Effectiveness of Water Privatization Policy in Developing Countries : Case Study of African and Asian Nations

YI JING KO 고려대학교 국제대학원 2016 국내석사

The paper aims to make an in-depth analysis of the privatization of water services imposed by IMF, in various regions across the globe focusing on developing nations, from standpoints of ethical implications involved as well as the financial viability of operations. It seeks to achieve that study of case studies addressing the management of water services in a market with a growing demand for this resource. This work seeks to analyze objectively the technical, political and social facts, ask specific questions to highlight the ethical issues facing water services management and offer some perspective on the applicable issues of privatization. This paper will primarily discuss the impact that the transference of ownership of water treatment infrastructures in impoverished nations to privately held organizations bears over the economy, to make connections with the aforementioned ethical and socio-political issues. Traditional viewpoint is that governments voluntarily privatize their assets under the burden of financial weights. Decisions taken by IMF and World Bank in certain African countries speak volumes of inhumanity, since some countries were forced to privatize existing water supply networks in exchange for loans.

중국 대학원 전문형 석사학위과정으로서의 한국어교육학 전공 개설 방안 연구

YI JING 고려대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

This paper aims to propose the development of a professional master's degree program in Korean language education for Chinese Korean language teachers, with the goal of enhancing their professional competence. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea in 1992, there has been a significant increase in demand for Chinese Korean language teachers, both in terms of quantity and quality, due to the remarkable development of Korean language education in China. However, the current availability of master's degree programs for training Korean language teachers in China is still at an early stage, and there is a lack of academic discourse on this subject. Therefore, this study highlights the need to establish a Korean language teacher education system within China to systematically and comprehensively educate teachers who can specialize in Korean language education. To determine the necessary competencies for non-native Korean language teachers, this study identifies the essential competencies required, including language proficiency and cultural understanding competence, pedagogical knowledge competence, and teaching competence. It also recognizes that these competencies are influenced by various external and internal factors within the diverse Korean language education settings in China. Based on this understanding, the study conducts literature review, interviews with students, and surveys among 31 Chinese Korean language teachers who are currently working or have worked in various Korean language education institutions in China, including universities, overseas education institutes, international high schools, general primary and secondary schools, and private Korean language academies, to investigate their perception of the importance of competence for Chinese Korean language teachers and their demands for a teacher training master's degree program. Additionally, interviews were conducted with hiring managers from five different Chinese educational institutions, including universities, overseas education institutes, international high schools, online & offline private Korean language academies, which employ Chinese Korean language teachers. The purpose was to explore the competencies that are prioritized during the hiring process and the actual job responsibilities and challenges faced by Chinese Korean language teachers. Based on the proposed competency framework for Chinese Korean language teachers, the study sets the educational objectives of the program as follows: "To cultivate professionals who possess not only language proficiency and cultural understanding competence but also pedagogical knowledge competence and teaching competence necessary for Korean language education in China." The program is structured into three main components: Subject Learning, Teaching Practice and Thesis/Report Submission. Although this study has limitations, such as the lack of empirical research on the proposed competency framework for Chinese Korean language teachers and the relatively small sample size of the survey and interview participants, it is significant in proposing a framework for the competencies of Chinese Korean language teachers and suggesting the establishment of a master's degree program in Korean language education for Chinese Korean language teachers. Despite these limitations, this study is expected to serve as a catalyst for further in-depth research on the competence framework of non-native Korean language teachers and for the development of comprehensive education programs for both non-native and Chinese Korean language teachers in the future, contributing to the professionalization and systematization of Korean language teacher education in China. 본 연구는 중국인 한국어 교사의 역량 개발을 위한 중국 대학원 전문형 석사학위과정으로서의 한국어교육학 전공 개설 방안을 마련하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 1992년 중·한 수교 이후로부터 중국에서 한국어교육의 도약적인 발전이 이루어짐에 따라 중국인 한국어 교사에 대한 수요도 양적·질적으로 상당히 높아졌다. 하지만 현재 중국 내 한국어 교사 양성 석사학위과정의 개설은 아직 출발 단계에 있음에 불과하며 이에 대한 학술적 논의도 매우 드물다. 이에 본고는 한국어교육학 관련 학문을 체계적으로 깊이 배우고 중국에서 한국어교육을 전문적으로 담당할 수 있는 교사를 양성하기 위해 중국 내의 한국어 교사 양성 시스템 마련의 필요성을 제기하였고, 중국 현지의 다양한 한국어교육 현장에서 한국어 교수 활동에 종사하는 중국인 한국어 교사 대상의 양성과정을 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 비원어민 한국어 교사로서 필요한 역량은 언어 능력 및 문화 이해 역량, 교수학적 내용 지식 역량, 교수 능력 역량으로 이루어지며, 이와 동시에 여러 외적·내적 요소의 영향을 받는다는 것을 밝혔다. 그리고 중국 내 다양한 한국어교육 현장 속에 한국어를 가르치는 중국인 한국어 교사에게 필요한 역량은 무엇인지를 파악하였다. 이를 바탕으로 중국 대학원 전문형 석사학위과정으로서의 '한어국제교육' 전공과 학술형 석사학위과정에서의 '한국어교육학'을 대상으로 자료 조사, 수강생 인터뷰를 통해 기존 석사학위 교육과정의 기본 윤곽을 파악하였고, 교육과정 개발에 적용할 수 있는 몇 가지 지향점을 도출하였다. 그리고 4년제 본과대학 한국어학과, 3년제 전문대학 한국어학과, 대학 해외교육원, 국제 중고등학교, 일반 초중고등학교, 사설 한국어학원 등 다양한 유형의 중국 현지 한국어 교육기관에서 근무하고 있거나 근무한 적이 있는 중국인 한국어 교사 31명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 진행하여 이들이 중국인 한국어 교사 역량의 중요성에 대한 인식, 또한 교사 양성 석사학위과정 개발에 대한 요구를 파악하였다. 또 한편으로, 중국인 한국어 교사를 채용하는 중국 현지 교육기관 가운데 4년제 본과대학 한국어학과, 대학 해외교육원, 국제 고등학교, 온라인 사설 한국어기관, 오프라인 사설 한국어기관 총 5개의 교육기관 채용 담당자와 인터뷰를 함으로써 실제 채용 과정에서 중점으로 보는 중국인 한국어 교사의 역량, 또한 중국인 한국어 교사의 실제 업무 내용 및 겪는 어려움을 조사하였다. 앞서 제시한 중국인 한국어 교사 역량 체계에 따라, 본고는 '중국 내 한국어교육에서 필요한 실무형 인재를 양성하기 위해 언어 능력과 문화 이해 능력뿐만 아니라 교사로서 알아야 할 한국어교육 교수학적 내용 지식, 한국어 교수 능력을 기른다'는 것을 교육과정의 교육목표로 설정하였다. 인재 양성 시스템은 크게 '과목 학습', '교육 실천', '학위논문/보고서 제출'로 구성하였다. '과목 학습'에 있어 언어 능력 및 문화 이해 역량을 지향하는 '한국어 언어문화 과목', 교수학적 내용 지식 역량과 교수 능력 역량을 지향하는 '한국어교육 핵심 과목', 중국인 한국어 교사 역량을 통합적으로 심화시키는 '한국어교육 실천 과목'이 포함되도록 하였으며 '교육 실천'에 있어 '수업 참관'과 '현장 실습'을 설계하였다. 본고는 중국인 한국어 교사의 역량은 분명히 원어민 한국어 교사와 달리할 필요성을 인식하여 이들의 역량 체계 구성 영역을 새로 조명하였으며 이에 기반한 양질의 중국인 한국어 교사 양성을 위해 중국 대학원 전문형 석사학위과정으로서의 '한국어교육학' 전공 개설 방안을 제안하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그러나 본고가 제기한 중국인 한국어 교사의 역량 체계 구성에 대한 실증적 연구가 없어 이런 역량 체계 설정의 타당성이 검증되지 못하였다는 점, 또한 현황 조사와 요구조사에서 다루어지는 기존 교육과정, 조사 참여자 수가 적어서 이로부터 얻은 결과는 일반성이 부족하다는 점, 제시한 교육과정 개발 방안의 효과와 실현 가능성을 검증하지 못했다는 점에서 본 연구는 한계를 가진다. 이러한 한계가 있음에도 불구하고 본 연구를 계기로 앞으로도 비원어민 한국어 교사, 중국인 한국어 교사의 역량 체계와, 이에 기반한 비원어민 한국어 교사 교육, 중국인 한국어 교사 교육에 대한 심도 있는 연구가 많이 이루어질 것으로 기대하며 중국 내의 한국어 교사 교육도 나날이 점차 전문화·체계화되기를 기대한다.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous rhenium catalysts for sustainable transformations of polyols, alcohols, and amines

