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이인철 한국고대사학회 2001 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.21 No.-
Silla Village Register was believed to date from 815. Silla state was operated by the law and the document. Peasants possessed proprietary rights and had the tax, corvee, tribute and military service obligations according to the law. Allotments for the villagers are believed to correspond to the so-called chongion (丁田) parcels of "able-bodied land" which were first apportioned in 722. But chongion was not the land that the government apportioned for farmer. Farmers had cultivated the land ancestrally. Government collected the natural household's proprietary rights for land and admit the proprietary rights to kongyon (孔烟), or the composed household. To levy tax, the government made the nine grade household system and the census household accord to the volume of "able-bodied land" that each villager had. The census household of the register was the basic unit in not only the levy of corvee duty but also taxation in accordance to the area of such paddy lands and dry fields of the grade household.
Pelargonidin Protects Against Renal Injury in a Mouse Model of Sepsis
이인철,배종섭 한국식품영양과학회 2019 Journal of medicinal food Vol.22 No.1
Pelargonidin (PEL) is a well-known red pigment found in plants, and it has been reported to have important biological activities that are potentially beneficial for human health. This study was initiated to determine whether PEL could modulate renal functional damage in a mouse model of sepsis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The potential of PEL treatment to reduce renal damage induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in mice was measured by assessment of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lipid peroxidation, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, catalase activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Treatment with PEL resulted in elevated plasma levels of BUN and creatinine, and of protein in urine in mice with CLP-induced renal damage. Moreover, PEL inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation and reduced the induction of nitric oxide synthase and excessive production of nitric acid. PEL treatment also reduced the plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α reduced lethality due to CLP-induced sepsis, increased lipid peroxidation, and markedly enhanced the antioxidant defense system by restoring the levels of SOD, GSH-Px, and catalase in kidney tissues. These results suggested that PEL protects mice against sepsis-triggered renal injury.