Reducing the Impact of Municipal Solid Waste by Adopting the “Zero Waste” Approach in Chengdu, China

MA Hui 서울시립대학교 국제도시과학대학원 2020 국내석사

도시고형폐기물(Municipal solid waste, MSW) 관리는 시 당국이 직면하는 가장 어려운 문제 중 하나이다. 지난 10년간 대다수 중국 도시는 도시고형폐기물 사후처리기술과 관련하여 눈에 띄게 발전했다. 중앙 정부가 도시고형폐기물 분리수거제도의 시행을 촉구하고“제로 웨이스트(Zero waste)”도시 건설을 주창하자 지방 당국들이 도시고형폐기물 관리의 초점을 원천 감축, 재사용, 재활용 장려로 전환하고 있는 것으로 보아 의심할 여지없이“제로 웨이스트”는 머지않아 지방 당국들의 공동 목표가 될 것이다. 도시고형폐기물 관리에서“제로 웨이스트”접근법을 채택하는 문제와 이 문제를 해결할 공식 정책을 모색하기 위해 중국 본토에서 5번째로 큰 도시고형폐기물 배출 도시인 청두(Chengdu)시를 본 연구의 대상으로 선정했다. 본 연구에 사용된 연구 방법은 문서 검토, 인터뷰, 현장 관찰이다. “제로 웨이스트” 접근법을 통한 도시고형폐기물 관리의 목표와 그에 따른 조치와 수단들을 포함하는 본 연구의 개념틀은 문헌 검토를 통해 구축되었다. 문서 검토, 현장 관찰 수행, 정부 관리 및 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 현지 규정, 규칙, 정책, 도시고형폐기물의 물리적 구성 요소, 관리 프로세스, 도시고형폐기물 분리수거제도의 시행, 이해 관계자의 측면에서 도시고형폐기물 관리의 현재 상태를 기술했다. 청두가“제로 웨이스트”접근법을 채택하지 못하는 3가지 주된 문제는“제로 웨이스트”라는 명확한 목표 결여와 법적, 경제적 수단의 불충분한 행사, 이해 관계자의 폭넓은 참여 실패에서 기인한 것으로, 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 6가지 정책 권장 사항, 즉 입법을 통한 “제로 웨이스트”의 목표 명시, 이해 관계자의 법적 책임에 대한 규정, 행정 관리의 효율성 제고, 충전 방식 및 기준의 변경, 도시고형폐기물 관리와 관련된 산업 육성, 모든 이해 관계자의 폭넓은 참여를 위한 동기 부여를 제시했다. 본 연구의 결과는 청두뿐만 아니라 다른 중국 도시에서도 참조해 볼 수 있다. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the most challenging problems faced by city governors. In the past decade, the majority of Chinese cities has made prominent progress regarding end-of-pipe MSW treatment capacity. As the national government urges the implementation of the MSW sorting system and advocates the construction of “zero waste” cities, local authorities are shifting the focus of MSW management to the promotion of source reduction, reuse, and recycling, and undoubtedly “zero waste” will be their common target in the near future. Chengdu city, the fifth biggest MSW producer in mainland China, is chosen as the object of this research to figure out the challenges of adopting the “zero waste” approach in MSW management as well as the policies that should be formulated so as to address the challenges. The research methods employed in this research are document review, interview, and field observation. Through reviewing literature, the conceptual framework of this research is built, including the target of MSW management by adopting the “zero waste” approach, the actions that should be done, and the instruments that should be in place. Through reviewing documents, conducting field observation, and interviewing officials and experts, the current status of MSW management is delineated from the aspects of local regulations, rules, and policies, physical components of MSW, management processes, the implementation of the MSW sorting system, and stakeholders; three main challenges that hinder Chengdu from adopting the “zero waste” approach are identified, namely, lacking a clear target of "zero waste", insufficiently exerting legal and economic instruments, and failing in the extensive participation of all stakeholders. Aiming at addressing these challenges, six specific policy recommendations are put forward, that is, articulating the target of "zero waste" through legislation, defining the legal responsibilities of stakeholders, enhancing the effectiveness of administrative management, changing the charging mode and standards, cultivating MSW management related industries, and motivating inclusive participation of all stakeholders. The findings of this research will provide a reference not only for Chengdu, but for other Chinese cities as well.

