중기 갱신세 말기의 한반도 고인류 점거 가능성 -논산 산노리 구석기 유적의 성격과 연대-

유용욱,김가영,신경택,김진울,김민수 호서고고학회 2023 호서고고학 Vol.- No.55

A new palaeolithic locality, the Sannori Site, was discovered in the course of excavating the features of Bronze Age and later Joseon period in the Nonsan City area. The sediments of the Sannori site contain, as well as small numbers of lithic artifacts, several wedge-shaped cracks indicative of the cold and dry Upper Pleistocene environment of the Korean Peninsula. The lithic specimens demonstrate very primitive and unpatterned(Mode 1) modification and were retrieved from surface or out of their primary contexts. Henceforth, the reliable age of the lithic specimens are not currently crystal-clear. The calculated OSL dates indicates the artifact-containing sediments were formed earlier than the MIS 5 though, and possibly during the MIS 6 or far older dates. While there lacks archaeological evidence undisputedly older than MIS 5 in Korea, the Sannori site and its lithic speciments adumbrates the earlier occupation of hominin before the last interglacial. It is anticipated that more well-preserved and reliable archaeological record will be discovered around the inner Hoseo area and can furnish an explicatory background to demonstrate when and how the initial hominin occupation of the Korean Peninsula occurred.

소목(Caesalpinia sappan) 추출물의 Streptococcus mutans에 대한 성장, 산생성, 부착 및 비수용성 글루칸 합성 억제에 미치는 영향

유용욱,유현희,김윤정,유미선,서세정,이황,이흥수 대한구강보건학회 2003 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.27 No.2

Streptococcus mutans is known as the causative bacterial playing the most important role in forming plaque and it is being noticed as major causative bacteria of dental caries. Therefore, development of more effective, substantial and safe preventive agent against dental caries and periodontal disease is honestly required. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of chloroform extract(CE), n-butanol extract(BE),methanol extract(ME) and water extract(WE) of Caesalpinia on the growth, acid production, adhesion, and insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans. The CE, BE, ME and WE decreased the growth and acid production of S.mutans than that of control, especially, the ME was more effective than other extracts. The effect of CE, BE, ME and WE on the adherences to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite bead(S-HA) were evaluated. At the concentration of 2,000 ㎍/㎖, the CE showed 32% rate of bacterial adherence to S-HA, whereas, other extracts of the same concentration producedgreater than 50% rate. The CE and BE were significantly decreased the reduction rates of water insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferase of S.mutans. Thus, the application of C. sappan can be considered a useful and a practical method for the prevention of dental caries.

<참관기> 석재의 다양함과 그 활용의 무궁함에 대한 제견해들 : 제12회 국제석재활용학회(ISKM 2019) 참관기

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2019 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.40

