Training at Altitude

Kim Seung-Kwon(김승권),Park Woo-Young(박우영),Jang Chang-Hyun(장창현) 한국체육과학회 2008 한국체육과학회지 Vol.17 No.4

고도에서 단시간 내에 고강도로 행해지는 종목은 적은 공기저항과 낮아진 무게의 영향을 받는 이점이 있다. 4,100미터 이상에서의 지구력 운동 시에는 적어도 8주간의 적응기간이 필요하다. 하지만 단시간 내에 고강도로 행해지는 종목을 경기할 때는 적응기간이 필요하지 않다. 높은 고도에서의 훈련은 최대하수행력은 증가시키나 최대수행력을 증가시키는 것은 아직 확실치 않다. 또한 고도에서의 훈련 시 고도, 개인의 상태, 고도에의 적응력, 풍속, 공기저항 및 고산병 등을 고려해야만 한다. 또한 고도에서의 훈련 효과는 개인에 따라 차이가 있으며 또한 행하는 운동에 따라서도 달라질 수 있다.

최근 한국사회의 출산율 변화원인과 향후 전망

김승권(Seung-Kwon Kim) 한국인구학회 2004 한국인구학 Vol.27 No.2

최근 한국사회에서는 출산율의 저하로 인한 사회경제적 영향을 우려하여 대책방안을 강구하여야 한다는 논의가 증대되고 있다. 그런데 국가정책을 개발ㆍ추진하기 이전에 반드시 요구되는 것은 저출산 현상의 올바른 인식과 철저한 원인규명이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 출산율 변화의 원인을 다각적으로 살펴보고, 향후 변화방향을 전망해 보고자 한다. 먼저 자녀출산의 변화를 결혼상태 변화와 유배우부인의 출산율 변화 부분으로 나누어 살펴본 결과, 과거와는 달리 최근의 출산율 저하는 유배우 부인에 의해서가 아니라 미혼자의 결혼연장 또는 독신생활에서 기인되는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 두 요인에 영향을 주는 변수로는 경기침체 및 직장불안정, 결혼가치관의 변화와 초혼연령의 상승, 자녀양육 관심증대, 자녀양육비 부담, 가정과 직장의 양립을 위한 사회적 인프라 부족, 여성의 자아욕구 및 사회참여 증대, 자녀효용가치 감소, 이혼 등 가족해체의 증대, 그리고 불임부부의 증대 등인 것으로 판단된다. 향후 출산율 변화를 전망해 보면, 저출산을 일찍 경험한 서구 선진국의 경우와는 달리 정책의 추진에 한계가 있어 선진국보다 더 낮은 출산율을 회복하는 데는 많은 어려움이 있을 것이라는 판단이다. 더군다나 젊은 미혼남녀의 가치관이 개인주의화 되는 경향이 있다는 점을 감안한다면 출산율 회복정책을 추진한다 하더라도 한계가 있을 수밖에 없을 것이다. 수년간 실시된 각종 실태조사를 분석한 결과에 의하면 현재의 경기침체가 회복될 경우 약 20%의 출산율 상승 가능성이 있으며, 이 때의 합계출산율은 약 1.43명 수준이 될 수 있을 것으로 예견된다. 또한 종합적, 체계적 출산회복정책을 효과적ㆍ효율적으로 추진한다면 약 10년 후에는 합계출산율이 약 1.6 수준으로 회복될 것이라는 낙관적 견해를 가져본다. 그렇지만 정책의 강도에 따라서 회복수준은 현저하게 상이할 것이다. With deep concern about the declining fertility rate and its possible socioeconomic consequences in Korea, momentum is growing on the need for immediate measures. What is needed before developing and implementing national policies is a thorough understanding of the causes of low fertility. This study aims to identify and examine from various angles the causes of changes in fertility rate in Korea. When changes in childbearing are observed, the recent decline in fertility has been found to be due not to changes in fertility among women with spouses but to such changes in marriage patterns as postponement or avoidance of marriage. Responsible factors are: economic recession, unstable employment, changes in social view of marriage, increase in the age of first marriage, the burden of the cost of child-rearing, lack of infrastructure for balancing work and family life, women's increased participation in labor force, increases in divorce rates and family destruction, and increases in the number of infertile couples. As to future prospects, Korea is expected to face a diverse range of difficulties on its way to replacement fertility rate. To make matters worse, even a fertility promotion policy may not be effective after all because of the increasing individualism among unmarried men and women. A number of analyses show that, in the case that the current economic recession ends, the total fertility rate is projected to increase by 20% to 1.43. Also, provided that population policies are implemented in a comprehensive and effective fashion, Korea can expect a total fertility rate of 1.6 in 10 years, which is close to the OECD average and a level comparable to that before the onset of the 1997 economic crisis.