A comprehensive analysis of regional air quality by using the MM5-CMAQ modeling system: A case study in the Jeonbuk province region, Korea

Hui Ma 군산대학교대학원 2009 국내석사

Air quality simulation models are important tools for regulatory, policy, and environmental research communities. The clean air act provides a societal mandate to assess and mange air pollution levels to protect human health and the environment.

CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A DICTYOSTELIUM MAP KINASE MEK1 AND ITS INTERACTING PROTEIN

MA, HUI UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

A MAP kinase kinase (DdMEK1) was identified by homology-based PCR and shown to be required for chemotaxis towards cAMP, a ligand for a G protein-coupled, serpentine receptor that controls aggregation in <italic>Dictyostelium. Ddmek1 </italic> null cells produce extremely small aggregates, which continue to develop into slugs and terminal fruiting bodies that look normal, except that the sizes are significantly smaller than organisms formed by wild-type cells. Mutational analysis of the conserved sites required for activation of MEK family kinases is consistent with DdMEK1 encoding a bone fide MAP kinase kinase. <italic> In vitro</italic> adenylyl cyclase assays and time-lapse video microscopy indicate that the mutant cells are able to produce cAMP and relay cAMP waves through the aggregation domains. However, these cells are unable to properly chemotax during aggregation in response to the chemoattractant cAMP and unable to activate guanylyl cyclase, a known upstream regulator of myosin kinase activity and chemotaxis. Analysis of a temperature-sensitive DdMEK1 mutant reveals that DdMEK1 activity is required throughout aggregation at the time of guanylyl cyclase activation but is not essential for proper morphogenesis during the later multicellular stages. A yeast two-hybrid screen using DdMEK1 as bait has identified a highly acidic protein (MIP1) with a C-terminal RING-finger motif. Analysis of the interactions between MIP1 and MEK1 deletion mutants indicates that sequences in the N-terminus of MIP1, including a highly acidic patch, are required for its binding to the MEK1 N-terminus, which contains one consensus MAP kinase docking site. The same region of MIP1 is implicated in its self-association in the two-hybrid system. Cells lacking MIP1 chemotax normally but form aggregates larger than those of wild-type cells. In contrast, overexpression of MIP1 results in a defect in chemotaxis towards cAMP and the formation of smaller aggregates, reminiscent of the <italic>mek1</italic> null phenotype. These results suggest that MIP1 may play a negative regulatory role in MEK1 signaling. Suppresser and enhancer screens of the <italic>mek1</italic> null phenotype have identified additional components of the regulatory system controlling chemotaxis.

Credit rationing, money creation and economic development : Taiwan case (China)

Ma, Chien-Hui Cornell University 1994 해외박사

Flexible manufacturing workstation control with error recovery capability: A hybrid approach

Ma, Yi-Hui (Christina) Lehigh University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

A multi-Petri net framework within a hierarchical structure is developed to provide a flexible and organized structure for modeling workstation operations. State equations for the hierarchical Petri nets are established to provide a mathematical description of workstation behavior. A Petri net-based monitoring approach is presented that provides adaptation to different evolutions of workstation operations and enables real-time fault detection. A hybrid approach which combines a Petri Net with a Neural Net based on the Petri net state equations and T-gate threshold logic is presented and is shown to facilitate obtaining state evolution information. Determination of preliminary actions for different fault situations occurring in a workstation is achieved through a Sequential Radial Basis Function Network (SRBFN) approach. The SRBFN consists of several subnets where each subnet is a radial basis function network and is used to identify one specific preliminary action. The proposed SRBFN has the advantages of being able to recognize novel faults and to re-train the network with minimal historical data. The generation of error recovery plan(s) is accomplished through the development of an intelligent task planning system based on a Petri net process steps representation and a special Boltzmann Machines learning mechanism. The intelligent task planning system quantifies the relationships among different process steps and generates possible recovery plans according to the probabilities of achieving specified recovery strategies.