3·1봉화만세운동과 趙東植

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2013 중원문화연구 Vol.20 No.-

Three times in a row on March 23, 24, and 26, 1919, signal fires were lit on the mountain and hurrah shouts for independence shook the town of Taeseong-ri Gangnae-myeon. Cho Dong-sik, the leader of this movement, recalled the history that when a war broke out in the nation the signal fire was lit to alert. And then he lit the fire on the top of the mountain and led the movement. The venue for the signal fire hurrah movement had been known as the top of the mountain in Taeseong-ri by the written judgement. However, as the results of the site investigation and hearing of testimony, the venue is corrected to Mangdeok Mountain in Sandan-ri nearby Taeseong-ri. The movement of this day gave effects to nearby towns as well as to the whole area of Chungnam and Gyeong-gi provinces and formed a typical type of hurrah protest. The signal fire hurrah movement in Gangnae spreaded to the Cheongju area. On April 1, signal fires were lit on the mountains in the eight myeons of Cheongju-gun and hurrah cries for independence were shouted. In this period, fourteen times of movement in twelve areas in Chungbuk province were spreaded out. Japan used various means to prevent the signal fire movement on the mountain at night. They carried out curfew at night time and searched houses beforehand Also they dispatched the army to the site of protest, shot people, and caused a lot of casualties. Meanwhile, on March 25 Cho Dong-sik handed in the Declaration of Independence and took the role of distribution. At this point, we can assure that the ripple effect of signal fire hurrah movement in Gangnae and the influence of Cho Dong-sik. Cho Dong-sik was captured by Japan after the movement. He disobeyed the decision of a preliminary trial and had a legal battle. However, he eventually served time in prison for two years. Suffering from the hardships of life after getting out of jail, he decided to migrate to Manchuria He followed his son and grandson to Manchuria in 1940 and settled in Charoha, Younggil-hyun. He returned to Korea when the nation gained independence, spent his time in his hometown until his death. His grandson Cho Nam-gi who left in Manchuria became ‘a hero of Korean-Chinese society.’

申八均의 생애와 민족운동

박걸순(Park Gul-Sun) 호서사학회 2010 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.57

Shin Pal-gyun was born in the famous soldier clan in Korea. He graduated from Military Officer School. He had served two years as military officer until 1909 before Korean troops were disorganized by Japanese imperialism. He returned to his hometown and established Bo-Myoung Youngman School, leading the save-the-nation movement. At that time, he participated in Unity Youth Party(大東靑年團) as part of his efforts for the enlightenment movement, which hints us that his activities are related to Daejonggye. Before 1914, Shin Pal-gyun fled to China and settled in Beijing. There, he participated in SeoroGunJeongseo(西路軍政署) and Shinheung Military Academy. Through these activities, he was called "Three Cheon(天, meaning 'sky' in Chinese)" along with Ji Cheong-cheon and Kim Gyeong-cheon. This shows that people think highly of him in the Korean independence movement. Shin Pal-gyun participated a lot of independence movement, moving back and forth between Beijing and West Jiandao. In 1922 when he settled in Beijing, he took part in Beijing Korean Education Unit, Beijing Goryeo Communist Party and Beijing Korean Club. Especially in the early 1923, he played a major role in National People's Congress(國民代表會議) as Creative Clan(創造派) and was elected as the representative of National People's Committee. When the committee was annexed to the Central Administrative Department of Goryeo Communist Party on October, 1923, he was elected as Military Chairman, taking control of independence army in five districts including Machuria and Noryung. On April, 1924, at the request of Daehantongeuibu(大韓統義府), he was inaugurated as the Military Chairman. He reorganized volunteer army into five companies. By holding office for the Commander of volunteer Army, he emerged as the top military officer in the activities of Daehantongeuibu. He also worked as an instructor and trained many independence activists. However, on July 2nd, 1924, when he was doing the outdoor discipline, he was assassinated by Chinese bandits who was employed by the Japanese force. His death was not only a huge loss in the Korean independence movement but also a miserable blow to the long history of his family as independence activists. Nowadays, Shin Pal-gyun is known as a shining example who proves that the spirit of Korean people was not waned even though their country was occupied and their army was disbanded by the Japanese imperialismisbae enduring spirit of Korean people nded byn through his leading role in taking part in independence movements in Beijing and South Manchuria although his army was disorganized inside the country. In this regard, it is appropriate that he should be considered a fliure who connects the great Korean Empire army in the latter era of Joseon Dynasty with the independence army in Manchuria during the Japanese imperialism.