사회복지적 관점에서 본 한국의 적정인구

김승권(Seung Kwon Kim) 한국인구학회 2006 한국인구학 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 출산율이 세계 최저수준으로 낮아진 한국사회의 적정인구를 사회복지적 관점에서 논의한다. 이는 인구규모의 급격한 감소와 인구구조의 불균형이 예측되어 결과적으로 국가발전에 부정적인 영향을 줄 것으로 전망되기 때문이다. 사회복지적 측면에서의 적정인구는 1인당 복지수준 또는 사회전체의 복지수준, 곧 사회적 후생(social welfare)의 크기 또는 복지성장률이 극대화되는 지점이다. 적정 인구구조는 전체인구대비 노인인구 약 15~17%, 생산인구 약 64~69%, 그리고 고령화 지수 약 72~104 수준이다. 또한 현재의 인구규모 및 인구구조를 감안한 한국의 적정 인구규모는 약 4,850~4,950만 명인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 저출산의 원인제거로 출산율을 회복하여야 함과 동시에 외국인력을 유입할 수 있는 준비를 갖추어야 할 것이다. 아울러 아동들이 좋은 환경에서 성장할 수 있도록 노력하고, 여성과 노인이 노동시장에 참여할 수 있는 조건을 제공하여야 할 필요가 있다. This study aim to examine the optimum population in Korea, which has the lowest fertility rate in the world. This study has significance because this rapid decline in the fertility rate is expected to bring the decrease of the population and unbalance in the population composition in Korea. From the social welfare perspective, the optimum population is guided by maximization of the social welfare level per person or the social welfare level in a society. The optimum population can be defined as follows: The proportion of older adults 65 and over is 15-17%, the proportion of work force is 64-69%, the index of aging is 72-104. Within the current population and population composition, the optimum population is estimated as 4.85-4.95 million. These findings imply that we need to remove causes of low fertility rate and prepare for policies encouraging immigration of labor force from foreign countries. In addition, policies and programs where children can be grown up in good environments and women and older adults can participate in labor force should be established.

우리나라 부인(婦人)의 피임실패임신(避姙失敗妊娠)과 인공임신중절(人工姙娠中絶)에 관한 연구(硏究)

김승권 ( Seung Kwon Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1992 保健社會硏究 Vol.12 No.1

