민족과 민족주의-겔너와 스미스를 중심으로-

김인중 숭실사학회 2011 숭실사학 Vol.0 No.26

민족과 민족주의-겔너와 스미스를 중심으로- 김 인 중 네이션(nation)과 내셔널리즘(nationalism)을 민족과 민족주의로 번역하는 것이 옳은가? 아니면 국민과 국민주의로 번역하는 것이 옳은가? 이 물음에 답하기 위해 내셔널리즘 이론의 두 대표적 인물인 어네스트 겔너와 앤서니 스미스를 살펴보았다. 겔너와 스미스는 각기 근대론과 종족-상징론의 대표자로서 서로 입장을 달리 하지만, 사제지간이면서, 문화를 중요시한다는 공통점을 지닌다. 그러나 겔너에게 문화는 근대적 고급문화를 의미하고, 스미스에게 문화는 주로 긴 역사를 통해 형성된 대중문화를 가리킨다는 차이가 있다. 겔너에게, 네이션은 자신들을 공동체로 존속시키려는 의지나 공유된 문화에 의해 정의되는 것이 아니라 오직 ‘내셔널리즘의 시대’에 의해서만 정의될 수 있다. 아울러 ‘내셔널리즘의 시대’는 상당히 길고 또 지역에 따라 다르다. 즉 중부 및 중동부 유럽의 경우, 그것은 적어도 나폴레옹전쟁 후 유럽의 지도를 새로 그린 1815년 빈체제로부터 오늘날에 이르는 기간이 되고 내셔널리즘은 그 기간 중에 그곳에서 일어난 중요한 변화들을 설명할 수 있는 개념이어야 한다. 한편, 스미스는 네이션을 이상형적으로 “이름을 가지고 있고 자기 스스로를 정의하는 인간 공동체로서, 그 구성원들은 공유된 신화, 기억, 상징, 가치, 전통을 키워가며, 유서 깊은 고향땅에 거주하고 그것과 하나가 되며, 독자적인 대중문화를 창조하고 유포시키며, 공유된 관습과 보통법을 준수”하는 것으로 정의하고, 이를 기반으로 여러 역사시기의 네이션들의 문화적 토대를 추적하려는 시도를 감행하면서 네이션과 내셔널리즘 출현에 관한 새로운 연대기를 제시한다. 이 두 이론가들의 연구를 토대로 우리가 제기한 문제에 대해 대답해보면, 첫째, 겔너가 설명하는 네이션을 우리말로 옮기는 것은 현재로서는 일단 불가능하다고 말할 수 있다. 왜냐하면 우리가 현재 사용하는 ‘민족’이나 ‘국민’이라는 용어는 우리 나름의 여러 사정으로 인해, 겔너가 요구하는 세 가지 측면을 동시에 다 가지고 있어야 한다는 조건을 충족시키지 못하기 때문이다. 그렇지만 국민보다는 민족이 앞으로 네이션에 가까운 의미를 갖게 될 가능성이 더 높다는 이유로 둘 가운데 민족이 더 바람직한 번역어라고 말 할 수 있다. 둘째, 네이션에 대한 스미스의 정의는 네이션을 ‘국민’으로 번역하는 것이 왜 불가능한지를 보여줌으로써 귀류법적으로 ‘민족’이 상대적으로 더 나은 번역어임을 보여준다. 그러므로 이 글은, ‘민족’을 ‘종족’과 ‘국민’의 중간적인 의미를 갖는 것으로 사용하자는 한 연구자의 제안을 받아들이되, 그가 제시한 이유들과는 조금 다른 이유들을 제시한 것이라고 할 수 있다. Anthony Smith. Kim, Lynn Joong Which is a more suitable word as the Korean translation of nation between ‘kookmin’ and ‘minjok’? To answer this question, We examined the theories of nation and nationalism of Ernest Gellner and Anthony Smith, representatives of so-called modernism and ethno-symbolism respectively in the study of nation and nationalism today. Both have a feature in common, which emphasizes the role of culture in nationalism. For Gellner, however, culture means the high culture(standardized, literacy-and education-based system of communication) of modernity, for Smith it means mainly public culture taking shape through long historical periods. Gellner insists that We cannot define nations as group which will themselves to persist as communities, or as shared cultures. Nations can be defined only in terms of the age of nationalism. And the age of nationalism is comparatively long and differs from one zone to another. On the other hand, Smith proposes the ideal-typical definition of the nation, as “a named and self-defined human community whose members cultivate shared myths, memories, symbols, values, and traditions, reside in and identify with a historical homeland, create and disseminate a distinctive public culture, and observe shared customs and common laws”. And he offers new annals of emergence of nation and nationalism, emphasizing the importance to separate the category of ‘nation’ from that of ‘nationalism’. On the basis of the studies of this two scholars, We can answer our question. Firstly, at the present moment, it is impossible to translate the nation in the Gellner’s sense into Korean. But between ‘kookmin’ and ‘minjok’, the latter has more possibility to become suitable word for translating nation in the future. Secondly, Smith’s definition of the nation gives the reason why ‘kookmin’ is not suitable word at all for translating the nation. So We arrive at the same conclusion as a researcher, who suggested ‘minjok’ as an suitable translation for the nation having a intermediate meaning between ‘jongjok’ (=ethnicity) and ‘kookmin’(=people), only giving another reason to do it.

