『조선시대 국가전례사전』 편찬과 PC의 효율적 활용

박봉주 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2007 규장각 Vol.30 No.-

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What Is Important in Selecting a Designated Hospital for the Korean Veterans with Hip Fractures?

박봉주,조홍만,최용석,서재웅 대한고관절학회 2017 Hip and Pelvis Vol.29 No.2

Purpose: The Korea Veterans Health Service (KVHS) implemented the ‘designated hospital system’ so that veterans can receive prompt medical attention at hospitals near their residences when experience medical emergencies, including hip fractures. We analyzed the hospital-selection process of Korean veterans following a hip fracture. We then evaluated (the validity and considerations) for choosing designated hospitals. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 183 veteran patients (84 treated at a single veterans hospital and the remaining 99 treated at 39 designated hospitals) who underwent hip fracture between January 2010 and February 2015 in the Honam region of South Korea. The subjects were divided into the ‘nearest group’ (those who chose the hospital closest to their residences) and the ‘non-nearest group’ (those who did not choose the hospital closest to their residences). We compared the age, ambulatory status, combined disease and fracture type, factors that we speculated may impact hospital choice. Results: Although the patients had difficulty moving due to hip fractures, 116 (63.4%) patients choose hospitals that were not closest to their residences. Patients with three or more comorbidities (P=0.028) and older ages (P=0.046) were statistically more likely to fall into the non-nearest group. Ambulatory status and fracture type were shown not to significantly impact choice between nearest and non-nearest hospital. Patients in the nonnearest group tended to seek care at larger hospitals. Conclusion: Korean veterans with hip fractures tended to seek care at larger hospitals, regardless of distance. We must therefore consider the number of beds and departments when choosing designated hospitals.

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Epigallocatechin 3-O-Gallate against Clinical Isolates of Dermatophytes

박봉주,박종철,Hideaki Taguchi,Katsuhiko Kamei,Tetsuhiro Matsuzawa,현성휴 연세대학교의과대학 2011 Yonsei medical journal Vol.52 No.3

Previously, we reported that epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) has growth-inhibitory effect on clinical isolates of Candida species. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of EGCg and antifungal agents against thirty-five of dermatophytes clinically isolated by the international guidelines (M38-A2). All isolates exhibited good susceptibility to EGCg (MIC_50, 2-4 μg/mL, MIC_90, 4-8 μg/mL, and geometric mean (GM) MICs, 3.36-4 μg/mL) than those of fluconazole (MIC_50, 2-16 μg/mL, MIC_90, 4-32 μg/mL, and GM MICs, 3.45-25.8 μg/mL) and flucytosin (MIC_50, MIC_90, and GM MICs, >64 μg/mL), although they were less susceptible to other antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B, itraconazole, and miconazole. These activities of EGCg were approximately 4-fold higher than those of fluconazole, and were 4 to 16-fold higher than flucytosin. This result indicates that EGCg can inhibit pathogenic dermatophyte species. Therefore, we suggest that EGCg may be effectively used solely as a possible agent or combined with other antifungal agents for antifungal therapy in dermatophytosis.

先秦 楚文化의 擴散 과정과 多元的 構造

朴俸住 동양사학회 1999 동양사학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.1999 No.-

