공자(孔子)의 교육사상에 기초한 초등학교 인성교육 방안

김인혜 서울敎育大學校 敎育專門大學院 2020 국내석사

본 연구는 현재 우리나라 교육현장에서 인성교육이 필요하나 이에 상응하는 교육적 실천이 부재하고 있다는 점을 문제의식으로 삼아, 우리나라의 교육에 지대한 영향을 끼친 공자(孔子)의 교육사상을 기반으로 하는 인성교육 방안을 제시하고자 하는 목적에서 출발하였다. 이는 교육적인 노력을 통해 인성교육의 근본적인 의미를 제고하고 인성교육에 관한 다양한 방안을 모색함으로써 도덕과 교육에 일조가 되기를 바라는 기대감의 일환이기도 하다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 우선, 인성교육의 목표와 내용에 대해 살펴보고 구체적인 인성교육의 지향점을 논의하였다. 인성교육의 목표는 학생들이 미래 사회를 성공적으로 살아가기 위해 기본적인 가치 및 존중, 정의, 민주 시민적 자질 등의 핵심 윤리적 가치를 이해하고, 이를 실천하게 하는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 인성교육의 내용은 가치와 자질로 이해되는 도덕과 교육과정의 인성요소가 그 중심이 되며, 그 지향점은 인성교육에 앞서서 인성 개념을 올바르게 정립하고, 도덕·윤리과 교육을 인성교육의 중핵교과로 여겨 그 계열성을 확보하고, 교사와 학부모 더 나아가 학교와 지역사회가 서로 협조하며 그 안에서 학생 스스로 지켜야 할 규범을 정하고 반성할 수 있는 안내자의 역할 수행 등으로 설정할 수 있다. 초등학교에서 인성교육은 교과교육이나 창의적 체험활동 등 다양한 교육적 활동을 통해 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 초등학교의 인성교육은 주로 담임교사에 의해 진행되고 있으며, 현실적인 여러 여건의 제약으로 인해 인성교육 본래의 목표가 충분히 구현되고 있지 못하다. 특히, 인성교육은 이론적인 지식의 영역에 국한하지 않고 자신의 실제 생활에서의 실천 영역에 보다 비중을 두어야만 그 의미가 분명해질 수 있다는 점들을 상기할 필요가 있다. 또한, 인성교육은 학교·가정·지역사회가 서로 협력했을 때 교육 내용이 더 다양해지고 풍부해질 수 있으며, 학생들의 만족도 측면에서 교과내용 뿐만 아니라 예술 및 스포츠 분야 등 다양한 분야에서 인성교육과 관련된 프로그램을 운영하는 것이 바람직하며, 인성교육 본래의 취지를 살려 학생 주도의 자율적이고 실천·체험적인 인성교육 프로그램을 운영할 필요가 있다. 초등학교 인성교육 현황 분석의 일환으로 제시된 인성교육 우수학교 사례 및 사설 단체의 인성교육 우수 사례를 통하여, 현재의 인성교육은 다양화 하고 있으며 일부의 가시적인 효과를 도출하고는 있으나, 상대적으로 여전히 인성교육자의 전문성 신장이나 이론적 내용 및 교육방법 심화 등에 있어서 지속적인 노력이 필요하다는 한계를 파악할 수 있다. 이러한 인성교육의 내용과 방법의 심화 측면에서 공자의 교육사상은 실천, 공감, 개별화 등의 측면에서 시사하는 바가 있다. 다음으로, 이러한 본 연구의 이론적 배경이 되는 공자(孔子)의 교육사상과 인성교육에 관하여 탐구하였다. 첫째, 공자를 비롯한 유가(儒家) 철학에서 덕은 본성적 측면보다는 하늘로부터 부여받은 본성의 실현은 사람으로서 마땅히 지켜야 하는 도리를 실천해야 한다는 실천성의 측면이 늘 강조되었다. 구체적인 실천의 문제에 있어서, 인(仁)을 실천하는 양식으로서 예(禮)와 점진적인 가치관계 확장으로서의 효제(孝弟) 등을 들 수 있다. 인(仁)의 시작은 효도와 공경이며, 이를 확대하여 가정, 사회, 국가, 천하에 실현하는 것이다. 따라서 공자가 강조하는 덕의 실현 즉, 덕행(德行)은 사회적 인간으로 거듭나는 노력의 과정이라고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 공자가 제시한 충서지도(忠恕之道)의 의미처럼 다른 사람을 사랑하는 마음은 타인의 마음을 이해하는 과정에서 시작된다. 이러한 타자와의 소통방식과 소통과정은 교육적인 측면에서 강조하는 공감이며, 유가에서의 공감은 가장 기본적인 소통단위라고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 공자가 발문을 중심으로 제자들을 교육한 방법을 󰡔논어(論語)󰡕를 중심으로 살펴보면, 제자들의 평소의 성격이나 행동 양식, 지식과 인격의 정도, 성장 과정 등을 고려하여 각자의 상황에 맞는 눈높이 교육 또는 맞춤식 교육을 진행하였다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 맞춤식 교육의 이면에는 기본적으로 시중(時中)이라는 교육 원칙이 바탕이 되었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 공자의 교육론을 바탕으로 인성교육의 원칙으로서 사덕(四德)과 관련한 실천적 덕론을, 인성교육의 방법적 원리로서 충서지도(忠恕之道)를, 수업 운영과 관련한 문답식 수업의 의미 등을 󰡔논어(論語)󰡕 원전 분석과 연관하여 논의함으로써 실천성, 공감, 개별화 등을 중심으로 하는 초등학교 도덕과 교육에서의 인성교육 방안을 제시하였다. 이상에서 살펴보았듯이, 공자의 교육사상은 현 시대의 인성교육 방안을 모색하는데 있어서 풍부한 내용과 다양한 접근 방법을 제공함으로써 미래지향적이고도 지속가능한 교육적 시사점을 제시하고 있다. The purpose of this study was to present a character education plan based on the educational ideas of Confucius, who had a profound influence on education in Korea, by taking issue with the need for character education in Korea at present, but there is no corresponding educational practice. This is also part of the expectation that the fundamental meaning of character education will be enhanced through educational efforts and that it will contribute to morality and education by seeking various ways of character education. To this end, in this study, the goals and contents of character education were first examined and the specific directing point of character education was discussed. The goal of character education is to make students understand and practice basic values and core ethical values such as respect, justice and democratic civic qualities in order to live successfully in a future society. Therefore, the purpose of character education can be set up as the right establishment of character concept prior to character education, morality, ethics, and education as the core subjects of character education to secure its