[NEW YEAR ESSAY 2024] 김인중 데이터히어로 대표 : 변하지 않아야 할 것과 변해야 할 것

김인중 중앙일보에스 2024 Forbes Korea = 포브스 코리아 Vol.2024 No.1

Histologic Characteristics of Hepatocellular Carcinomas Showing Atypical Enhancement Patterns on 4-Phase MDCT Examination

김인중,김명진 대한영상의학회 2012 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.13 No.5

Objective: To retrospectively define which histologic characteristics of small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are related to atypical dynamic enhancement on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three patients with 83 HCCs (3 cm or less in diameter) were included in this study. All patients underwent 4-phase MDCT imaging and subsequent surgery within eight weeks. Two independent radiologists blinded to the histologic findings retrospectively classified the HCCs as either typical (showing increased enhancement on arterial phase images followed by washout in late phase images) or atypical lesions demonstrating any other enhancement pattern. From the original pathologic reports, various histologic characteristics including gross morphology, nuclear histologic grades, presence of capsule formation, and capsule infiltration when a capsule was present, were compared among the two groups. Results: An atypical enhancement pattern was seen in 30 (36.2%) of the 83 HCCs. The mean size of atypical HCCs (1.71 ± 0.764) was significantly smaller than that of typical HCCs (2.31 ± 0.598, p < 0.001). Atypical HCCs were frequently found to be vaguely nodular in gross morphology (n = 13, 43.3%) and to have grade I nuclear grades (n = 17, 56.7%). Capsule formation was significantly more common in typical HCCs (p < 0.001). Capsular infiltration was also more common in typical HCCs (p = 0.001). Conclusion: HCCs showing atypical dynamic enhancement on MDCT imaging are usually smaller than typical HCCs, vaguely nodular type in gross morphology in most cases, and well-differentiated in nuclear grades, and they lack of capsule formation or capsular infiltration. Objective: To retrospectively define which histologic characteristics of small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are related to atypical dynamic enhancement on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging. Materials and Methods: Seventy-three patients with 83 HCCs (3 cm or less in diameter) were included in this study. All patients underwent 4-phase MDCT imaging and subsequent surgery within eight weeks. Two independent radiologists blinded to the histologic findings retrospectively classified the HCCs as either typical (showing increased enhancement on arterial phase images followed by washout in late phase images) or atypical lesions demonstrating any other enhancement pattern. From the original pathologic reports, various histologic characteristics including gross morphology, nuclear histologic grades, presence of capsule formation, and capsule infiltration when a capsule was present, were compared among the two groups. Results: An atypical enhancement pattern was seen in 30 (36.2%) of the 83 HCCs. The mean size of atypical HCCs (1.71 ± 0.764) was significantly smaller than that of typical HCCs (2.31 ± 0.598, p < 0.001). Atypical HCCs were frequently found to be vaguely nodular in gross morphology (n = 13, 43.3%) and to have grade I nuclear grades (n = 17, 56.7%). Capsule formation was significantly more common in typical HCCs (p < 0.001). Capsular infiltration was also more common in typical HCCs (p = 0.001). Conclusion: HCCs showing atypical dynamic enhancement on MDCT imaging are usually smaller than typical HCCs, vaguely nodular type in gross morphology in most cases, and well-differentiated in nuclear grades, and they lack of capsule formation or capsular infiltration.

저화질 영상 인식을 위한 화질 저하 모델 기반 다중 인식기 결합

김인중,류상진 한국정보처리학회 2010 정보처리학회논문지. 소프트웨어 및 데이터 공학 Vol.17 No.3

In this paper, we propose a multiple classifier combination method based on image degradation modeling to improve recognition performance on low-quality images. Using an image degradation model, it generates a set of classifiers each of which is specialized for a specific image quality. In recognition, it combines the results of the recognizers by weighted averaging to decide the final result. At this time, the weight of each recognizer is dynamically decided from the estimated quality of the input image. It assigns large weight to the recognizer specialized to the estimated quality of the input image, but small weight to other recognizers. As the result, it can effectively adapt to image quality variation. Moreover, being a multiple-classifier system, it shows more reliable performance then the single-classifier system on low-quality images. In the experiment, the proposed multiple-classifier combination method achieved higher recognition rate than multiple-classifier combination systems not considering the image quality or single classifier systems considering the image quality. 본 논문에서는 화질 저하 모델에 기반한 다중 인식기 결합을 이용하여 저화질 영상에 대한 인식 성능을 개선하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 화질 저하 모델을 이용해 특정 화질에 각각 특화된 복수의 인식기들을 생성한다. 인식 과정에서는 인식기들의 결과를 가중 평균에 의해 결합함으로써 최종 결과를 결정한다. 이 때, 각 인식기의 가중치는 입력 영상의 화질 추정 결과에 따라 동적으로 결정된다. 입력 영상의 화질에 특화된 인식기에는 큰 가중치를, 그렇지 않은 인식기에는 작은 가중치를 지정한다. 그 결과, 입력 영상의 화질 변이에 효과적으로 적응할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 복수의 인식기를 사용하기 때문에 저화질 영상에 대하여 단일 인식 시스템보다 더욱 안정적인 성능을 나타낸다. 제안하는 다중 인식기 결합 방법은 화질을 고려하지 않은 다중 인식기 결합 방법이나, 화질을 고려한 단일 인식 방법과 비교하여 더 높은 인식률을 보였다.

