a business, and people's lack of understanding. Hence, to activate this system and solve the above problems replenishment of the system law and establishment of a special law, an effective method to supply the enough funds and labors, regaining a business returning rate, systemizing of estate stock, formation of people's reliance on the system, and an effective advertizement toward general people and allied industries must be performed deliberately.

Going local for development : lessons from land reform and mutual accountability in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan for developing countries

김보경 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

The purpose of this study is to find necessary conditions for institutional change through land reform in developing countries undergoing transitional periods. Land reform is an effort to rectify distortions in property rights by increasing income and power of the rural poor, as well as improving the status of small farmers with legal safeguards and access to land. Resolving land inequality is a pressing problem for much of the developing world, since it brings expansive socio-economic change with rearrangement of ownership status and leads to institutional change and state development at critical junctures. In particular, land reform is an unfinished task that is worthy of notice for transitional states or developing countries on the verge of state-building where land reform has not been attempted or is still under progress. In recognition of the fact that an essential analysis on institutional requirements and initial conditions are required in such countries, the study avoids presenting methods for simple imitation of successful examples. Instead, this study derives an East Asian model based on land reform experiences of three East Asian countries (South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan), and suggests typologies of institutional change that lead to favorable reform outcomes, which can provide universal implications developing countries. Land reforms that took place in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan during the postwar period from mid-1940s to early-1950s was substantially similar in terms of the short-term yet intense engagement by the United States. Despite minor country-specific differences, strong local-level governance was pre-existent in the three countries which enabled the stationed U.S. agencies to form mutual accountability relations with the local institutions and organizations. The United States adjusted directions of the reform plan depending on its interaction levels with local units that functioned as channels to deliver local-driven needs of its people. The multi-layered autonomous institutions that functioned on the local level, the internal communication channels between the central and local governments, and the established local-level governance system that enabled accountability relations with external actors were crucial factors that led the three East Asian countries to bear the fruits of the reform. Hence, deriving the East Asian model, the research intends to find that organized interests channeled through strong local-level governance and external support for abrupt institutional change are simultaneously needed for developing countries to seek fundamental change through land reform. The East Asian model of institutional change is subsequently applied to and compared with other three types of land reform that took place in Asia during the 1950s: Iran, Pakistan, and the Philippines. Through the comparative analysis, the study finds that both conditions of strong local-level governance and external support are necessary to follow reproductive trajectories of institutional change as witnessed through the East Asian model. For analysis of case studies, the punctuated equilibrium model of historical institutionalism is taken as a