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김효정 釜山 外國語 大學校 1997 外大論叢 Vol.16 No.1
Among the Turkic languages, the written languages of Turkmen, Azerbaijan, Gagauz and Turkish are classified as the Oghuz group or the Southwestern group. Most of the people who speak these languages are descendants of people groups which belonged to both the Seljuk and the Ottoman empire. The purpose of this article was to investigate the classification and the distribution of the Oghuz group Turkic languages. The first scholar who attempted to classify the Turkic languages is Kashgarli Mahmud in the 11th century. Since then the XIth century, many researchers were engaged in this endeavor. Scholars in the earlier period named the Oghuz group Turkic including Turkish, Turkmen and Azeri, as 'the Western group' or 'the Southern dialects'. The first author who classified the Oghuz group according to linguistic criteria was Samoylovich(1992). On the basis of the phonological features of the verb bol-or lo-menaing 'to become', he called the Oghuz group as 'the Ol-group languages'. To the Oghuz group, Rasanen(1949) added the Gagauz language which was spoken mainly in the west of Bulgaria and the north of the Black Sea. Benzing(1959), who called the Oghuz group as the Southern Turkic languages, included dialects of Kashkay and Truhmen to this language group. Simplifying the menbers of this group as Turkish, Azeri and Turkmen, Poppe(1965) called it 'the Turkmen group'. Recently, Doerfer(1977) classified the Khorasan dialect, which had previously been treated as a dialect, as a sub-language of the Oghuz group, on the basis of its phonological features. According to him, the Oghuz group Turkic comprises of Turkmen, Khorasan Turkic, Azeri and Turkish. Most recent study regarding the calssification of the Oghuz Turkic was conducted by Tekin(1989). Dividing the Turkic languages into 12 groups, he named the Oghuz group as 'the Darli group' in terms of its phonological features. He also divided this group into four sub-gruop; Qal-(Khwarezm-Oghuz), Gal-(Turkmen, Turhmen, Khorasani), Gal-(Azeri Kashkay, Eynallu dialect, Tabriz dialect, Kerkuk and Erbil dialects, Anatolian dialect of the east of Azerbaijan), and Kal-subgroup(Turkish, Gagauz). At present, the Oghuz Turkic is spoken by approximately 90 million people who resided such area as Central Asia, Kafkasya, Russia, Iran, Irak, Syria, Afganistan, Armenia, Greece, Trukey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria, Moldavia, Ukraina and in some parts of Europe.
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김효정,박일현 충남대학교 1996 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.23 No.1
For development new anti-ulcer agents, we synthesize omeprazole analogues, in which pyridine group replaced by pyrazole moiety, to increase pharmacological activity and to decrease side effects, and also synthesize substituted benzimidazole rings.
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金孝貞 韓國圖書館學會 1985 圖書館學 Vol.12 No.1
In the modern communicative age, the standards of the school libraries are the qualitative guarantee on the services of school libraries or school library media programs, as the guidline, the active guide, the policy documentation and criteria for the professional excellence. The standards of SLMP were revised the sixth time by the school library profession(ALA) with the members or agency of NEA in the U.S. There are the first standard was a quantitative; "the Certain Report"(by A.L.A., 1920) appearing that the school library is the heart of the school, 2nd 1925; turning up the teaching material source and personel, "School Libraries for today and tomorrow" (by AASL, 1945) incluseing the instructional materials and the 7th educational ideas in the quantitative feature, "Standards for School Library programs" (by AASL, 1960) expressing the instructional material center, communicative environment, learning and teaching laboratory, "Standards for school media programs" (by DAVI & AASL, 1969) implicating the instructional resource, learning and teaching laboratory, the condition precedent of qualitative education for excellence, "Standards for media programs; District/school(by AASL & AECT, 1975) containing the improving user's educational experience and personal freedom on the use of SLMP's services. Through changing the standards of SLMP in the US, We have known that the main educational idea in the standards are; ① SLMP is the instructional force and resource for qualitative, excellence education by learning and teaching laboratory, instructional resource, communicative environment ② SLMP is the actualizing force and resource for user's self-realization by intellectual and personal excellence, individualizing, humanizing and personalizing education
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새로운 양성자-펌프 저해제의 합성(2) 및 생리활성 연구
김효정,권태익,박일현 충남대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.24 No.1
For development new anti-ulcer agents, we synthesize proton-pump (H/K-ATPase) inhibitors which inhibit gastric acid secretion at the last step in the parietal cell. These are omeprazole analogues, in which pyridine group replaced by pyrazole moiety, to increase pharmacological activity and to decrease side effects, and we also synthesize substituted benzimidazole rings. The structure of the compounds was identified with ^1H-NMR, M.S. and I.R. The compounds which have 5-substituted benzimidazole show good activity in the following order MeO > Cl > H, and also, 1-benzyl group of pyrazole substituted compounds has inhanced activity.