溥齋 李相卨의 독립운동론과 독립운동

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소 2017 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.0 No.60

대전지역 3·1운동의 전개와 성격

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 호서사학회 2020 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.94

1919년 3·1운동 당시 대전에서는 3월 16일의 유성장터 시위를 시작으로 4월 1일까지 군내에서 8회의 만세시위가 전개되었다. 그러나 아직도 대전의 3․1운동은 현상적 사실조차 제대로 정리되지 못한 채 부정확한 전문과 사실이 혼재되어 논의되고 있는 실정이다. 대전지역은 천도교와 기독교 등 종교 조직이 강하지 않았고, 민족대표와 직접 연계되지 않았을 뿐만 아니라, 초기 계획단계에 참여한 지역 출신 학생이 없었기 때문에 종교 조직을 통한 독립선언서 배포계선에서는 제외되어 있었다. 따라서 대전은 교통의 요지임에도 독립선언서 지방 배포 담당자들이 단순 경유하는 데 그쳤다. 그럼에도 불구하고 독립선언서는 만세시위 촉발의 주요 동인이 되어 산내면 출신 서울 유학생 김정철은 독립선언서 등 문서를 지니고 귀향하여 인동장터의 만세운동을 주도하였다. 또한 이상수와 이권수는 중앙 지도체와 연계하여 독립선언서를 전달하며 유성장터의 만세운동을 주도하였다. 만세시위는 유성장터와 인동장터 장날을 이용하여 장터에서 전개되었다. 장터에서는 장날이 아닌 날 전개되는 경우도 있었다. 3월 27일 인동장터 시위는 시장 상인들이 중심이 되어 전개하였으나, 유성장터처럼 인근 지역 주민이 몰려와 전개한 경우도 있었다. 그러나 장터 시위치고 그리 큰 규모는 아니어서, 많을 경우는 200~400명 규모였고, 대개 수십 명 정도의 규모였던 것으로 파악된다. 그러나 시위 양상은 격렬하였다. 유성과 인동장터에서는 격렬한 시위가 전개되어 일제측 부상자가 발생할 정도였고, 일제의 발포로 다수의 사상자가 발생하였다. 한편 가수원에서는 일제와 직접 충돌을 피하기 위해 야간에 산위에서 불을 피우고 만세를 외치는 이른바 봉화만세운동도 전개되었다. 대전 3·1운동 주도자 김정철과 홍병두는 3․1운동 참여자의 이후 독립운동 추향을 보여주는 사례라 할 수 있다. This thesis studies the development and characteristics of the March First Independence Movement of Daejeon area. In this area, starting with a Yuseong marketplace uprising on March 17th, 1919, there were 8 uprisings until April 1st. However, the March First Independence Movement of Daejeon area has been still unorganized and discussed with mixed inaccurate stories and facts. Daejeon area didn"t have a strong religious organization network, like the Cheondogyo, Christianity, etc., a direct relationship with the national representatives, and students who joined the early stage of the Independence Movement. So this area was apart from the delivery list of the Declaration of Independence via religious organizations. Therefore, some students who were studying at other parts of the country, such as Kim, Jeongchol of Sannae-myon, went home with the Declaration and it triggered an Indong marketplace uprising. And some Confucian students like Lee, Sangsoo and Lee, kwonsoo, who led the Yuseong marketplace uprising, were supposed to be related to the central organization. Uprisings took place on a market day at Yuseong and Indong marketplace and sometimes, even ordinary days. For example, most of the people who joined the Indong uprising on May 27th were market dealers. But as for the Yuseong uprising, most of the demonstrators were local people nearby. These marketplace uprisings were not that big, so usually dozens of people and sometimes 200 to 400 participated in them. Nevertheless, they were very passionate and enthusiastic, so that in Yuseong and Indong, some Japanese soldiers were injured. Because of that, they fired shots into the demonstrators so may of them were injured and died. Meanwhile, in Gasuwon, to avoid a direct conflict, so-called a beacon uprising took place. It means to raise a beacon fire on the mountaintop and shout “Hurray!”at night. Kim, Jeongchol and Hong, Byongdu are good examples of the Independence Movement after the March First Independence Movement of Daejeon area.