구석기 유물의 변이와 개인의 작업 관리 역량–주먹도끼 모의 제작을 통한 試現–

유용욱 한국상고사학회 2013 한국상고사학보 Vol.80 No.-

Various conditions bring about the variability of lithic artifacts and past research has been exploring these conditions in extrasomatic domain rather than in the realm of internal human capacities. This research trend is liable to produce a simple notion; which is that specific condition is normatively responsible for lithic variability in deterministic manner. As an attempt to challenge this limited explanation, this article divided those conditions into two categories-internal and external. Agency and structure, and their interrelationship can be posited in order to conceptualize and actualize the internal condition, which can be summarized as such human mental reactions as exerting one's own intelligence, taking cognizance of external conditions, making spontaneous decision, expecting the unexpected, improvising suitable gestures and so on. The agency-based individual task management is well-demonstrated by the knapping experiment of handaxe and is meaningfully projected on the final lithic form; it served as solutions or counter-measurement against external constraints which might regulate and dissipate the occurrence of lithic variability. It becomes clear that agency mediating the internal conditions can be conveyed more vividly by experimental approach; this approach is expected to shed a green light on investigating the nature of lithic variability in the future research. 구석기 고고학에서 유물군의 형태적 변이를 가져오는 요인은 다양하다. 하지만 기존의 연구들은 이러한 요인들을 고인류 신체 내부의 정신적 작용 보다는 신체 외적인 조건에서 찾으려고 했다. 이러한 연구 성향은 석기의 변이가 특정 요인에 의한 필연적인 작용을 거쳐 당위적으로 발생한다는 설명만을 가능하게 해 준 한계가 있다. 본고는 이러한 연구 성향의 한계를 극복하고자 하는 시도로서, 석기군의 변이를 야기시키는 요인들을 외적 조건과 내적 조건으로 구분하였다. 그 중 내적 조건에 주목해서, 이러한 요인들에 작용하는 작주(agency)와 구조라는 개념을 제시하였다. 그리고 통제된 실험을 통해 주먹도끼를 모의 제작 함으로써 제작자 개인의 작업 관리 역량의 역할이 최종 형태의 변이에 어떤 방식으로 작용하는지 관찰하였다. 실험 결과, 개인의 작주를 통한 작업 관리는 다양한 외적 제약을 극복하고 제작 의도를 충실히 석기 형태에 반영하고자 하는 노력으로 표현되었다. 이렇게 작주로 대표되는 내적 조건 및 실험을 통한 실제적 관찰은 차후 구석기 유물의 변이를 탐구하는데 있어서 보다 새로운 시각을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Effects of lactoferrin admistration on tooth eruption and bone remodeling in newborn rats

유용욱,김민정,김현진 대한구강해부학회 2021 대한구강해부학회지 Vol.42 No.1

Tooth eruption is composed of tooth movement through a sequential process that includes tooth development and bone remodeling. The relation between the tooth germ and alveolar bone occurs during bone remodeling of the final position in the dental arch. Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein and one of the regulatory functions of LF has been suggested to have a modulator role in bone remodeling. Since tooth eruption and bone remodeling are closely linked, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of LF administration on tooth eruption and bone remodeling during tooth development in newborn rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as; vehicle control and LF group (12 ㎍/g/day) with six-day and ten-day administration. Newborn rats in LF group were given daily dose of 12 ㎍/g during postnatal six days and ten days, whereas the vehicle control group was injected with sterile saline. Tooth eruption levels of incisor teeth were assessed macroscopically. Histological examination was carried out under light microscope to inspect alveolar bone containing the molar tooth germs. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was also performed to evaluate the osteoclastogenic appearance. The LF group observed the acceleration of tooth eruption in incisor teeth at day ten. Through the histological analysis, the bone matrix in the occlusal portion of the second molar tooth germ in LF-treated rats (12 ㎍/g/day) with ten-day administration was resorbed and, at day six, an increase of the number of osteoclasts in the alveolar process of the bony crypt was exhibited when compared with control groups. These findings appear to indicate a novel role of LF as a modulator during bone remodeling during tooth eruption dissimilar to a physiological regulator of bone growth previously reported in experimental models.