affiliation, furthermore, teachers and parents, schools and local communities cooperate with each other, and within them, the role of a guide who can set and reflect on the rules that students should follow on their own. In elementary schools, character education is conducted through various educational activities, but it is generally implemented as subject education or creative experience activities. In particular, it is necessary to recall that character education in elementary schools is mainly conducted by homeroom teachers, and its meaning can only be clarified if it is not limited to the area of theoretical knowledge but also places more weight on the area of practice in one's real life. The current status and limitations of character education can be identified through the best cases of character education in elementary schools and the best cases of character education in private organizations, which are presented as part of the analysis of the status of character education in elementary schools. Character education can become more diverse and rich when schools, families, and local communities cooperate with each other, and it is desirable to operate programs related to character education in various fields such as art and sports as well as curriculum in terms of students' satisfaction, and it is necessary to operate student-led autonomous, practical and experiential character education programs with the original purpose of character education. Next is the exploration of Confucius' educational ideas and character education, which is the theoretical background of this research topic. In the philosophy of Confucian scholar, including Confucius, it has always been emphasized that the realization of the nature of virtue granted by heaven rather than the nature of virtue should practice the proper duty of human beings. In the matter of concrete practice, propriety(禮) can be cited as forms of practicing benevolence(仁) and filial piety and brotherly love(孝弟) as gradual expansion of value relations. The beginning of the benevolence(仁) is filial piety and reverence, which is to expand and realize in the home, society, state and world. Therefore, the realization of virtue emphasized by Confucius, or virtue, can be seen as a process of efforts to be reborn as a social human being. Also, the meaning of faithfulness and benevolence(忠恕之道) as Confucius suggested, the love of others begins in the process of understanding others' minds. This method of communication and process of communication with others is a sympathy that is emphasized in terms of education. Sympathy in the philosophy of Confucian scholar is the most basic unit of communication. In addition, if you look at the way Confucius educated his disciples based on their learning in the Analects of Confucius(論語), you can see that the disciples were educated at an eye level or a customized level, considering their usual characteristics, behavior patterns, level of knowledge and character, and the process of growth. Behind this custom-made education was the principle of education, which is basically time-based(時中). Finally, based on Confucius' theory of education, this study suggested a plan for character education in the elementary school moral education by discussing practical virtues related to four virtues(四德) as a principle of character education, faithfulness and benevolence(忠恕之道) as a method of character education, and the meaning of question-and-answer classes related to teaching methods in connection with the analysis of the original text of the Analects of Confucius(論語). As we saw above, Confucius's educational ideas provide future-oriented and sustainable educational implications by providing various approaches and rich contents in exploring ways to educate character in the present era.