대한통의부 군사위원장 申八均 戰死의 재조명

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 호서사학회 2022 역사와 담론 Vol.- No.101

신팔균은 대한제국군과 만주 독립군의 가교적 독립운동가이다. 평산 신씨 소종계 문부인 「放債記」와 「收入記」를 통해 그가 진천에 낙향해 있던 1910~1915년 동안 보명학교 운영의 책임자였음을 밝혔다. 『鎭川郡光武量案』을 통해 그가 빈농을 면한 수준으로, 경제적으로 어려운 여건이었음을 확인하였다. 그의 망명시점은 1914년경으로 수정하였고, 李承熙와 大同團 등 독립운동 세력과 일정하게 연관되어 있음도 새롭게 확인하였다. 지금까지 그는 중국군에 귀순한 마적대가 무기를 탈취하기 위해 공격해 오자 응전하다가 전사한 것으로 이해되어 왔다. 그러나 이 전투는 일제가 1924년 5월 독립군의 사이또 저격에 대한 보복 조치로 장작림 군벌에 독립군 토벌을 강요한 사실과 관련된 것임을 규명하였다. 東邊道尹 邴克莊은 신팔균과 ‘知己之友’를 칭하는 사이였다. 그는 신팔균이 대한통의부 군사위원장으로 부임하였음을 알고 만나고자 하였으나, 휘하의 중국군이 불의의 공격을 감행하여 신팔균을 전사하게 하였던 것이다. 그의 장엄한 순국 과정도 처음으로 확인하여 재구성하였다. 아내 임수명 자결의 의미는 ‘殉烈’로 정립하고 일부 오해를 바로잡았다. 그녀는 남편이 전사하자 주변의 강권으로 귀국하여 궁핍한 생활을 하였다. 뒤늦게 남편의 전사 소식을 듣고 낙담해 있던 중 어린 현길이 죽자 곧 유복녀 계영을 죽이고 자결하였던 것이다. 장남 신현충은 부친과 계모 및 이복동생들의 잇단 상을 마치고 1927년 베이징으로 망명하였다. 그는 독립군 장교가 되기 위해 北方 軍官學校에서 수학하던 중 병고를 이기지 못하고 자결하였다. 그의 장인이 부친과 동지였던 조성환이란 사실도 처음 확인하였다. 그의 자결은 새로 발굴한 이세영의 일기를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 곧 그의 활동과 자결은 將臣 후예의 전통을 이은 독립운동의 일환으로 평가하여 마땅하다. 1924년 신팔균의 전사 후 이해에 임수명과 신현길, 신계영이 죽었고, 1930년 신현충이 자결함으로써 將臣 가문 5인이 독립운동으로 비명에 스러졌다. 신팔균의 애잔한 가족사는 1920년대 독립운동의 이면을 보여주는 아픈 역사이다. Shin Pal-gyun was an independence activist, serving as a bridge between the Korean Empire Army and the Manchurian Independence Army. According to the documents of the Pyeongsan Shin family, Bangchaegi and Suipgi, he was a management officer of Bomyeong School during 1910-1915, when he returned to his hometown Jincheon. Jincheon"s land register confirms that his economic condition was bad, barely above a poor peasant. This paper argues that his exile was in around 1914 and he kept the connection with the independent movement forces such as Lee Seung-hee and the Daedongdan. It is known that Shin Pal-gyun died in a fight with Chinese bandits who struck to seize weapons so far. However, it is found that this attack was related to the Japanese Army who pushed warlord Zhang Zuolin to subdue the independence army. It was the Japanese Army"s revenge for the shooting at Saito Makoto in May 1924. While the governor of Dongbian, Bing Kezhuang, a close friend of Shin Pal-gyun, heard of Shin Pal-gyun"s inauguration as military chief of Daehantongeuibu and attempted to meet his friend, his Chinese Army made an unexpected attack to kill Shin Pal-gyun. This paper reconstructs his honorable death for the first time. This paper also argues that the suicide of Lim Soo-myeong, the wife of Shin Pal-gyun was a patriotic death, and fixes some misunderstandings. After her husband"s death, she returned to her hometown following the insistent recommendations of her friends and lived in poverty. When she lost her young son Hyeon-gil not long after the painful loss of her husband, she killed her young daughter Kye-young and herself. Shin Pal-gyun"s eldest son, Shin Hyeon-chung, moved to Beijing in 1927, when the mourning ritual for his father, stepmother, and his half-brother and sister ended. He went to study at the Northern Military Academy to become an officer in the Independence Army, but he committed suicide suffering from illness. This paper discusses his suicide based on the journal of Lee Se-young and the fact that his father-in-law was Cho Seong-hwan who was a comrade of his father. It is appropriate that his activities are regarded as a part of the independence movement following his family tradition as a famous military clan. Shin Pal-gyun"s death in 1924 was followed by the death of Lim Soo-myeong, Shin Hyeon-gil, and Shin Kye-young, and Shin Hyeon-chung in 1930. The 5 members of the renowned military clan met an untimely death. The tragic history of Shin Pal-gyun and his family illustrates the dark side of the independence movement in the 1920s.