빙하기에서 견뎌내기: 한국 구석기시대의 기술적 진화를 이끌어 내는 맥락들

유용욱,김형준 한국고고학회 2021 전국역사학대회 Vol.- No.64

서울 및 한강 본류역 구석기 유적의 입지와 성격

유용욱 서울역사편찬원 2014 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.88

This article is an attempt to reconstruct the cultural phase of initial human occupation in Seoul and mainstream Han River Area(mHRA) by investigating palaeolithic settlement patterns and lithic assemblage characteristics. The palaeolithic assemblage in the mHRA is, compared to those of southern/northen Han tributaries and Imjin River, yet to be documented because of erosion‑dominant fluvial environment and of vigorous development projects during the urbanization of metropolitan Seoul Area. The palaeolithic settlement around the mHRA can be divided into three groups: 1) the northeastern suburb group includes Godeokdong of Seoul, Minrakdong of Uijeongbu, Deokso, Hopyeongdong, and Jisaewul of Namyangju ; in particular, it is noteworthy that such major technological shift as utilization of obsidian and production of microblade industry well‑demonstrated in the Hopyeongdong assemblage around MIS 2 ; 2) the southeastern suburb group includes palaeolithic sites, like Pyeongchangri and Samri in Yongin, Seongnam and Gwangju ; they are mostly small‑scaled settlements located on the low mountainous region and their lithic assemblages are predominantly composed of quartz tools ; 3) the downstream Han River group includes localities on the floodplain of Goyang, Paju, and Gimpo area ; their lithic assemblages are similar to those of the Imjin River Basin in that they commonly includes Acheulian‑like handaxe and other large cutting tools. The initial palaeolithic settlement in this area was possibly formed by centripetal population migrations from the adjacent area and its approximate age is around MIS 3 (60‑50 kya). Hominids in the mHRA might have undergone techno‑cultural adaptation under the stressful environmental condition approaching MIS 2 ; this adaptation process is reflected on the diversification of lithic raw material, change of site location(the altitude), and reduction of the number of tool types by the emergence of specialized, functionally integrated lithic tools. It is highly anticipated that this palaeolithic dynamics of the mHRA can be more vividly illustrated when culturally implicative data is newly discovered in the area. 본고는 서울을 중심으로 흐르는 한강 본류역에 분포하는 구석기 유적의 입지와 출토 유물의 성격을 통해 이 지역에 최초로 인구 점거가 이루어지는 시점의 문화상을 복원하기 위한 시도이다. 한강 본류역의 구석기 문화는 남한강 및 북한강, 그리고 임진강과 같은 인접 하계망 지역에 비해 그다지 많은 연구가 이루어진 예가 없는데, 그것은 침식 위주의 하천 환경과 도시화에 따른 대규모 개발의 영향 때문이다. 한강 본류역의 구석기 유적은 크게 세 가지 군으로 나눌 수 있다. 1) 서울 동북 외곽 지역은 서울 시내의 고덕동, 의정부 민락동, 남양주 덕소, 호평동, 지새울 유적이 해당한다. 호평동 유적에서는 MIS 2기를 전후해서 잔돌날 및 흑요석의 사용례가 주목할 만하다. 2) 서울 동남 외곽 지역은 용인, 성남, 광주 지역을 포함하며 평창리, 삼리 등의 유적이 분포한다. 대부분 구릉성 산지에 분포하는 소규모 유적으로서 석영계 석재가 지속적으로 사용된다. 3) 한강 하류 지역은 고양, 파주, 김포 일대의 충적대지에 유적이 분포하고 있다. 인근의 임진강 유역에서 발견되는 주먹도끼와 같은 대형 석기 위주이다. 한강 본류역의 구석기 유적은 인근 지역에서 인구가 구심 이동을 통해 형성되었을 가능성이 크며, 그 연대는 대략 MIS 3기가 시작되는 약 60,000~50,000 BP에 해당한다. 한강 유역에 거주하던 고인류는 환경적인 스트레스가 증가하는 MIS 2기에 접어들면서 자체적인 기술적, 문화적 적응 과정을 거치게 된다. 이러한 과정은 석재의 다양화, 이동성 증가에 따른 유적 입지(해발고도)의 변화, 전문적인 석기의 등장과 함께 석기 형식 수효의 감소라는 측면에 반영되고 있다. 차후 서울 내부에서 문화적 맥락이 뚜렷한 구석기 유적이 발견되면 한강 본류역 구석기 문화의 보다 구체적인 면모를 밝힐 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

한국 구석기시대 석영계 석재의 기계적 성질 비교 시론 - 임진-한탄강 유역을 중심으로

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2012 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.25