孔子의 敎育思想 硏究

장주아 慶星大學校 敎育大學院 2007 국내석사

禮의 淵源的 考察 : 孔子의 禮論을 中心으로

조준하 成均館大學校 1972 국내석사

孔子 '和而不同' 정신의 감정교육적 함의 연구

조해나 서울교육대학교 교육대학원 2012 국내석사

孔子의 仁에 關한 硏究

임종찬 啓明大學校 1985 국내석사

TiO₂(001) 단결정 표면에 흡착한 유기 분자의 결합 구조에 대한 광전자 분광 연구와 anatase TiO₂나노결정의 합성과 반응성에 대한 연구

공자현 아주대학교 2012 국내석사

도시관광 활성화를 위한 역사문화자원의 관광자원 잠재력개발 평가지표 연구

공자원 경희대학교 2011 국내박사

Urban has became main tourism destination and the interest regarding urban has been increased since 1990. The first reason of this is policy reaction of a urban regarding the problems from the increase of tourists in historical cities, the other reason is that tourism was recognized as strategical way to regenerate the urban in the late industrial society. Interest increase of urban tourism caused competition between the cities, and the cities tried to have competitiveness from similar cities. The characters of the place and resources of tourism sights were figured out, it became important to develop its own character based on that. That is why historical culture resources which the cities have became very important to make different factors from other cities, and potential evaluation indicator which historical culture resources have as tourism resources. Evaluation of potential ability of tourism resources modernizes potential ability of tourism resources, analyzes value of the resources, and maximizes utility of tourism resources. However, analyzing model that figures out actual potential ability of tourism resources as well as indicator development studies are not enough, it is worse when it goes to embodiment of urban tourism, historical culture resources. Urban tourism is developed based on the process of development of tourism resources for rural areas as basic study for urban tourism is not enough, as a result, there is no special tourism development and characters of cities. This study selected potential ability development indicator applied to historical culture resources in major big cities through the study regarding development of potential ability of tourism resources. First, weight for each indicator applied to develop potential ability of tourism of historical culture resources with selected indicators and effects of the indicators to potential ability of royal ancestral shrine were figured out. Next, weight difference between historical culture resources and ancestral shrine of the royal family about each indicator were compared to figure out the ways for development of potential ability of royal ancestral shrine. Potential ability evaluation of historical culture resources as tourism resources modernizes the potential ability, analyzes the value and character of the resources accurate, and maximizes the resources use as tourism resources are developed, protected, used and managed. The indicators were found out based on 4 main factors of urban tourism which are spatial factor, manpower factor, tourism resource factor, and policy factor. Royal ancestral shrine was selected as study object because it has less tourists than other ancient palaces and special character than other palaces' historical and architectural values. The survey was carried out by professors and experts, and AHP analysis was used for survey analysis. As a result of analysis of potential ability for tourism of historical culture resources and royal ancestral shrine, the most important factor was preservation of tourism resources' own characters. Historical culture resources in the urban was influenced by the resources' own characters such as level of awareness about the resources, possession of traditional architecture style and scenery, historical characteristics, historical reputation, and attraction of various relics. Royal ancestral shrine was also influenced by the resources' own characters such as historical reputation, possession of traditional architecture style and scenery, historical characteristics, general level of awareness about the resources. The second important indicator is detail indicators such as spatial factors, quantity of main tourism resources throughout the distance which is available to walk to see them, scenery around historical culture resources, transportation accessibility from the urban, distance from the close tourism resources, it was also found out that spatial factors, quantity of main tourism resources throughout the distance which is available to walk to see them, scenery around historical culture resources, transportation accessibility from the urban, distance from the close tourism resources are important factors for royal ancestral shrine. Thus, Development of potential ability of tourism for historical culture resources should progress to strengthen the connection and approach of tourism resources with its own resources. This study compared detail indicators effective the potential abilities of historical culture resources and royal ancestral shrine with the same indicator items, the important sequence is as follows: Tourism resources factor > Spatial factor > Policy factor > manpower factor As a result of comparison of detail indicators effective to potential ability regarding each factor, there was no sequence for factors, however, royal ancestral shrine was more influenced by spatial factor and policy factor than historical culture resources. When you see the indicator with higher weight of historical culture resources in the indicators which has more than 1% of weight difference of potential ability between historical culture resources and royal ancestral shrine, the sequence is as follows: Level of awareness regarding the resources > Attraction of various relics > Scenery around the historical culture resources > Provision of historical and traditional experience programs. Importance and implication of this study are to pay attention to the importance of urban tourism, and to systemize and manage the concept of urban tourism and components of urban tourism resources. Second, this study was developed indicators effective to development of urban tourism, Third, this study was different from other study as it selected evaluation indicators that develop potential ability of tourism resources with historical culture resources. Importance and implication for the policy, level of awareness about the resources, attraction of various relics, scenery around the historical culture resources, provision of historical and traditional experience programs are the factors which should be improved to develop potential ability of royal ancestral shrine. It is needed to find public relations or marketing plans to improve the level of awareness of royal ancestral shrine to local people and foreigners regarding history and characteristics royal ancestral shrine has to improve potential ability of development of royal ancestral shrine. Also, experience programs should be developed with the indigenous characteristic felt as holy space. It is needed to improve organize around the royal ancestral shrine as appearance of royal ancestral shrine park or around it might be visually restricted. Second, it is needed to change the direction of urban renewal including the royal ancestral shrine in Seoul. As you can see the result of this study, the resources' own character is evaluated as one of the important factors to develop potential ability of historical culture resources, tourism development with preservation of the royal ancestral shrine should be proceeded. However, development work Seoul has planned might destroy the scenery of royal ancestral shrine. Large building construction plan in front of royal ancestral shrine was rejected by Cultural properties committee in 2010, but Seoul is trying to make alternative to proceed the plan. Historical culture scenery in the center of the urban would be disappeared and hidden by the large and tall buildings and would lose its attraction if it is developed with the previous rejected plan. Full review and supplementation of the plan are absolutely needed before the development as it is difficult to recover the attraction of the resources once it is destroyed. The most important factor to improve potential ability of development of historical culture resources is the resources' own characteristics, and the attraction and history of the resources are important in this study. It is better to preserve appearance and reorganize inside of royal ancestral shrine, organize the poor environment around royal ancestral shrine than to construct new tall buildings, and it is also needed to improve connection of 4 palaces located in the center of Seoul and accessibility with other historical culture resources with royal ancestral shrine.