충북지역 3·1운동의 전개 양상과 성격

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2010 중원문화연구 Vol.15 No.-

The March First Movement that occurred in Seoul and other big cities on March 1, 1919 had been spreading into other areas. The movement in Chungbuk had taken place due to the domestic and overseas circumstances, including loyalty and filial piety based on traditionally introduced Confucianism, buds of national consciousness, resistance against colonial governance, King Gojong’s sudden death, and proclamation of national self-determination. From the start of a demonstration in Geosan on March 19, 1919 to demonstrations in ]aecheon and Songhak on April 19, 1919, 38 rounds of demonstrations over one month had been found in Chungbuk. Given the number of missing demonstrations, more than 50 rounds of demonstrations occurred in Chungbuk. Some places like Geosan had seen over 2 rounds of Manse demonstrations, in particular, 3 rounds of fierce demonstrations on March 30, had taken place in Cheongahn. Due to such a severe demonstration, the numbber of victims in Chungbuk was placed in the third following Pyongahn and Gyeonggi provinces. With regard to the point of occurrence, the size of demonstration, and its development, it is impossible to estimate that the March First Movement in Chungbuk province occurred earlier or larger than in other provinces. However, it has a great significance. Although Manse Demonstration in Chungbuk started later, it had continuously and fiercely developed in the entire areas reas reprovince. A beacon Manse Demonstration occurred in a hill became a unique demonstration, spreading into neighboring regions. Yoon, Byung-han (Jincheon), Yang, Bong-sik (Young-dong) and Han, Bong-soo (Cheong-won) who were patriotic soldiers. tookas releadareas reasnse Demonstration. This actually proves s reinherent developmentareaindependence movement handing down from patriotic soldiers’ activities to the March First Movement. In addition, that 6 out of 33 nationalists-Son, Byung-hee, Kwon, Dong-jin, Shin, Seok-gu, Shin, Hong-sik, Kwon, Byung-duk, Jeong, and Chun-soo-came from Chungbuk province proves that the province had a critical role in leading the March First Movement. The Chungbuk March First Movement had mainly been led by young farmers aged between 20 and 30 years old. They denounced the Japanese colonialism and hit a blow on it, and later took the lead of national movement as an advanced guard of independence movement.