contextual framework, while mutual accountability mechanism is simultaneously adopted as an actor-oriented framework. As a combined framework, land reform processes in each country case has been contextually analyzed. Thus, the study proves that land reform directions were not lopsidedly implemented by the United States; instead, actors on all levels were bound to mutual accountability relations that enabled the three East Asian countries to pioneer independent directions of institutional change. Moreover, such approach is meaningful in that it is an attempt to take a step further from existing studies that mainly focus on the macro-level relations among actors. In this regard, the contribution of this study lies in its applicability as a tool that can emphasize the importance of local-level polities and their role as a counterpart that can correspond to external engagement through mutual accountability mechanisms. The study gives further implications to the current developing countries simultaneously dealing with multi-stakeholders’ intervention as well as donors’ provision of bilateral and multilateral aid. Although intervention levels would not match that of the U.S. engagement in East Asia during postwar years, the significance of local-level governance on the grassroots level can be re-examined as lessons to be taken from the East Asian model of land reform. The study’s emphasis on accountability, governance, and ownership of recipient countries also prevalent in recent development discourse is expected to open doors for revisiting unfinished land reforms in developing countries and chances for new engagement by the global community. 본 논문은 국가발전을 위한 토지개혁의 성공 요인을 1945년부터 1950년대 초반까지의 한국, 일본, 대만 사례분석을 통해 동아시아모델로 도출하고, 이를 이란, 파키스탄, 필리핀의 개도국 사례에 적용하여 그 실효성을 검증하는 연구이다. 토지개혁은 사회 전반의 소유구조를 재편한다는 점과 중대한 전환점(critical juncture)에서 국가발전을 위한 제도화 기제로 작용한다는 점에서 중요한 사회경제적 개혁이다. 특히, 국가건설(state-building) 혹은 전환국가(transitional state) 단계에 있는 다수의 개도국에서 토지개혁은 시도되지 않았거나 오랜 기간 실패한 채 미결 과제로 남아 있다. 이러한 국가의 경우 과거 토지개혁의 성공사례에 대한 피상적인 모방이 아니라, 제도(institutions)와 초기조건에 관한 본질적인 탐구가 필요하다는 문제의식에서부터 시작된 본 연구는, 아시아의 대표적인 토지개혁으로서 한국, 일본, 대만 세 국가의 사례를 동아시아모델로 도출하고, 개혁의 성공 요인이 되는 제도변화(institutional change)의 유형화 작업을 통해 보편적인 시사점을 개도국에 적용 가능하도록 제시한다. 제2차 세계대전 직후 미국의 개입을 통해 단행되었던 한국, 일본, 대만에서의 토지개혁은 미국의 개입방식과 같은 구체적인 내용 면에서는 차이점이 존재한다. 그러나 삼국의 사례는 모두 로컬수준의 내생적 조건으로 인해 미국과의 상호책무성 관계(mutual accountability relations)를 형성할 수 있었으며, 이러한 로컬의 니즈를 전달하는 로컬조직과의 상호작용 정도에 따라 미국이 당초 계획했던 토지개혁의 범위와 방향성이 크게 변화하였다는 점에서 유사성을 보인다. 삼국의 로컬수준의 주요 내생적 조건으로는 지역단위에서 자율성 있는 조직이 여러 층위로 구성된 점, 중앙과 지방 간 분권과 제도적 소통창구가 존재한 점, 책무성 관계가 형성될 수 있는 로컬수준에서의 거버넌스 체계(local-level governance system)가 구축된 점 등을 들 수 있으며, 이는 한국, 일본, 대만에서 토지개혁을 통한 제도변화가 성공적으로 이루어질 수 있었던 핵심적인 요인으로 분석된다. 미국이 각국의 내생적 요인에 따라 개입의 정도를 차등 적용하고 지역단위와의 상호작용으로 인해 토지개혁의 방향을 변화시켰다는 점으로 보아 삼국의 성공사례를 동아시아모델로 상정하여 개도국에도 그 적용력을 검증한 결과가 본 연구의 주요 의의이다. 또한 이를 1950년대 이란, 파키스탄, 필리핀 사례를 통해 다른 유형과 비교분석하여, 동아시아모델과 같은 재생산적(reproductive) 제도변화 유형을 나타내기 위해서는 로컬단위에서의 거버넌스와 외부적 지원 조건이 모두 갖춰져야 함을 재검토한다. 각국의 토지개혁 사례 및 개혁과정은 맥락적 분석틀(contextual framework)로서 역사적 제도주의에서의 단절적 균형(punctuated equilibrium model of historical institutionalism), 또한 행위자중심 분석틀(actor-oriented framework)로서 상호책무성 메커니즘을 동시에 활용하여 분석된다. 특히, 상위 그리고 하위 수준에서의 다양한 행위자 간 역할분석을 통해 동아시아모델 국가들에서 토지개혁에 관련된 모든 수준의 행위자가 상호책무성 관계로 묶여 있었고, 이를 통해 토지개혁의 방향성이 미국의 일방적인 주입으로 귀결되지 않을 수 있었다는 점을 입증한다. 이는 미 국무부, 개별국가 지도부 등 상위수준에서의 관계분석이 주를 이루었던 기존 연구에서 한 단계 더 나아가고자 하는 시도이다. 또한, 이 접근법은 대상 국가 내 지방정부, 농민조합, 토지위원회, 시민사회 등 로컬수준의 정치체(polity)와의 책무성 관계분석을 통해 외부개입세력에 대응할 수 있는 국내 정치체의 존재 여부와 결집력의 정도, 지방단위 조직의 역할과 중요성을 재차 강조할 수 있는 도구라는 점에서 연구의 중요성을 나타낸다. 비록 제2차 세계대전 직후 미국의 아시아개입과 같은 수준은 아니라 할지라도, 양자·다자원조와 같이 다양한 형태의 외부영향력 아래에서 여러 다중이해관계자(multi-stakeholder)의 개입과 공여국의 요구조건을 충족해야 하는 개도국의 현 실정을 고려할 때, 동아시아모델의 수원국 내 시민사회 및 로컬단위에서의 거버넌스 구축에 대한 중요성을 재조명한다. 또한, 본 연구는 이러한 동아시아모델을 바탕으로 책무성, 거버넌스, 주인의식 등 현재 국제개발에서 사용되는 개념을 강조함으로써 향후 개도국의 토지개혁 관련 국제개발정책 수립을 위한 초석을 마련한다는 점에서 시사점을 제시한다.