서울시 문화거리의 장소마케팅에 관한 연구 : 대학로를 사례지역으로

공자원 경희대학교 대학원 2000 국내석사

오늘날 도시를 둘러싼 환경은 과거와는 전혀 다른 특색을 나타내고 있다. 즉, 경제활동의 세계화 및 정보 경제의 출현과 함께, 인간의 가치와 복지가 더욱 강조되고, 포스트 포디즘으로 대표되는 새로운 생산양식이 나타나고 있으며, 또한 정보 통신기술의 변화로 시간과 공간의 수렴화가 이루어진 지구촌화가 되고 있다. 이렇듯, 기업의 이동이 자유로워지고 포스트 포디즘의 유연적 축적 생산방식이 도입됨에 따라 전세계는 동일한 영향권 아래 놓이게 되었고, 국가가 심각한 재정난에 봉착하여 더 이상 복지정책을 유지하기가 힘들어 지면서, 각 도시가 가지는 정치·경제·문화적 의의가 더욱 커지게 된 것이다. 이러한 세계 경제의 재구조화와 기업의 전략변화는 전세계적으로 도시의 지역구조를 급속히 변화시켰고, 이에 대처해서 도시정부는 범지구적으로 빠르게 회전하는 자본을 자기지역에 유치하기 위해, 새로운 도시이미지를 만들어 가기 시작한 것이다. 즉, 장소의 특성과 이미지가 중요한 입지결정 요인으로 되었기 때문에, 이제 장소는 단순한 생활의 터전이 아니라, 자유경쟁 시장에서 자본의 유입을 위해 서로 경쟁하는 사회·경제적인 기회로 여겨지게 되었다. 이와 같은 담론 속 에서, 장소는 "상품화"되고, "소비"되며, "광고"될 뿐만 아니라, "판매"되는 대상으로 간주되고 있으며, 이러한 과정과 관련된 현상 가운데 하나가, "장소마케팅"이다. 장소마케팅이란 "장소를 관리하는 개인이나 조직에 의해 추구되는 일련의 경제적·사회적 활동으로, 지리적으로 규정된 특정한 장소의 이미지를 매력적으로 보이게 해서, 기업가(투자자)와 관광객, 심지어는 지역주민들에게까지, 그 장소를 판촉하는 다양한 방식의 노력"이라고 할 수 있다. 장소마케팅에는, 많은 관광객들이 그 장소를 방문하도록 유도하거나 기업의 자본을 유치하려는 경제논리가 기본적으로 내재되어 있으며, 지역주민들로 하여금 그 지역에 대한 정체성을 갖게 하는 수단으로 이용되기도 한다. 우리 나라에서는, 1990년대에 들어 장소마케팅의 성격을 지니는 현상들이 본격적으로 나타나기 시작했는데, 이러한 장소마케팅의 대두와 함께 주목할 만한 또 하나의 사실은, 삶의 질과 관련된 문화나 여가생활에 대해 관심을 갖기 시작했다는 것이다. 이러한 관심으로 인해, 우리 나라의 도시들은 문화·관광 전략, 특히 이벤트나 축제의 개최를 통해 관광도시로 도약하려는 데에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 더욱이 현대에서 관광의 개념은 생활공간을 벗어나 다른 지역으로 이동하는 단순한 여행의 개념이 아니라, 일상 생활을 하는 가운데 휴식·기분전환·자기계발 등을 목적으로 하는 모든 활동으로 여겨지고 있다. 그렇기 때문에, 일상생활권인 도시내에 조성되는 관광 및 여가공간이 가지는 의의가 더 크다고 할 수 있다. 앞에서 언급한 "장소마케팅의 필요성"과 "도시민들의 여가·휴식공간의 필요성"이라는 두 개의 시대적 요구를 동시에 만족시킬 수 있는 방법 중 하나가, 문화의 거리를 조성하는 것이다. 문화의 거리는 누구나 접근 가능한 공공 공간이기 때문에, 서로 다른 다양한 계층과 취향을 가진 사람들이 한 자리에 모일 수 있는 공간으로서 서구의 도시에서는 쇠퇴한 도심에 새로운 활력을 불러 넣기 위한 방법으로 이용되고 있다. 또한 기존에 있던 거리를 잘 정비하여 문화의 거리를 조성하는 것이기 때문에, 도시의 경관을 정돈하는 효과도 가질 수 있고, 현대 소비활동의 특성이라고 할 수 있는 소비활동의 문화적 지향성을 충족시켜 지역의 상권을 활성화시키는 데에도 도움을 준다. 또한 문화의 거리는, 그 곳에 사는 사람들의 일상생활과 항상 관계를 맺고있는 곳으로, 도시민들이 늘 생활 속에서 누리는 곳이기 때문에, 문화의 거리가 매력 있는 문화공간으로 조성된다면, 누구나 쉽게 찾을 수 있는 여가 및 문화공간이 되며, 일상에 지친 시민을 위한 휴식장소로서 역할 할 것이다. 더욱이 독특한 지역문화로서 각 지역의 역사성과 지역성을 반영하려고 노력하고 있기 때문에, 문화의 거리가 가지 는 지역적·공간적 의미에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는, 첫째, 장소마케팅의 이론적인 배경을 살펴보고, 둘째, 우리 나라의 장소마케팅 방식을 살펴보았으며, 셋째, 대학로를 연구 대상지역으로 선정하여, 장소마케팅에 대한 경험적인 분석을 하였다. 그리고, 마지막으로 이러한 연구 결과들을 바탕으로, 우리 나라에서 시행하고 있는 장소마케팅을 평가해 보았다. 앞에서 제시한 연구의 목적을 수행하기 위해, 먼저 여러 가지 문헌을 통한 선행연구를 하였고, 이러한 1차적인 문헌연구의 결과를 통해 얻어진 사실을 바탕으로, 장소마케팅의 방식중 하나인 문화의 거리를 연구대상으로 설정하였다. 그리고 문화의 거리 조성이라는 장소마케팅 방식이 그곳을 이용하고 있는 사람들에게는 어떻게 인식되고 있는지를 알아보기 위해서, 우리 나라에서 가장 대표적으로 문화예술의 거리라는 이미지를 가지고 있는 대학로를 연구지역으로 설정한 다음, 설문조사와 인터뷰를 하였고, 그 결과를 가지고 이에 대한 경험적인 분석을 하였다. 그 동안 서울은 도시공간의 과밀화·비대화로 인해 시민들의 문화 예술활동에 대한 욕구를 충족시켜 줄 문화공간을 제대로 갖추지 못하고 있기 때문에, 이러한 장소가 절실히 필요한 상황에 있었다. 이러한 상황하에서, 시민들의 정서를 함양하기 위한 목적으로, 대학로 및 그 주변 일대를 문화예술의 거리로 조성하게 되었다. 그러나 젊은이들을 위한 건전한 문화공간을 만들어서, 문화에 대한 인식과 안목을 넓히고, 가족과 더불어 산책을 즐길 수 있는 장소로 만들려는 처음의 구상과는 달리, 대학로는 청소년들의 탈선과 무질서의 장(場)으로 변질되었다. 이러한 좋지 않은 이미지에서 벗어나기 위하여, 대학로의 여러 주체들은 많은 노력을 하기 시작했으며, 그 중 가장 대표적인 방법이 축제의 개최이다. 대학로의 가장 대표적인 장소마케팅의 방식이라고 할 수 있는 대학로의 각종 축제들은 시민들에게 문화를 향유할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 것과 아울러, 기존의 퇴폐적이고 향락적인 지역 이미지를 개선하여, 문화예술의 거리라는 정체성을 확립하고자 하기 위한 것이었다. 이 외에도 시민들에게 대학로의 각종 문화예술 정보를 신속하게 전달하는 것과 홍보기능을 주목적으로 하는 홍보 신문을 발행하고, 홈페이지를 만드는 방법 등을 통해, 대학로의 마케팅을 계속하고 있다. 대학로의 장소마케팅에 대한 실증적인 조사 결과, 먼저 홈페이지나 지역신문 등을 이용한 방법은, 아직까지 그렇게 큰 반향을 일으키지는 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 점점 많은 사람들이 이러한 매체에 대해 관심을 가지면서, 이에 대한 인지가 높아지고 있는 것을 볼 때, 대학로 장소마케팅의 시행 주체들이 지속적으로 관심을 갖고 노력한다면, 해결가능한 일이라고 생각된다. 또, 축제의 개최를 통한 장소마케팅은, 매우 긍정적인 역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 설문 조사를 통해 나타난 몇몇 문제점들을 해결한다면, 더욱 바람직한 축제의 모습이 되어, 본래 장소마케팅의 목적을, 긍정적으로 수행할 수 있으리라고 생각된다. Harvey는 지난 20여년 사이에 장소의 중요성이 증대하게 된 이유를, 자본축적의 범지구적 양상 속에서 1970년경부터 공간관계가 급격히 재구조화됨에 따라, 장소들의 상대적 입지가 바뀌었고, 각 지역은 새로운 공간관계와 자본축적의 얼개 속에서 살아남기 위하여, 장소마케팅을 통한 장소차별화 전략을 구사하고 있기 때문이라고 설명하였다. 이러한 장소간 경쟁은 단순한 생산기능의 유치뿐만 아니라, 장소 이미지에 대한 판매, 특정 장소와 관련된 토착 전통 등을 통해 소비자(수요자)를 끌어들이기도 한다. 최근 우리 나라의 도시들에서도 이러한 방식이 많이 이용되고 있는데, 장소마케팅 전략을 통해 지역의 이미지를 재창출함으로써, 지역경제를 활성화시키고, 지역에 대한 정체성을 형성시키려고 노력하고 있다. 더욱이 세계화·지방화 시대를 맞이하여 각 지역에서는 지역성장 전략으로 채택할 가능성이 매우 높기 때문에, 앞으로 장소마케팅은 그 중요성이 더욱 증대될 것이다. 그러나 이때, 가장 중요한 것은, 각 지역의 역사와 현실에 맞는 전략을 세우는 것과 지역주민들이 실질적인 장소마케팅의 주체가 되어야 한다는 것이다. 그러나 최근 우리 나라에서는 서구의 경험을 무비판적 으로 수용하는 경우가 많으며, 지역주민의 삶을 고려하기보다는 외부의 수요를 맞추는 데에만 중점을 두고있다. 그렇기 때문에, 보다 성공적인 장소마케팅이 이루어지기 위해서는, 각 지역 고유의 특성을 보존·재현하는 동시에, 지역경제 활성화에 이바지할 수 있는 방법을 모색해야 한다. 더 나아가서는, 지역주민들의 삶의 질까지도 고려하는 장소마케팅이 될 때, 보다 더 의미있고 성공적인 지역 개발전략으로 발전할 수 있을 것이다. Circumstances surrounded by city in these days shows the peculiarity totally different from those of past. So to speak, with the internationalization of economic activities and the advent of information economy, the human value and welfare being more emphasized, the new production activities representing Post-Fordism being came up and the change of information communication technology being made, it will have been the globalism converged of the time and the space. Thus, as the transfer of enterprise is being more free and a flexible accumulation production activities of Post-Fordism is being introduced, so the whole world is influenced by one common thing; as the welfare policy, meanwhile, is being difficult to maintain continually due to the severe financial hardship imposed on the nation, the meaning of Politics, Economy and Culture hold by each city is gradually being gotten bigger and bigger. This reorganization of international economy and strategic change of enterprise cause the local structure of ci ties to be altered rapidly all over the world. The metropolitan government which is trying to handle above fact is about to refresh it's image in order to draw the fast circulated finances throughout the world into it's local