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휴머니즘 W. James의 그것과 論語에 나타난 휴머니즘 硏究 : Tien 天命思想
박철주 釜山大學校 1985 人文論叢 Vol.28 No.1
Apart from cases where Heaven(tien, 天) merely means <the sky>, it clearly corresponds to Heaven in English and to the German Himmel in the sense of Providence Nature, God. Heaven is the dispenser of life and death, wealth, and rank. The Chu¨n-tzu (君子) must learn to know the will of Heaven and submit to it patiently, a hard lesson that Confucius himself did not master till the age of fifty. Concerning <the way of Heaven>, he was unwilling to discourse. For instance <Our master's views concerning culture and the outward insignia of goodness, we are permitted to hear; but man's nature and the ways of Heaven he will not tell us anything at al1>. What did Confucius understand by the term <Heaven>? Not an anthropomorphic being. Heaven was seldem so conceived in his time, and there is explicit reason for rejecting this idea in connection with Confucius. To the term Heaven as used in the average early Chinese text corresponds the term Shang Ti (上帝) used constanty in the Book of Songs (詩經). Shang means upper, topmost, supreme, Ti means ancestor in the sense in which the Ancestors sometimes figure in the religions of the South Seas or Africa. It is not a word of relationship, but means a royal ancestor, the deified spirit of a former king. If we examine the ways in which Confucius refers to Heaven, it appears that this term stood, in his thinking, for a vaguely conceived moral force in the Universe The idea of Heaven gave him the feeling that somehow, somewhere, there was a power that stood on the side of the lonelyman who struggles for the right, Raising the growing humanistic tendency to a greater height than before, he talked about life instead of death and about man rather than spiritual beings. He declared that "it is man that can make the way great and not the way that can make man great". Here we can say that Confucius was a great Humanist that ever lived. The master said, The truth is, no one knows me. Tzu-kung said, what is the reason that you are not known? The master said, I do not accuse Heaven, nor do I lay the blame on men. But the studies of men here below are felt on high, and perhaps after all I am known, not here, but in Heaven! James was also a great humanist. He thinks of a Pragmatist as a humanist. Pragmatism and Religion says, "On pragmatistic principles, if the hypothesis of God works satisfactorily in the widest sense of the word, it is true. Now whatever its residual difficulties may be, experience shows that it certainly does work, and that the problem is to build it out and determine it, so that it will combine satisfactorily with all the other working truths." Therefore, we can say this: James can honestly protest against the criticism that his theory would allow the belief that God exists to be true even though God did not exist, only because in this special case he takes the statement that God exists to mean no more than that men have spiritual requirements which religious belief may be found to satisfy. The problem is what is meant here by their working satisfactorily? To what do they lead us, in the way that our private concepts' lead to senserealities? Obviously not to supra-sensible realities, of which we can have no experience. The truth is that, as for him, 'our private concepts' which lead to sense-realities lead to the satisfaction of our spiritual and moral needs. Both Confucius and James had a concept of God whose character was far from their traditional one.
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함축구문 형성규칙에 대한 연구 - 주제구문에 의하여 -
박철주 한국텍스트언어학회 2006 텍스트언어학 Vol.20 No.-
The implicature was examined by a pragmatic approach during that time but by the quality of the pragmatic analysis which considers seriously the context and meaning, the result stayed from the degree which reveals the nature and a definition of the implicature and it came. For that reason regarding the true identity of the implicature in order to grasp its basic structure and it approached from viewpoint of the construction of a sentence of the theme from this Study. By this consequently from this Study against the implicature it classifies with the implicature it violates the maxim of Quality and the implicature it violates the maxim of Quantity and the implicature it violates the maxim of Relevance and the implicature it violates the maxim of Manner and these form the implicature each to be, what kind of rule and condition should have come to give, it confirmed.
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박철주,선상수 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.10
Objective: This study focused on the effect of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on growth performance, carcass parameters, intestinal microflora, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and manure odor in broiler chickens. Methods: One hundred-ten (two-day-old Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with two replicate pens. The dietary treatments were divided to control, metallo-protease groups (A1, added with 0.1%; A2, added with 0.2%) and B. velezensis CE 100 groups (B1, added with 0.5%; B2, added with 1.0%). Results: The feed intake was decreased in A1 and B2 compared to the other group (p<0.05). The liver weight was lower in B2 than in A2 (p<0.05). The Salmonella in the cecum was decreased in A2 compared to control and A1 (p<0.05). However, the lactic acid bacteria were increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The litter moisture content was decreased in A2, B1, and B2 (p<0.05). The litter quality visual score was increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The FPD score and prevalence were reduced in all treatments (p<0.05). The (CH3)2S emission was decreased in all treatments (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicated that both additives improve litter quality and reduce the incidence of FPD. These findings suggest that dietary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 have the potential to improve the broiler chickens’ welfare. Objective: This study focused on the effect of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on growth performance, carcass parameters, intestinal microflora, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and manure odor in broiler chickens.Methods: One hundred-ten (two-day-old Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with two replicate pens. The dietary treatments were divided to control, metallo-protease groups (A1, added with 0.1%; A2, added with 0.2%) and B. velezensis CE 100 groups (B1, added with 0.5%; B2, added with 1.0%).Results: The feed intake was decreased in A1 and B2 compared to the other group (p<0.05). The liver weight was lower in B2 than in A2 (p<0.05). The Salmonella in the cecum was decreased in A2 compared to control and A1 (p<0.05). However, the lactic acid bacteria were increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The litter moisture content was decreased in A2, B1, and B2 (p<0.05). The litter quality visual score was increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The FPD score and prevalence were reduced in all treatments (p<0.05). The (CH<sub>3</sub>)2<sub>S</sub> emission was decreased in all treatments (p<0.05).Conclusion: The present study indicated that both additives improve litter quality and reduce the incidence of FPD. These findings suggest that dietary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 have the potential to improve the broiler chickens’ welfare.
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