주제 / 암호론 , 신호처리 , 통신망 : 다중 계층 키 관리

박봉주 이화여자대학교 수리과학연구소 1998 정보통신에서의 수학의 역할 Vol.- No.-

天保 改革의 展開 과정과 性格

朴俸住 서울대학교 동양사학과 1995 서울大 東洋史學科 論集 Vol.19 No.-

조선시대 국가 祭禮와 尊․罍의 사용

박봉주 조선시대사학회 2011 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.58 No.-

尊과 罍는 국가 제례에서 ‘五齊三酒’라는 8종의 술과 ‘明水’와 ‘玄酒’라는 맑은 물을 담는 데 사용된 祭器 겸 酒器 겸 水器로서, 중국 고대의 6종의 尊에서 유래되었다. 중국 고대의 <三禮>에서 6尊인 犧尊, 象尊, 著尊, 壺尊, 大尊, 山尊의 외형과 용례의 기본틀이 정립되었는데, 희준․상준, 착준․호준, 대준․산준의 2종씩 짝을 이루어 春․秋 제례, 秋․冬 제례, 禘祭․祫祭에 번갈아 사용되는 방식이었다. 山尊은 ‘山罍’로도 별칭되었는데 별칭인 山罍가 널리 상용되어 차츰 5준 1뢰로 굳어지면서 후대에는 준․뢰로 통칭되었다. 당대의 <大唐開元禮>에서는 5준․산뢰와 ‘오제삼주’ 중 5제 1주를귀한 순서대로 1:1로 대응시키는 방식, 즉 대준-泛齊, 착준-醴齊, 희준-盎齊, 상준-緹齊, 호준-沈齊, 산뢰-淸酒의 조합이 수록되었는데, 이는 <삼례>보다 구체화되고 진일보한 용례였다. 북송 중기의 <禮書>에서는 이를 수정․보완하여 춘․추 제례에는 희준-예제, 상준-앙제, 산뢰-청주, 추․동 제례에는 착준-예제, 호준-앙제, 산뢰-청주의 조합 방식을 확정하였으며, 이것이 宋․元․明․淸 시대와 조선시대의 준․뢰 용례의 핵심 규정으로 계승되었다. 또한 준․뢰의 도설과 제도도 고금을 통해 계속 진화하였는데, 북송 초기의 <三禮圖>, 북송 중기의 <禮書>, 남송대의 <紹煕州縣釋奠儀圖>, 명대의 <大明集禮> 등에서는 전대의 성과를 계승하면서 좀더 진일보한 양식과 합리적인 규격을 갖춘 새로운 도설들을 차례로 수록하였다. 조선시대의 국가 제례에 수용된 준․뢰의 도설과 용례는 삼례, 대당개원례, 삼례도, 예서, 소희주현석전의도, 대명집례 등에서 종합적인 영향을 받았으며, 수용 과정에서 독자적으로 취사선택한 부분도 확인된다. [世宗實錄] 「五禮」에 수록된 준․뢰의 도설은 예서와 소희주현석전의도로부터 많은 영향을 받았고, 성종대의 國朝五禮序例의 도설은 <소희주현석전의도>를 계승한 것이다. 이에 비해 정조대의 春官通考의 도설은 <대명집례>로부터 영향을 받았으며, <춘관통고>와 비슷한 연대에 제작된 社稷署儀軌, 景慕宮儀軌 등도 춘관통고, 대명집례와 흡사한 준․뢰의 도설을 수록하였다. 그런데 국조오례서례와 춘관통고의 중간 시기인 숙종 연간에 제작된 宗廟儀軌에서는 양자와는 다른 독특한 유형의 그림을 일부 수록하여 주목된다. 또한 大韓禮典에서는 오히려 국조오례서례와 흡사한 유형으로 복귀하는 듯한 흐름을 보여준다. 준․뢰의 고금의 연혁에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 본고의 3장에서는 吉禮 儀注와 饌實尊罍圖說 간의 종합적인 대조․분석 작업을 병행하면서 조선시대의 다수 제례의 규모․격식․등급에 따른 준․뢰의 실제 세부 용례를 천착하였는데, 그 결과 준․뢰의 핵심 규정과는 달리 다양한 변용과 설행상의 조정․응용이 이루어졌음을 확인하였다. 준․뢰의 규정이 전형적으로 준용된 것은 상당히 큰 규모와 격식을 갖춘(初獻․亞獻․終獻의 三獻 절차 등을갖춘) 大祀와 中祀의 제례들이며, 小祀․祈告․州縣․俗祭 등에서는 준․뢰의 수량과 종류가 생략․축소되고 준․뢰와 술의 종류 간의 조합도 원칙과는 다르게 변화하는 등 다양한 변수와 외적 조건들이 작용하였다. 이런 변수와 변화들에도 불구하고 주어진 여건 속에서 하늘과 땅의 여러 신령들에 대한 공경에 만전을 기하고자 하는 국가 제례의 기본 정신은 전후기를 통해 변하지 않았으며, 일 ... 尊 and 罍 are utensils for ancestral rites and alcohol and water bowls to put 8 kinds of alcohol called ‘五齊三酒’ and clear water called ‘明水’ and ‘玄酒’ in national ancestral ritual formalities, originating from 6 kinds of 尊 of ancient China. In 三禮 of ancient China, the basic frames of the forms and examples of 六尊―犧尊, 象尊, 著尊, 壺尊, 大尊 and 山尊 were established, used pairs of 犧尊/象尊, 著尊/壺尊 and 大尊/山尊 in Spring/Fall ritual formalities, Fall/Winter ritual formalities and 禘祭․祫祭 alternately. 山尊 was also called ‘山罍,’ and as 山罍 was used commonly, they were called 五尊 and 一罍 and later called 尊罍. In 大唐開元禮of Tang dynasty, by 1:1 correspondence of 五齊一酒 among ‘五齊三酒’ with 五尊山罍 and that is, in the order of importance of 五尊山罍 and 五齊一酒, the combinations of 大尊-泛齊, 著尊-醴齊, 犧尊-盎齊, 象尊-緹齊, 壺尊-沈齊 and 山罍-淸酒 were included, which is a concrete and advanced example than 三禮, 禮書 of middle North Sung dynasty revised and supplemented this, the mode of combination of 犧尊-醴齊, 象尊-盎齊 and 山罍-淸酒 for Spring/Fall ritual formalities while that of 著尊-醴齊, 壺尊-盎齊 and 山罍-淸酒 were confirmed, which were succeeded as the key rules of 尊罍 in the periods of Sung, Yuan, Ming and Ching dynasties and Joseon dynasty. Also, the illustrations and institutions of 尊罍 also evolved throughout the all ages, 三禮圖 of early North Sung dynasty, 禮書 of middle North Sung dynasty, 紹煕州縣釋奠儀圖 of South Sung dynasty and 大明集禮 of Ming dynasty contain new illustrations succeeding the achievements of the previous periods with more advanced styles and reasonable standards one after another. The illustrations and examples of 尊罍 accepted in the national ritual formalities of Joseon dynasty had been influenced by 三禮, 大唐開元禮, 三禮圖, 禮書, 紹煕州縣釋奠儀圖 and 大明集禮 comprehensively and in the process of the acceptance, parts were selected independently. The illustrations of 尊罍 included in 世宗實錄 「五禮」 were greatly influenced from 禮書 and 紹煕州縣釋奠儀圖, the illustrations of 國朝五禮序例 in Seongjong period succeeded 紹煕州縣釋奠儀圖. In contrast, the illustrations of 春官通考 in Jeongjo period were influenced from 大明集禮, and 社稷署儀軌 and 景慕宮儀軌 published in the similar year with that of 春官通考 included illustrations similar to those in 春官通考 and 大明集禮. But 宗廟儀軌 published in Sukjong period between 國朝五禮序例 and 春官通考 included some pictures different from them, which is noteworthy. Also, 大韓禮典 rather shows a trend of returning to the form similar to 國朝五禮序例. Based on the understanding of the history of 尊罍, Chapter 3 in this paper contrasted and analyzed 吉禮 儀注 and 饌實尊罍圖說 comprehensively and at the same time dug into the detailed examples of 尊罍 according to the sizes and forms of a number of ancestral ritual formalities in Joseon dynasty period, and as a result, unlike the key rules of 尊罍, there had been various transformations, adaptations and applications. The rulse of 尊罍 were typically applied to the ritual formalities of 大祀 and 中祀 with a considerable size and form, while in 小祀, 祈告, 州縣 and 俗祭, the numbers and kinds of 尊罍 were omitted or reduced and the combinations with the kinds of alcohol changed differently from the principle in which a variety of variables and external conditions served. Despite these variables and changes, the fundamental spirit of the national ritual formalities to ensure the veneration of various gods in the earth and the sky under given conditions has not been changed throughout the period, and seemingly contradictory transformation and applica ...