area. In other words, since the feature and the image of place is such a primary factor to determine conditions of location, the place is not considered as a simple site for living but as a social and economical opportunity in which someone is competing each other for the financial inflow from the free trade market. As stated in this discussion, the place is considered as a object for "merchandising", "consumption" and "advertisement" as well as "sale". One of this phenomenon related to above course is just "the Place Marketing". The Place Marketing is defined as "a series of economical and social activities pursued by individual or organization managing the place and as a various effort promoting the place to the entrepreneurs(the investor), the tourists and even the local residents by showing the better image of specific place where is regulated by geographical features." The place marketing primarily includes the logic of economy not only to attract a number of tourists to that place but also to invite the capitals of enterprise. And it is used by a method which makes local residents to have identity of their place. In our country did fully appear a phenomenon possessing features of the place marketing in 1990's. With the introduction of this place marketing, it is also a notable fact that people grew to be interested in culture and leisure involved with the quality of life. For this reason, most of the cities in our country is making a great effort to be advanced to tour city by way of the strategy of culture and tour, i.e., some events and festivals in particular. Moreover, since the general idea of tour in recent days is not considered as a simple trip that people move to other place from a living areas but as an activity for a rest, a recreation and a self-development, the meaning of leisure space builded up in the city, a living area, is said to be much bigger. As discussed previously in this text, one of methods satisfying two demands of the times such as "the necessity of place marketing" and "the necessity of leisure and rest place for city dwellers" is to make the street of culture. The reason why the street of culture is a easily accessible public area, it is used for bringing new vitality to the declining heart of city in that of western as a space in which people with a diversity of status and taste get together. On top of that, because the way of making the street of culture is just to arrange the former street very well, it will be effective to well-organize the view of city and helpful to activate the local market enough to satisfy the cultural inclination of consumption activities, namely, the characteristic of modern consumption activities. And also since the street of culture is always related to the daily life of people dwelled in that area and is the place where city inhabitants live a every day life, if it will be made up to be a cool culture area , it surely will be the place of rest and culture where anyone easily come to and will be played a role as a rest place for tired residents. We also think that the study on the meaning of local and space possessed by the cultural distance is very important because we try our best to reflect the history and the regionalism of each area as a peculiar local culture. From above point of this study, at first we illustrated the theoretical backgrounds of the place marketing, at second we chose Daehak-ro as a subject area of this study and analyzed it empirically for the place marketing, and last we estimated the place marketing carried out by our country based on above study findings. In order to accomplish the aim of this study suggested previously, at first we studied it in advance through the various documents and then we appointed the street of culture, which is one method of the place marketing, as our subject of study on the basis of the truth through findings of the 1st study of documents. To find out how people coming to the street of culture recognized the method of the place marketing, a buildup of cultural street, we selected Daehak-ro where is regarded as the most typical street of culture and art for the subject area of our study and then did an empirical analysis with findings earned through questionnaire and interview. Since Seoul doesn't have any cultural space enough to satisfy all demands for resident's culture and art activities owing to the overpopulation and the enlargement of metropolitan area, it is seriously necessary to have this area. Under the circumstances, Daehak-ro and neighboring areas were made to be a aim for cultivating dweller's emotion. Different from the original plan of Daehak-ro build-up, that is, presenting a sound place for the youths, expanding the knowledge and good eye for culture and providing the place for families' walk, however, it is ended up to be the stage for juvenile delinquency and disorder. A lot of main groups based in Daehak-ro are making their effort to get out of such a bad image. The most representative method is taking place festivals. The most effective method of the place marketing, a diversity of festival hold in Daehak-ro is aimed to give the opportunity to residents to enjoy the culture and to establish the identity of the street of culture and art after improving the fo rmer local image of decadence and pleasure. Besides the main groups in Daehak-ro keeps on informing various culture and art information quickly to dwellers and marketing Daehak-ro through release of publicity papers primarily for public relations and method for making home-page. If we, first, examine that this place marketing effect the image changes of Daehak-ro, we get to know that the percentage is low to get the information of Daehak-ro by