(A) study on the urban heat island synergies at different environments and climate conditions based on land surface model simulation

Nural Syahira, Nural Syahira Sungkyunkwan University 2023 국내박사

The increasing of urban expansion associated with the alteration of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) has led to the formation of the urban heat island (UHI) in numerous urbanized regions worldwide. The UHI is known as one of the most serious environmental issues at the local climate scale which resulting from the difference in temperature between urban areas and the adjacent rural areas that added heat to the atmosphere and lead to the human thermal discomfort. The UHI effects can also alter the surface energy fluxes variables, which varies based on cities’ characteristics and morphological factors. However, detailed analysis of the surface energy budget components is often overlooked due to the scarce dataset in the urban areas. In order to fill the existing research gaps on urban studies, this work integrated the land surface model (LSM) simulation of Community Land Model (CLM) and addressing the reliability of CLM in performing the urban climate studies related to the UHI effects. The robustness of CLM is widely known especially in simulating the land surface variables and improving the land-atmosphere interactions across vegetated ecosystems, but its application in the complex urban ecosystem still remains a challenge. Based on this study, CLM demonstrated high simulation accuracy, based on CLM version 4.0 and 5.0. The simulated parameters which are further utilized for the UHI analysis showed that cities experienced increasing UHI trend along with the urban expansion and climate variations. The UHI also relates with surface energy fluxes component, especially the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. Cities with a lower urban height to width canyon ratio exhibited the highest warming differences during extreme heat events, while smaller impervious fraction and larger pervious road fraction could help to mitigate the effects of urban warming in cities. Additionally, evaporative reduction, heat storage, and anthropogenic heat release were found to exacerbate the UHI effects in temperate and sub(tropical) cities. In terms of the heat stress effects, temperate and tropical climates reached the “extreme caution” level during which heat stroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion can be anticipated, according to the National Weather Services. Besides, UHI exhibited higher influences, ranging from 0.73 °C to 2.07 °C, compared with heat stress at 0.14 °C to 1.23 °C. Findings in this study clearly demonstrated that CLM can simulate UHI and could provide technical support for research regarding UHI effects in multiple cities. LULC(Land Use/Land Cover)의 변경과 관련된 도시 확장의 증가는 전 세계의 수많은 도시화된 지역에서 도시 열섬(UHI)의 형성으로 이어졌습니다. UHI는 도시 지역과 인접한 시골 지역 간의 온도 차이로 인해 대기에 열을 가하고 인간의 열 불편을 초래하는 지역 기후 규모에서 가장 심각한 환경 문제 중 하나로 알려져 있습니다. UHI 효과는 또한 도시의 특성과 형태학적 요인에 따라 달라지는 표면 에너지 플럭스 변수를 변경할 수 있습니다. 그러나 도시 지역의 데이터 세트가 부족하기 때문에 표면 에너지 예산 구성 요소에 대한 자세한 분석은 종종 간과됩니다. 도시 연구에 대한 기존 연구 격차를 메우기 위해 본 연구는 CLM(Community Land Model)의 LSM(Land Surface Model) 시뮬레이션을 통합하고 UHI 효과와 관련된 도시 기후 연구를 수행하는 데 CLM의 신뢰성을 해결했습니다. CLM의 견고성은 특히 육지 표면 변수를 시뮬레이션하고 초목 생태계 전반에 걸쳐 육지-대기 상호 작용을 개선하는 데 널리 알려져 있지만, 복잡한 도시 생태계에서 그것의 적용은 여전히 과제로 남아 있습니다. 이 연구를 바탕으로 CLM은 CLM 버전 4.0과 5.0을 기반으로 높은 시뮬레이션 정확도를 보여주었습니다. UHI 분석에 추가로 활용되는 시뮬레이션 매개변수는 도시가 도시 확장 및 기후 변화와 함께 증가하는 UHI 추세를 경험했음을 보여주었습니다. 또한 UHI는 표면 에너지 플럭스 구성 요소, 특히 감지 가능한 열 플럭스 및 잠열 플럭스와 관련이 있습니다. 도시 높이 대 너비 협곡 비율이 낮은 도시는 극심한 열 이벤트 동안 가장 높은 온난화 차이를 보이는 반면, 더 작은 불침투율과 더 큰 투과 도로 비율은 도시에서 도시 온난화의 영향을 완화하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 또한, 온대 및 아열대 도시에서 증발 감소, 열 저장 및 인위적 열 방출이 UHI 효과를 악화시키는 것으로 확인되었습니다. 국립기상청에 따르면, 더위 스트레스 효과의 측면에서, 온대와 열대 기후는 열사병, 열경련, 열탈진을 예상할 수 있는 "극심한 주의" 수준에 도달했습니다. 게다가, UHI는 0.14°C에서 1.23°C까지의 열 스트레스에 비해 0.73°C에서 2.07°C까지 더 높은 영향을 보였습니다. 이 연구의 결과는 CLM이 UHI를 시뮬레이션할 수 있고 여러 도시에서 UHI 효과에 관한 연구에 대한 기술 지원을 제공할 수 있음을 분명히 보여주었습니다.