Yi, Jing Purdue University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Biomass-derived molecules, such as sugar polyols and lignin, are promising feedstock for making small and useful organics (SUO) and high value-added organics (HVO). However, the high oxygen to carbon ratio (C:O ≈ 1) prohibits the direct use of biomass-derived molecules as energy carriers and chemicals. Deoxygenation of polyols has become an important challenge in the utilization of biomass resources. Oxorhenium complexes show excellent oxophilicity to transfer oxygen and deoxygenate alcohols. Oxorhenium(VII) complexes can efficiently catalyze the transformation of glycerol to allyl alcohol, acrolein, and propanal. The volatile SUO products were easily separated from the nonvolatile residues via simple distillation. Based on kinetic studies and isotope labeling experiments, an oxo-Re(V) diolate intermediate was proposed as both a proton acceptor and a hydride acceptor to facilitate hydrogen transfer and deoxygenation reactions. In contrast to high valent oxorhenium complexes, a nanoparticulate Re 0 metallic catalyst shows great ability to activate C-H bonds in alcohols and amines. Dehydrogenation of alcohols into carbonyl groups is an important reaction. Acceptorless dehydrogenation is a novel, green, and atom-economical reaction, which has attracted attention recently. Metallic Re0 nanoparticles catalyze acceptorless dehydrogenation in the neat alcohol to give the corresponding ketone with concurrent release of hydrogen gas. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM/TEM) demonstrated that the Re0 catalyst is a well-structured 2 nm nanocrystalline particles (Re NPs) covered by ReIVO 2 oxide. The Re NPs can also be utilized to amine acceptorless dehydrogenation reactions. Unlike alcohols, amines dehydrogenation was followed by homo-coupling to give imine as the final product. Another difference between amine and alcohol acceptorless dehydrogenation is gamma-C-H activation for alcohols versus beta-C-H activation for amines, which might be caused by the different electronegativities of oxygen and nitrogen. Similar to other metal hydrogenation catalysts, Re NPs catalyze hydrogenation of N-heterocycles. When combined with its dehydrogenation activity, Re NPs supported on carbon (Re/C) acts as a catalyst for reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation that has applications in hydrogen storage. This reaction was demonstrated with various N-heterocyclic substrates, which provide stable and recyclable liquids. Five cycles of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation was achieved with Re/C catalyst without significant loss of activity accounting for 1962 turnovers.