way of TV, newspapers and internet, a real method of place marketing. On the contrary, in case of Insa-dong, it is revealed that the percentage is very high to get the information of various events held in Insa-dong through mass media. These findings shows that the main groups of Insa-dong continue to make an effective effort for place marketing more than those of Daehak-ro. It is shown that the marketing through TV, radio and newspapers is such a temporary publicity for festival that it is a difficult situation to be recognized continuously. Even though the publicity through internet is , in a sense, a continuous method, it is not revealed yet that the publicity through internet makes a great effect. Therefore we get to know that we need more continuous and systematic publicity through a general media. It is depicted that the information th rough this communication way makes a positive impact on the image of Daehak-ro. It is naturally follows that these media form a positive image on Daehak-ro because the place marketing is an activity which attracts people to visit the place more often by stressing it's good image. So if the place marketing is getting more activated and well recognized by people, the image of Daehak-ro will be formed into a good one. And next if we investigate that festivals have an effect on the image of Daehak-ro, we conclude that festival itself plays a major role in the place marketing of Daehak-ro. It is revealed that quite a people relatively recognize a variety of festivals held in Daehak-ro. However there are people who don't know about the festival being held in Daehak-ro yet. Above fact has been an obstacle to block marketing Daehakro through festivals. It is high that people get the information on festivals from their own way and their close people, whereas, it is relatively high that people obtain the information on festivals through newspapers, magazines, placards and posters. Judging from the fact showing the percentage is so high that people get the information on festival held in Daehak-ro through "newspapers and magazines" among the general mass media, we come to conclusion that it is important to make a public through a general and popular media such as newspapers and magazines until as of today. In the light of these findings, if the publicity will be continuously carried out well enough to attract many peoples to visit to the place, festival itself will be perfect media to advertise and emphasize the image of Daehak-ro well more than any other methods. Nonetheless, the Daehak-ro festival faces matters that "there are insufficient publicity on subject, date and place of festival" and "there is not any event showing the essential features of Daehakro". That is to say, although the festival will be held for marketing to let people know that Daehak-ro is the "street of Culture", the festival has not evoked a response to peo ple due to the shortage of the publicity and the events showing the characteristics of Daehak-ro. It is necessary that main groups should improve the quality of festival in Daehak-ro because such a festival is held for specific spell and one time show business. These actual findings on place marketing on Daehak-ro shows that the method using home-page and local newspapers does not respond big time to people yet. However, noted that more and more people are getting interested in this kind of media and is getting to recognize it, the main groups being interested in the place marketing of Daehak-ro in continuity, it will be workable. In addition to this, the place marketing through festivals played a very positive role. If we solve out few problems illustrated by questionnaire findings, it is to be believed that we can accomplish the original goal of the place marketing to be optimistic with more desirable features of festival. Harvey explained the reason why the importance of place has been big for the past 20 years is because the relative location of place is changed and the differential strategy of place through place marketing is made in order to survive in the structure of new space relationship and capital accumulation according to the fast reorganization of space relationship in the global aspect of capital accumulation from 1970's. This competition among areas attracts a simple production function as well as consumers(people who demand something) through sales on the image of place and a native tradition related to the specific place. We are recently utilizing this above method in our cities. We try our best to activate local economy and form the identity of local by reorganizing the local image through the strategy of place marketing. Moreover, facing the era of internationalization and regionalism, since the chance is so high that each of region accepts the place marketing as the strategy of local development, the impor tance of place marketing will be increased in the future. The most important thing to keep in mind is to set the strategy matching the past and the present of each region and to make local inhabitants be main groups for a real place marketing. Though, we are afraid to say that we accept the experience of Western without any criticism into our country and would focus on meeting the demand from the outside world rather than consider the life of local residents. For this reason, we have to think of the methods for preserving and reproduce the original characteristics of each region and devoting to activate the local economy in order to accomplish the place marketing successively. Further more, when the place marketing will be turn to consider the life quality of local dwellers, it will be advanced to more meaningful and successive local development strategy.