Understanding the Relevance of Theory of Protracted Social Conflicts in Land Access Policies in Mindanao, Philippines

카스타네다카리안 Park Chung Hee School of Policy and Saemaul, Yeung 2015 국내석사

민다나오에는 필리핀 군도에서 두 번째로 큰 섬을 수십 년이 토지 분쟁, 자원 하고 덩채 경험했습니다. 무슬림들이 민다나오에서 가결을검색을 필리핀 정부 사이에 무슬림들이 충돌을 발생했습니다. 민다나오에서 많은 천연 자원에도 불구하고 이 지방에는 가간이 영향을 미치습니다. 피릴핀 정부가 햔명하게 민다나오에서 반항은 방지하고 토지 접속에 문제가 무시되었습니다. 이 연구의목적은 해결 해야 할 과게를 식별 하는 것이 토지 접은 정책의 장기적인 사회 갈등에 관한 이론의 이해, 민다나오에서 무슬림들 따에 어 나은 액세스를 봑보하고 개석 공공 정책을 만들습니다. 이 연구는 토지 애세스 정책의 맥관에서 민다나오에는 필리핀 정부과 무슬림들 사이의 걸등의 관개를 부해하는 것이 연장 된 사회 걸든의 이론으로 결합합니다. 수집 된 데이터를 사용하는 그것은 중요한 역사적 기원에서 교훈, 토지 정핵의 여향을 생산했습니다. 이 연구는 4가지 요소를 대해 설명합니다, 그와같이, (a) 공동 콘텐츠, (b) 인간의 필요, (c) 통치 과, (d) 국제 연계. As the second largest island grouping in the Philippine archipelago, Mindanao has undergone into decades of conflict over land, resources, and identity. In the search for self-determination by the Muslims in Mindanao, conflicts arose between them and the Government of the Philippines. Despite the rich natural resources in Mindanao, the region is still poverty stricken. Even though the Philippine government sensibly tries to have peaceful talks that would cease hostilities in Mindanao, issues on land access has been neglected. The purpose of this study is to identify the challenges that need to be addressed by understanding the Theory of Protracted Social Conflict, in securing better access to land for the Muslims in Mindanao and in improving public policy making. This study analyses the relationship of the conflict between GOP and Muslims in Mindanao within the context of land access policies, by linking it into the Theory of Protracted Social Conflict. Through the use of data collected, it produces important lessons from the historical origins, the impact of policies on land. The study will discuss four factors, such as (a) communal content (b) human needs (c) governance and (d) international linkages