옥천인의 해외독립운동과 선양사업의 과제

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 충북대학교 중원문화연구소 2020 중원문화연구 Vol.28 No.-

2020년 11월 현재, 옥천 출신의 독립유공자는 51명이다. 이들을 운동계열별로 보면 3․1운동 참여자가 26명으로 절반이 넘고, 국내항일 9명, 의병 6명, 중국방면 3명, 의열투쟁과 학생운동 각 2명, 임시정부․만주방면․미주방면 각 1명 등 다양한 양상을 보인다. 이들 가운데 해외에서 활동한 독립운동가는 윤봉길 의거를 지원한 곽중규․곽중선 형제, 무장투쟁을 위해 둔전병 계획을 추진한 김규흥, 국내 의병에서 만주 독립군으로의 전환을 실증하는 김응선, 미주지역의 독립운동과 한인 언론을 주도한 김현구, 만주 독립군으로서 국내 의열주쟁을 계획한 전좌한, 다양한 이념을 수용하여 불굴의 투쟁을 벌인 조동호 등이 대표적이다. 그러나 옥천의 독립운동사를 기억하고 기념하는 시설은 영성하다. 옥천의 상징적 공간에 지역의 독립운동을 종합한 ‘옥천독립운동기념탑’(가칭)과, 국권회복운동을 상징하는 활동으로 1907년 국채보상운동과 1909년 문태수 의진의 이원역 폭파 의거를 기억하는 기념하는 기념물, 옥천의 3․1운동을 상징하는 이원과 청산의 만세운동 현장에 표지석을 설치할 필요가 있다. 옥천의 독립운동가를 대표하는 인물인 전좌한과 김규흥의 행적에 시비가 제기된 것은 안타까운 일이다. 전좌한에 대해서는 이미 1980년대부터 수차에 걸쳐 논란이 있었다. 김규흥에 대해서는 2016년 『宇都宮太郞日記』의 수록 내용 확인으로 행적에 문제가 제기되었고, 2019년 김규흥이 宇都宮太郞에게 보낸 편지가 새로 발굴되어 더욱 파장이 커지고 있는 실정이다. 그 내용이 사실이라면 기존의 김규흥 평가가 전면 부정당할 수도 있다. 차분하게 자료를 수집하고 분석하여 사실을 입증하는 인고의 시간이 필요한 때이다. 만일 일제측 기록이 사실이라면 그럴 수밖에 없던 김규흥의 행적을 역사적으로 어떻게 평가해야 할 것인가를 고민하여야 할 것이다. As of November 2020, there are a total of independence 51 fighters from Okcheon. Classifying them by different types of independent movements, more than half of them (26 people) participated in the March 1st Independence Movement, 9 of them were part of the domestic anti-Japanese Movement, 6 of them participated in the righteous army, 3 of them took part in the independence movement in China, 2 in the Heroic Struggle, 2 in Student Independence Movements, and 1 each in the Provisional Governement Movement, Independence Movement in Manchuria, and the Independence Movement in United States. Among them, Independence fighters who worked abroad include the Kwak Joong-kyu & Kwak Jung-sun brothers(supported Yoon Bong-gil’s Bombing at Hongkou Park), Kim Gyu-heung(worked on the Independence Army Project), Kim Eung-sun(demonstrated the transition from the domestic righteous army to the Manchurian Independence Army), Kim Hyun-koo(led the independence movement & Korean press/media in America), Jeon Jwa-han(planned the domestic Heroic Struggle as a part of the Manchurian Independence Army), and Jo Dong-ho(who led the indomitable Heroic Struggle by accepting & embracing different ideologies) However, the facilities that help us remember and commemorate the history of Okcheon’s Independence Movement are poorly managed at this moment. There is a need to install an ‘Okcheon Independence Movement Memorial Tower (tentative name)’ at a symbolic location of Okcheon, a commemorative monument to remember the 1907 National Debt Repayment Movement and the 1909 Bombing of Yiwon Station (Moon Tae-soo), and a memorial stone at the site of the ‘Manse Movement’ in Iwon and Chungsan, which represents the March 1st Independence Movement of Okcheon. It is quite disappointing that disputes have been raised over the activities of Jeon Jwa-han and Kim Gyu-heung, who are regarded by many as the major figures that represent the Independence Activists of Okcheon. There has already been some controversies over the life & activities of Jeon Jwa-han since the 1980s. As for Kim Gyu-heung, some problems were raised in 2016, after the discovery of the content written in 『宇都宮太郞日記』, and even more dispute have been raised since the letters that Kim Kyu-heung sent to 宇都宮太郞was found in 2019. If the content in those documents/letters are true, Kim Kyu-heung’s status and achievements as an independence fighter could be completely denied. Therefore, it is time to focus on collecting and analyzing data to prove the facts. If such historical records are proven to be true, we should reconsider our view on Kim Kyu-heung as a person and an independence fighter.