동아시아 ‘하루키 현상’의 동시대성 : 1990년대 말 무라카미 하루키(村上春樹) 수용에 관한 한중 비교 연구

공자강 성균관대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내석사

본 논문은 동아시아에서의 주목할 만한 문학·문화 현상인 ‘무라카미 하루키 현상’에 착안하여 한국과 중국을 중심으로 하루키 현상에 나타난 동시대성을 연구했다. 본 논문은 1990년대 말에 특히 주목했다. 이 시기에 양국에서 하루키 현상과 관련하여 비슷한 사회문화적 표징이 관찰되었기 때문이다. 먼저 제2장에서는 선행 연구 중 충분히 설명되지 못한 중국의 하루키 현상의 정확한 시기를 규명한다. 본 장에서는 다양한 통계 자료와 회고록 등을 바탕으로 이 현상이 나타난 시기가 1990년대 말이라고 주장한다. 이와 관련해 이 시기 가장 중요한 키워드가 ‘쁘띠 부르주아’임에 주목하여 본 논문은 1990년대 중국의 하루키 수용에 관한 4가지 맥락을 정리해 제시한다. 출판, 독자, 그리고 연구계에서의 영향력을 기준으로 본 4가지 맥락은 포르노그래피 맥락, 쁘띠 부르주아 맥락, 포스트모더니즘 맥락, 그리고 번역 맥락이다. 표상의 측면에서 보면, 중국의 쁘띠 부르주아적 하루키 상은 한국의 ‘쿨’한 하루키 상과 상당히 비슷하다. 본 논문은 양자의 상황을 따로 분석하고 다시 비교하는 작업을 진행한다. 한편, 중국의 하루키 현상은 상하이와 같은 대도시 그리고 비교적 경제가 발전한 지역을 중심으로 나타난 것이다. 중국의 자본주의적 도시의 부흥과 반려된 세속적인 도시문화의 부흥이 중국 쁘띠 부르주아 담론을 제기하게 된 가장 중요한 배경이라고 주장한다. 그 다음 ‘쁘띠 부르주아’가 왜 ‘샤오쯔’로 변화되었는지에 대해 어원과 1990년대 중국사회의 사상 맥락을 고찰한다. 급속한 사회분화의 현실 속에서 개인주의가 부활하고 중국사회가 ‘계급투쟁’에 대하여 경계와 거부의 태도를 나타냈기 때문이라고 주장한다. 이에 따라 텍스트 분석을 통해 『노르웨이의 숲』이 개인주의 시대의 사랑 이야기를 담고 있는 것으로 보고, 이러한 이야기는 일종의 현실주의로 읽을 수 있다고 논의한다. 한편, 한국의 ‘쿨’ 맥락은 오랫동안 간과되어 왔다. 본 논문은 먼저 한국인이 언급한 ‘쿨’ 맥락을 제시하고 설명한다. 그 다음 ‘쿨’의 문화적 정의, ‘쿨’이 보여준 미국문화, 그리고 하루키 문학을 둘러싸고 미국인, 한국인, 일본인이 인식하고 있는 ‘쿨’ 감각을 정리함으로써 ‘쿨’의 이미지를 소개한다. 그 중 한국의 ‘쿨’ 맥락은 한국의 신세대 담론과 연결되어 있다는 것을 발견했다. 이러한 신세대 담론은 사실 단절의 효과를 나타낼 수 있다. 따라서 『노르웨이의 숲』을 통해 ‘쿨’은 타인과 과거로부터의 단절에서 출발한 것으로 분석한다. 이를 바탕으로 비교 분석하여 양국의 하루키 인식에는 개인주의 성격이 뚜렷하고 과거와 혁명을 망각하는 이데올로기가 작용하고 있음을 주장한다. 무엇보다 이러한 이데올로기가 자발적인 것이 아니라 미국이 주도한 세계 질서와 신자유주의의 폭력적 실천의 산물에 동아시아를 편입하는 과정으로 상정한다. 개인주의의 시대, 그리고 과거와 혁명에 대한 거부는 세계적인 사조인 것이다. 즉, 하루키 현상에서 발견된 동시대 감수성이 결국 미국 중심의 동시대성임을 제시한다. This paper conducted research on the contemporary aspects of the Murakami Haruki phenomenon, a notable literary and cultural phenomenon in East Asia, focusing on South Korea and China. The paper gained particular attention in the late 1990s because during this period, similar socio-cultural symbols related to the Haruki phenomenon were observed in both countries. In Chapter 2, the paper identifies the precise timing of the Haruki phenomenon in China, which has not been adequately explained in previous studies. Based on various statistical data and memoirs, this paper argues that the phenomenon emerged in the late 1990s. In this context, the paper highlights the most important keyword of that period, “Petit Bourgeoisie,” and presents four contexts regarding the reception of Haruki in China in the 1990s: the context of pornography, the context of Petit Bourgeoisie, the context of postmodernism, and the context of translation, based on their impact on publishing, readership, and research community. From a symbolic perspective, the Petit Bourgeoisie-oriented Haruki phenomenon in China bears a considerable resemblance to the “cool” Haruki phenomenon in South Korea. The paper analyzes and compares these two situations separately. On the other hand, the Haruki phenomenon in China emerged mainly in major cities such as Shanghai and economically developed regions. The paper argues that the resurgence of capitalist cities and the resurgence of secular urban culture in China constituted the most important background for the emergence of the Petit Bourgeoisie discourse in China. Subsequently, the paper explores the origins of why “Petit Bourgeoisie” transformed into “Xiaozi” and examines the intellectual context of Chinese society in the 1990s. It argues that the revival of individualism and the attitude of caution and rejection toward class struggle in Chinese society amid rapid social differentiation played a significant role. Based on textual analysis, the paper suggests that Norwegian Wood contains a love story of the individualistic era and discusses how such a story can be read as a kind of realism. Meanwhile, the “cool” context in South Korea has long been overlooked. The paper first presents and explains the “cool” context mentioned by Koreans. It then introduces the cultural definition of “cool,” the American culture reflected in “cool,” and the perception of “cool” by Americans, Koreans, and Japanese surrounding Haruki’s literature. Among them, the paper discovers that the “cool” context in South Korea is connected to the discourse of the new generation in Korea, which can represent the effect of disconnection. Therefore, based on the text analysis that Norwegian Wood signifies the departure from others and the past, the paper argues that “cool” in South Korea has a distinct individualistic character and is influenced by an ideology that forgets the past and revolution. Above all, this ideology is not voluntary but rather the result of the process of incorporating East Asia into the world order led by the United States and the violent practice of neoliberalism. The era of individualism and the rejection of the past and revolution are universal trends. In other words, the simultaneous sensitivity found in the Haruki phenomenon ultimately suggests a US-centric contemporaneity.