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상법상 이사의 회사에 대한 책임과 민사소송상 주장·증명책임
김효정 법무부 2020 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.90
상법상 이사의 회사에 대한 책임을 채무불이행책임으로 구성할 것인지에 관한 견해의 대립이 있으나, 민법상 위임계약과는 다른 성질이 있다고 하더라도 기본적으로는 민법상 위임계약의 성질을 지니고 있음은 부정할 수 없으므로, 이사의 회사에 대한 임무해태행위 등으로 인한 손해배상책임은 채무불이행책임이라고 봄이 상당하다. 이사의 책임을 채무불이행책임으로 구성할 때 이러한 채무불이행에 따른 책임의 성립 여부에 관한 경영판단의 원칙은 제소 원고(회사나 주주) 또는 피고 이사에 대하여 청구원인사실 또는 항변사실로 결정적 기능을 한다. 우리나라의 경영판단의 원칙은 이사책임을 추궁하는 소송의 제소 과정의 차이, 기업 내부의 의사결정 과정 및 기업 판단에 대한 사법심사의 관여 정도의 차이에서 불가피하게 미국법상 경영판단의 원칙과는 다른 모습으로 발전되어 왔다. 따라서 경영판단의 원칙의 적용이 원고와 피고 이사 사이의 증명책임의 분배에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 여부에 관하여는 판례가 우리나라의 경영판단의 원칙을 미국법상 경영판단의 원칙과는 다르게 확립하고 있음을 염두에 두고 실증적으로 이를 해결하여야 한다. 이사의 회사에 대한 책임은 채무불이행책임으로 보아야 하므로 채무불이행책임에서의 증명책임의 분배의 원칙의 적용과 마찬가지로, 이사책임추궁소송에서의 원고가 피고 이사의 임무해태행위 및 손해발생사실과 이들 사이의 인과관계를 주장·증명하면, 피고 이사가 자신에게 과실 없음을 증명하여야 한다. 원고가 피고의 임무해태행위(객관적 선관의무 위반행위)의 증명에 성공을 한 경우, 피고 이사로서는 항변(권리장애항변)으로서 자신의 과실 없음(귀책사유 없음)을 위한 증명활동을 하여야 하는데, 피고 이사는 경영판단의 원칙이 적용될 수 있는 요건 가운데 ‘경영상 결정의 준비과정에서 합리적으로 이용가능한 범위 내에서 필요한 정보를 충분히 수집․조사하고 검토하는 절차를 거친 다음, 회사의 최대이익에 부합한다고 합리적으로 신뢰하고 하였음’을 주장·증명하면 피고 이사의 경영상 결정이 적법한 것으로, 즉 피고 이사의 무과실이 추정된다. 그러나 이러한 추정은 사실상 추정(事實上 推定)에 불과하다. 이는 미국법상 경영판단의 원칙의 적용 결과 피고 이사의 행위가 정당한 것으로 추정되는 것이 법률상 추정이나 일응(一應)의 추정에 해당되는 것과 비교하여 볼 때 그 추정의 정도가 약하다. 따라서 원고는 ‘피고 이사의 경영상 결정의 내용이 현저히 불합리하여 통상의 이사를 기준으로 할 때 합리적으로 선택할 수 있는 범위 안에 있지 아니함’을 들어 반증으로써(법관으로 하여금 의심을 품게 할 정도로써) 이러한 추정을 깨뜨릴 수 있다. 이사의 책임에 관한 민사소송상 주장·증명책임의 문제는 해당 소송에서 법원의 심리의 방향, 심리 방법 및 당사자의 변론활동 및 증명활동에 직접적으로 관련된 중요한 문제로서, 이에 관하여 보다 심층적인 학제적 연구(interdisciplinary study)가 필요하다. As a matter of practice in the claims seeking the remedies for the corporation’s damages done by the directors or the officers, especially in the derivative suit brought by the minority shareholders, the business judgment rule has come to play an important role. However we have to note the significant discernment in applying the business judgment rule between in the U.S. courts and the Korean courts. The business judgment rule would not apply in the violation of the statutory regulations (including the articles of incorporation) but apply in the breach of the duty of care (excluding the duty of loyalty). In deciding the allocation of the burden of proof as a result of applying the business judgment rule we have to keep in mind that since the Korean courts have established a different standard differentiating or deviating from the U.S. business judgment rule, we should be careful enough to deal with the applicable test in the specific case. The legal nature of the director’s liability for the corporation prescribed in Article 399 of Commercial Act of Korea has to be justifiably interpreted as the one basically predicated on the non-performance obligation of the obligor by failing to effect the performance in accordance with the tenor and purport of the obligation prescribed in Article 390 of Civil Act of Korea. Therefore the burden to plead and prove the obligor’s intention or negligence lies not in the obligee but in the obligor. Accordingly the plaintiff shareholder has the burden to show that the defendant director has violated the ordinarily or objectively required duty of care ahead of defendant’s argument for the business judgement rule. Then the burden will shift to the defendant to show that he or she did not breach the duty of care intentionally or negligently. In that stage if the defendant succeeds to plead and prove the operative facts applicable to the business judgment rule, the behavior on the part of the directors or the officers is presumed factually to be legitimate enough to dismiss the case. The factual presumption can be challenged easily by the evidence amounting to arouse the contradictory suspicions of the trier of fact (the judge). In that respect the business judgment rule applicable in Korea is in contrast with the business judgment rule in the U.S. under which the presumption is strong enough to hardly rebut. The interdisciplinary study is needed to elucidate more clearly the extricable problems as regards the substantive directors’ liability and the procedural applicable burden of proof.
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