Majority of researchers agrees that the crudeness of lithic tools is influenced by the coarseness and mechanical poorness of locally available raw material. In particular, the quartz and quartzite are main candidates to inevitably produce simple tools and have been entitled poor quality raw material category. However, we do not have any solid evidence to support that these two rocks are really “hard-to-deal” resource. In order to furnish a reliable background to classify excellent and poor quality raw material, a comparison of mechanical properties between so-called “high-quality” raw material—flint and chert—and quartz/quartzite rocks from the Imjin-Hantan River Area, Korea was made. The flint and chert were obtained from well-known classic palaeolithic sites of Europe: St. Acheul and the vicinity of the Somme River, Les Eyzies and the vicinity of the Vezere River, Atapuerca of Spain, Ust Kara-gol of Altai. The indices measured for quantifying mechanical properties include 1) tensile strength, 2) isotrophy, 3) Young’s modulus and 4) wave velocity. The preliminary result is that any significant difference is hardly identified in these indices; the intra-variability of flint-chert group is larger than inter-group variability and the quartz/quartzite group does not show any clear mechanical inferiority in terms of those four indices above. This result introduces a new hypothesis that the physical constraints imposed on the crude nature of the IHRA implements should be pursued other than sheer mechanical indices of quartz and quartzite. 일반적으로 한국의 석영계 석재는 조질 석재(low-quality material)로 이해되고 있지만 이러한 석영계 석재가 과연 어느 만큼이나 열악한 특징을 가지고 있는지 구체적인 정량화 작업을 통해서 양질 석재(high-quality material)와 비교된 예는 없다. 본 고는 기계적 성질면에서 뚜렷하게 우월한 성격을 지니는 유럽의 양질 석재와 한국 임진-한탄강 유역의 조질 석재를 비교하였다. 널리 알려진 유럽의 구석기 유적들-생 타슐 유적을 비롯한 프랑스의 솜므강 유역, 베제르 강 일대의 프랑스 도르도뉴 지역, 스페인 아타푸에르카 유적, 러시아 알타이 지역의 카라-봄 유적 일대에서 채취한 플린트 및 기타 석재들의 다양한 기계적 성질을 측정하고 이를 임진-한탄강 유역의 규암제 석재와 동일한 조건에서 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 분석 결과, 실험실에서 다양한 변수들을 통합하는 주성분분석법을 통해서 양질/중간질/조질 석재는 통계적으로 의미 있는 수준에서 구분이 가능하였다. 그리고 이러한 석재의 질적 구분에는 탄성요인과 인장요인이라는 변수가 크게 작용한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 탄성요인과 인장요인은 각각 '타격감'과 '견고함'이라고 정의될 수 있는 고인류가 감각적으로 인지하는 주관적 속성과 관련이 있다고 생각할 수 있다. 따라서 통상적으로 조질/양질이라는 이분법적인 석재의 구분은 어디까지나 고인류의 석재 구분과는 무관한 주관적인 구분일 가능성이 높으며, 석재의 질적 속성은 기계적 성질 및 해당 석재가 지니는 각종 맥락적 효용성까지 포괄할 때 의미를 지닌다는 것을 알 수 있다.

‘구석기문화’라는 개념의 발생 과정과 그 효용성에 대하여

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2011 한국구석기학보 Vol.- No.23

So-called "palaeolithic culture" has gained a great currency since its emergence as a semantic equivalence with the "civilization" in the 19th century. This article overviews the trajectory of its usage, transference and propagation in the context of the development of archaeological perspectives on the past humans' materialistic evidences. It can be drawn that various theoretical tenets such as darwinian evolutionism, diffusionism, and phylogeny have contributed to the formulation of palaeolithic culture as a vague conceptual tool; some struggles for its integrative manifestation are exemplified by Childe's "archaeological culture" and the "Mousterian Debates." On the contrary, East Asian archaeology has been inherently dependent on the "culture" of transcendent meanings, biased by each county's social evolutionism and nationalism which were highly valued as a zeitgeist of civilized modernization in the early 20th century. Three examples for those biased exploitation of the term "culture" are demonstrated by the works of Choi Namsun, Torii Ryuzo, and Jia Lanpo respectively. It is concluded that the use of the term "(Palaeolithic) culture" should be accompanied by strict awareness of its explicit meaning as the "materialistic entity resulting from patterned collective behaviors with chronological and temporal significance"; and that in Korean Palaeolithic research in particular, more rigorous consideration for using "culture" as a methodological unit should be ensured so that such an ambiguous culture-based nomenclature, the "pebble-tool cultural tradition" for example, need to be more conceptually redefined.

우리나라 주먹도끼의 연구 현황 : 임진-한탄강 유역을 중심으로

유용욱 한국구석기학회 2020 한국구석기학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2019 No.2