포송령과 에드거 앨런포의 초자연적인 단편소설 속의 여성인물의 비교연구

Gong, ZiYun 충북대학교 2019 국내석사

Women are an indispensable element when it comes to writing literature. Many writers have tried to create perfect female characters which reflect both their aesthetic ideals and their attitudes toward women. This thesis aims at comparing two writers and their works, Chinese writer Pu Songling and American writer Edgar Allan Poe, who both preferred to create beautiful female characters. Pu Songling was one of the most influential Chinese writers of the 17th century. His magnum opus, Liaozhai Zhiyi, is revered as a masterful short story for its concise writing style and creativity. Poe is a famous 19th century American poet and novelist who maintains a prominent position in American literature and is regarded as the father of the detective novel genre. This dissertation is a comparative study between the female images as presented in the supernatural stories of Pu and the horror stories of Poe. The two are comparable by virtue of the fact that even though these authors lived in different times and regions, they both showed interest in writing about beautiful women and their love lives. The purpose of this thesis is to discover the connections between the two authors' works and to investigate the root cause of the formation of two authors' views on women in their work. With that propose, this thesis attempts to take, primarily, three supernatural stories of Pu, "A Bao" (阿宝), "The Magic Sword" (聂小倩) and "Ying Ning" (婴宁) and compares them to three of Poe's works, "The Oval Portray", "Berenice" and "Ligeia". This thesis argues that the spiritual elements as depicted by the female characters in these stories reflect the writers' imaginations and understanding of different aspects of women. Besides the traditional virtues such as women's tolerance and beauty, the writers also recognize the wisdom and extraordinary will of women. However, in the context of a patriarchal culture, these female characters always appear as passive and exist as the "the other" in the stories. Women are an indispensable element when it comes to writing literature. Many writers have tried to create perfect female characters which reflect both their aesthetic ideals and their attitudes toward women. This thesis aims at comparing two writers and their works, Chinese writer Pu Songling and American writer Edgar Allan Poe, who both preferred to create beautiful female characters. Pu Songling was one of the most influential Chinese writers of the 17th century. His magnum opus, Liaozhai Zhiyi, is revered as a masterful short story for its concise writing style and creativity. Poe is a famous 19th century American poet and novelist who maintains a prominent position in American literature and is regarded as the father of the detective novel genre. This dissertation is a comparative study between the female images as presented in the supernatural stories of Pu and the horror stories of Poe. The two are comparable by virtue of the fact that even though these authors lived in different times and regions, they both showed interest in writing about beautiful women and their love lives. The purpose of this thesis is to discover the connections between the two authors' works and to investigate the root cause of the formation of two authors' views on women in their work. With that propose, this thesis attempts to take, primarily, three supernatural stories of Pu, "A Bao" (阿宝), "The Magic Sword" (聂小倩) and "Ying Ning" (婴宁) and compares them to three of Poe's works, "The Oval Portray", "Berenice" and "Ligeia". This thesis argues that the spiritual elements as depicted by the female characters in these stories reflect the writers' imaginations and understanding of different aspects of women. Besides the traditional virtues such as women's tolerance and beauty, the writers also recognize the wisdom and extraordinary will of women. However, in the context of a patriarchal culture, these female characters always appear as passive and exist as the "the other" in the stories.