단재 신채호 생가지의 활용 제고 방안

박걸순(Park Gul-sun) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2010 충청문화연구 Vol.5 No.-

보은 동학농민혁명 선양사업의 추진 현황과 방향

박걸순(Park, Gul-sun) 忠北大學校 中原文化硏究所 2010 중원문화연구 Vol.14 No.-

申采浩의 아나키즘 수용과 東方被壓迫民族連帶論

박걸순(Park Gul-Sun) 독립기념관 한국독립운동사연구소 2011 한국독립운동사연구 Vol.0 No.38

신채호는 3·1운동 때 분출된 민중의 힘을 경험하며 민중을 역사변혁의 주체로 인식하게 되었다. 1923년에는 「朝鮮革命宣言」을 집필하며 무정부주의에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓혔고, 이해 가을경 무정부주의자를 자처할 정도로 인식이 심화되었다. 단재의 무정부주의 사상과 운동을 평가하는 관점 또한 다양하나, 이는 그가 이미 경험한 독립운동 이념과 방법론의 주체적 변화로 보는 것이 타당하다. 단재는 절대 독립론과 민중 직접혁명론을 실현하기 위한 방편으로 동방민족연대론을 구상하고 이를 실천하고자 하였다. 그가 국제적 연대나 동방민족연대론을 지니게 된 것은 무정부주의 사상의 주체적 수용과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 이는 그의 사상과 독립운동론에서 커다란 변화였다. 1920년대 들어 단재는 조선의 독립이 동양평화에도 중요한 의미를 지닌다고 확신하고 한중연대를 주장하였다. 그리고 그 연장선상에서 동방민족연대론을 주장하였다. 그의 동방민족연대론은 곧 植民地·半植民地 동방피압박민족연대론이었다. 단재는 1926년 여름경부터 무정부주의 단체에 가입하여 활동하였다. 그러나 활동 자금 조달을 위해 외국위체를 위조하여 현금으로 찾으려다 1928년 기륭우편국에서 피체되어 뜻을 이루지 못하였다. 丹齋 申采浩, 그는 조선의 크로포트킨이 되어 독립을 추구한 한국의 독립운동가였을 뿐만 아니라, 동방피압박민족의 식민지·반식민지 모순을 타파하고 동양평화를 이루고자 한 동방의 혁명가라 평가할 수 있을 것이다. Experiencing people power which gushed out at the 3·1Independence Movement, he recognized the mass of the people as the main agent of a historical change. Writing "A declaration of Korea's Revolution" in 1923, he broadened his understanding of anarchism and deepened his understanding of it enough to call himself an anarchist in the autumn of the year. Though there are diverse views evaluating his thought of anarchism and activities, it would be appropriate to recognize them as the subjective change of the ideology and methodology of the independence movement that he had experienced. Danjae designed the "Theory of solidarity of the oppressed people in the East" as a means to carry out the theories of "Absolute independence" and "Direct revolution by the mass of the people" and tried to put it into practice. His international solidarity and theory of solidarity of the people in the East had close relations with his subjective acceptance of anarchism and this was a considerable change in his thought and theory of independence movement. Danjae was sure that Korea's independence would have a significant meaning for peace in the East and maintained solidarity between Korea and China. And by extension, he maintained the theory of solidarity of the people in the East. His theory was the theory of solidarity of the oppressed people in East who were under colonial rule. He participated in an organization of anarchism and worked for it. But he was captured at a postoffice in Keelung in 1928 exchanging the fake foreign exchanging into currency in order to raise capital for their activities and couldn't attain his aim. Danjae Shin, Chae-ho, he could be called as a revolutionist in the East who tried to attain peace in the East breaking down contradiction of colonial rule for the oppressed people as well as an independence fighter looking for Korea's independence as a Korea's Kropotkin.