〈시〉 사모곡

박봉주 샘터사 1996 월간 샘터 Vol.27 No.10

갈 곳 없는 이들의 보금자리

박봉주 새가정사 1993 새가정 Vol.- No.-

N:P2O5:K2O 시비비율이 잔디 잡초발생에 미치는 영향

박봉주,김세천 인간식물환경학회 2004 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.7 No.1

We reviewed the fertilization level and influence of fertilizer according to the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O in order to get basic data for the fertilization level to manage weeds in turf. When investigating the influence of fertilization levels, Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella in July and Z. matrella in October showed more weeds with an increase of the fertilization level, while Z. japonica, in October, showed less occurrence of weeds. Although Z. japonica did not show a significant difference between the 20g fertilization level and 60g fertilization level, Z. matrella showed a significant difference the 20g fertilization level and 60g fertilization level. From the result of the weed investigation in July, weed occurrence was different according to the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O. The most frequently occurring weed was Vicia angustifolia and Trifolium repens, belonging to Leguminous plants. In other words, weeds at this time were related with the growth of plants belonging to Legurninosae and depend on the composition ratio of 3 elements of fertilizer. Therefore, we recommend the fertilizer 5-2-2g of N, P2O5, K2O, respectively, per 1㎡ for overall fair growth of the turfgrass in order to control the occurrence of Leguminous plants, which are weeds in spring and summer.