廢棄物 등을 活用한 大規模 埋立에 의한 새로운 海域環境創造 實現에 關한 硏究

제종수 인제대학교 대학원 2002 국내석사

최근 우리나라는 폐기물, 건설발생토, 준설토 등의 처리·처분 문제가 긴급한 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 내륙부에서의 폐기물 등의 처리·처분장의 입지 확보는 내륙매립의 환경적 문제 및 대상지역 선정의 어려움이 있다. 이 때문에 해안 및 해양매립에 관심을 가질 필요성이 있다. 이에 부응하여 Land-fill섬의 구상은 폐기 물 등을 이용한 대규모 매립을 실시함으로서 폐기물 등의 처리·처분장을 둘러싼 환경 문제의 해결과 Land-fill 대상지점의 수질, 생태계, 경관 등의 해역환경을 새롭게 창출하며, 장래 Land-fill섬의 해양공간의 이용을 새롭게 창출할 수 있다. 이와 같이 Land-fill 섬의 구상은 여러 가지의 효과를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 토목공학적인 관점에서 Land-fill 섬을 구상하고 연구?계획함으로써 얻어지는 효과의 창출을 검토하고자 한다. Land-fill섬의 구상은 대한민국의 연간폐기물 처분량의 15%이상의 폐기물을 내 놓는 마산·진해만을 대상으로 하여 검토되었다. 부산·경남 지역에서의 폐기물 매립량은 많은데 비하여 매립시설의 잔여용량은 부족한 상태이며, 폐기물 최종처리 시설이 필요함을 인정하면서도 지역이기주의(NIMB(Not in My Backyard))로 해당 주 민들이 거셀 반발을 보이는 현상을 나타내고 있는 시점에서 Land-fill섬의 구상은 부산·경남지역에 있어서 폐기물 최종처리시설의 확충이라는 측면에서 그 기대에 부응할 것이라고 본다. 3차원 해수유동 수치모델을 이용하여 해안환경수리학적으로 Land-fill섬의 가장 a 적합한 위치 및 형상을 선정하여 검토한 결과, 두 가지의 계획안을 설정하였으며, 이에 대해 수질모델을 이용하여 수질 및 저질의 환경을 모의하였다. Recently, we are faced with disposal of waste matters, construction outbreak soil, dredge soil. it is urgent social problems. it is difficult to decide disposal location of waste matters in inland and select object area. so we need to have interest in the coast and the ocean-reclamation. Accordingly, the idea of Land-fill island brings solution of environmental issues which surrounds disposal location of waste matters as it enforces a large scale's reclamation using waste materials. And it makes surroundings(the quality of water, an ecosystem, a scene) of a sea area fresh in I and-fill island. Therefore the concept of Land-fill island brings a lot of effects. This study will examine effect which is obtained as we study Land-fill island. The idea of land-fill island is examined in Jinhae-Masan Bay where it takes out waste matters of more than 15% of yearly waste matters of quantity of disposal. There is a lot of waste matters of final disposal facilities the rest-dose of reclamation facilities is deficient in Busan, Kyoungnam. The local residents recognize necessity of waste-matters of disposal facilities, but repel making them by NIMB (Not In My Backyard). The concept of Land-fill island will meet the expectation which is expansion of waste-matters final disposal facilities in Busan, Kyoungnam. The result of examining the most suitable location and shape by the ocean-environment and hydraulics, it is scarcely changing against the present state in sea water current side and it appears trend improved the quality of water near low-level of a sea area in the quality of improvement side. On the whole, it is hardly big change but it appears a bit improvement the quality of water.