사설시조에 나타난 은유의 의미작용 연구

김인중 서울대학교 국어국문학과 1980 冠嶽語文硏究 Vol.5 No.1

False Negative Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Results in Primary Thyroid Lymphoma

김인중,김은경,고명주,곽진영,문희정 대한초음파의학회 2012 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.31 No.2

Ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNA) is one of the methods used to diagnose thyroid lymphoma, but it has a relatively high false-negative rate. The authors report a case of a primary thyroid lymphoma associated with underlying lymphocytic thyroiditis that was initially misdiagnosed as lymphocytic thyroiditis based on US-FNA findings.

방송통신융합시스템의 보안위험분석 및 경제성분석

김인중,류정아 한국융합보안학회 2008 융합보안 논문지 Vol.8 No.2

오늘날의 방송 및 통신시스템에서 사용되는 응용 프로그램들은 위성시스템 등 다양한 네트워크상에서 상호 연동을 하면서 복잡하게 정보를 융합해나가고 있다. 특히, 방송 및 통신시스템은 기술적으로나 규모면에서 계속 진화함에 따라, 이전에 파악하지 못한 새로운 위협 및 취약점들이 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 방송통신 융합시스템에서 사용 가능한 위험분석 및 경제성 분석 방법론을 제안한다. 먼저, 위험분석에서는 기밀성(저작권), 무결성, 가용성을 기반으로 자산을 우선순위화 하는 방법과 위협 및 취약성 변화에 따른 위험도를 계산할 수 있는 모델링을 제안한다. 두 번째로는 시간에 따라 보안대책 비용에 따른 경제성을 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제시한다. In today’s broadcasting and communication systems, many applications are converged information in a complicated manner by interworking with various networks such as satellite networks. Specifically, as broadcasting and communication systems have become more advanced in terms of technology and capacity, the increase in information assets has created new types of threats and vulnerabilities that we’re not previously apparent. This paper has proposed the following methodologies for analyzing the risks and estimating the economical that could arise in and communication convergence systems. First, the assets are prioritized by grading them according to confidentiality(copyrights), integrity, and availability. Based on such an analysis, this paper presents a model that can be used for verifying the risk variables caused by changing threats and vulnerabilities. Second, this paper presents a method for quantitatively estimating the economical caused by countermeasure costs for each time period.

인문-사회계를 위한 연구와 연구 지원

김인중 대우재단 2007 지식의 지평 Vol.- No.3

Isolation of Putative Genes Involving in the Fruitlet Abscission in ‘Akane’ Apple Cultivar

김인중,이영경 한국원예학회 2007 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.48 No.2

‘Akane’ apple cultivar has a characteristic of naturally drastic early season drop in the lateral fruitlets, not in the central fruitlets, while ‘Fuji’ cultivar has no such characteristic. To get information about molecular mechanism on lateral fruitlet drop in ‘Akane’, we firstly carried out polymerase chain reaction (PCR) subtraction using ‘Akane’ and ‘Fuji’ fruitlets mRNAs. Through dot blot analysis using ‘Akane’ and ‘Fuji’ cDNA probe in the plasmid pool, we isolated several up-regulated cDNAs including cellulase, -1,3-glucanase, phosphate transporter (APT), chitinase, nuclease, protein serine/threonine kinase (ASK), and RING finger protein, and several down-regulated cDNAs including glycerol kinase (AGK), nitrilase, and hemolysin from ‘Akane’. Most of up-regulated cDNAs were stress-responsive genes. ASK and APT in ‘Akane’ lateral fruits were strongly expressed, while AGK was weakly expressed when the expression patterns were investigated on the clones showing the strongest signal in dot blots by reverse transcription-PCR. The 5'-flanking region of the APT genomic DNA was shown to contain a number of putative hormonal and stress responsive elements. The research on the physiological functions including early season lateral de-fruiting in apple is under progress.

토마토 풋마름병 저항성 품종육성을 위한 분자표지 개발

김인중,심성철 한국종자연구회 2020 종자과학과 산업 Vol.16 No.1