Effectiveness of water privatization policy in developing countries : case study of African and Asian nations

Ko, Yi Jing Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2016 국내석사

Intelligibility and acoustic characteristics of the dysarthria in Mandarin speakers with cerebral palsy

Jeng, Jing-Yi The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The present study examined two aspects of speech deterioration associated with Mandarin-speaking adults with cerebral palsy (CP): intelligibility evaluation and speech acoustic analyses. Thirty young adults with CP participated in the study (10, spastic; 10, athetoid; 10, mixed). Ten age-matched speakers served as a control group. The speech materials included 78 Mandarin monosyllabic words and 10 sentences. The complete word list incorporated 17 phonetic contrasts (11 initial consonant, five rime, and one tone contrast). The three CP groups had low intelligibility scores across word, transcribed sentence, tDME (transformed direct magnitude estimation) sentence, and tone intelligibility, compared with normal speakers, but no significant differences were found among the CP groups. There were high correlations among word, transcribed sentence and tDME intelligibility. CP speakers had more consonant errors than vowels, and the most difficulty with the production of fricatives and affricates. The confusion error profile analysis showed that CP speakers had the highest error rates on C5 (retroflexed/nonretroflexed), C4 (fricatives/affricates) and V4 (alveolar final nasal/null final). The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that contrast C1 (aspirated/unaspirated stops), C4 and V4 accounted for the majority of variability (74%) in word intelligibility. The spastic group had more manner of articulation confusions (stop/fricative/affricate), while the athetoid group had more consonant omissions. The discriminant analysis showed that 76.7% of the original grouped cases were correctly classified. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure was employed to obtain the phoneme perceptual configuration for groups. CP speakers showed reduced contrast on most of the acoustic variables, such as VOT for aspiration, noise duration for fricatives/affricates distinction, M1 for retroflexion, A1 for nasalization, F2 for vowel advancement, F1 for tongue height and vowel space area. The acoustic variables were moderately correlated with intelligibility and confusion contrast variables. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that F2 differences and noise duration differences accounted for 63% of the variability in word intelligibility. The speech errors and acoustic contrast reduction conform with a ‘motor simplification principle’ for speech production of CP speakers. Language specific characteristics, such as the density of the phonetic inventory, may mediate the intelligibility evaluation.

Clarinet Multiphonics: A Catalog and Analysis of Their Production Strategies

Liang, Jack Yi Jing ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Arizona State Univ 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

Clarinet multiphonics have become increasingly popular among composers since they were first introduced in the 1950s. However, it is a topic poorly understood by both performers and composers, which sometimes leads to the use of acoustically impossible multiphonics in compositions. Producing multiphonics requires precise manipulations of embouchure force, air pressure, and tongue position. These three factors are invisible to the naked eye during clarinet performance, leading to many conflicting theories about multiphonic production strategies, often based on subjective perception of the performer. This study attempts to observe the latter factor---tongue motion---during multiphonic production in situ using ultrasound. Additionally, a multiphonic catalog containing 604 dyad multiphonics was compiled as part of this study. The author hypothesized that nearly all, if not all, of the multiphonics can be produced using one of four primary production strategies. The four production strategies are: (A) lowering the back of the tongue while sustaining the upper note; (B) raising the back of the tongue while sustaining the upper note; (C) changing the tongue position to that of the lower note while sustaining the upper note; and (D) raising the root of the tongue (a sensation similar to constricting the throat) while sustaining the upper note. To distill production strategies into four primary categories, the author documented his perceived tongue motion over twenty repetitions of playing every multiphonic in the catalog. These perceptions were then confirmed or corrected through ultrasound investigation sessions after every five repetitions. The production strategies detailed in this study are only for finding the correct voicing to produce the multiphonics. The catalog compiled during this study is organized using two different organizational systems: the first uses the traditional method of organizing by pitch; the second uses a fingering-based system to facilitate the ease of finding multiphonics in question, since notated pitches of multiphonics often differ between sources.