The Korean family planning program was initiated in 1962 by the government and it has been carried out for about 30 years as an integral part of a series of five-year economic development plans. Owing partly to strong population control measures, Korea was able to achieve its demographic transition within a relatively short period and has reached a below-replacement level of fertility far in advance of what demographers had predicted. According to the 1991 National Fertility and Family Planning Survey conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs(KlHASA) , the total fertility rate(TFR) was 1.6 in 1990, and the contraceptive practice rate(CPR) was 79.4 percent. Despite the success of the family planning program, there have been a number of weaknesses in program quality and use effectiveness. Especially, in spite of the high contraceptive practice rate, the induced abortion rate among married women aged 20 to 44 increased from 1.6 per woman in 1987 to 1.9 in 1990, particularly for those in their 20s. The primary reason for the high induced abortion rate is that the family planning programs in some developed countries which were designed to help improve the quality. of the population. We can think, therefore, of contraceptive failure pregnancy and induced abortion as side effects of the family planning program. According to the 1991 Survey, 10.9 percent of all pregnancies were due to contraceptive failure, and this was higher among women in urban areas, those with recent pregnancy experience, with many children at the time of pregnancy and among the highly educated. All pregnancies result in birth (Jive or still births) or abortion (induced abortion or spontaneous abortion). Viewed from the outcomes of normal pregnancies, birth, including live and still births, was 67.9 % and induced abortion 24.5 %, but pregnancy due to contraceptive failure stood at 16.2 % while there were 79.4 % induced abortions, so outcomes showed a great gap among pregnancy types. What are the outcomes of the contraceptive failure pregnancies by women`s characteristics? The induced abortion ratio was higher in urban .than in rural areas and for those with recent pregnancy experience than in earlier times, this was also true for those with many children compared with those With few children at the time of pregnancy, and for the highly educated compared with those with little education. According to a logistic regression analysis, major factors which affect the outcome of pregnancy due to contraceptive failure were residence area, number of boys, educational level, duration of marriage, women`s age and number of children. One of the major functions of family planning is to prevent induced abortion as wel1 as unwanted pregnancies, which means getting rid of the source of risks for maternal health. There are, however, many problems in this area in our family planning program. In order to overcome these weaknesses in the national family planning program, the fol1owing areas must be considered : 1) management must be expanded not. only to the high fertility age group of the 20s but to the 30s group when child bearing is stopped ; 2) the current program management and operation system must be improved to enhance the quality of program services ; 3) contraceptive practice must be improved by providing appropriate methods which are adaptable to current life-styles and are able to maximize marital statisfaction ; 4) the target groups have .to be women in urban rather than in rural areas, especially highly educated women in urban areas: 5) physical and mental risks due to induced abortion have to be explained to all age groups. In accomplishing the above, the population control policy and family planning program in Korea will real1y become the most successful one in the world.

웹에 기반한 개방형 분산 HW/SW 통합설계 환경

김승권(Seung-Kwon Kim),김종훈(Jong-Hoon Kim) 한국멀티미디어학회 1999 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.2 No.4

가족계획(家族計劃) 및 출산력조사(出産力調査)의 변동추이(變動推移)

김승권 ( Seung-kwon Kim ),공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1991 保健社會硏究 Vol.11 No.2

There have been fourteen surveys on family planning and fertility, since the 1960s, for which the research and field implementation have been coordinated. The surveys focused on providing contraceptives in the 1960s; on fertility as a consequence of family planning in the 1970s, and on management and integration in the 1980s. The contents of these surveys reflected the major elements in the development of family planning projects: conceptualization and analytical diversification which were thereby made possible. In this way, the Korean experience presented an exemplary case in which state activity was firmly grounded upon sound research. The Korean case has been praised as one of the most successful in the world. More specific characteristics of family planning research in the last three decades can be summarized as follows. In the 1960s, research was interested in respondents` contraception knowledge and practice rate and in the relationships between contraceptive knowledge and the practice rate. From the analysis of these relationships target groups were classified and project directions were established. That is, we recommended providing not fully analyzed. Fourth, research report mostly covered the fertility and contraception practice rate trends only. They did not give much attention to the factors which affect fertility rate changes, contraceptive behavior, the induced abortion rate and attitudes toward children. To sum up, family planning and fertility surveys in the last three decades reflected the situations, problems and goals in each period, but since the fertility level has reached a below-replacement level, it is the right time to think about changing family planning project goals from reducing the fertility rate to learning about the impact of a low fertility rate on the individual and the family system. To understand and solve problems in achieving self-regulation of birth, we should, education for those who did or did not practice contraception with no appropriate knowledge of contraception and services and providing continuous supervision for those practicing contraception with or without the appropriate knowledge. Major research emphasis in the 1970s and 1980s was measuring fertility and finding obstacles or problems to family planning projects. The results of each survey within the last two decades seemed useful in developing family planning project and establishing new directions, as practicing contraception, induced abortion and the phase of marital changes were analyzed as the main factors affecting the fertility decline. New research ideas are developed by analyzing present conditions and family planning project problems, but the new approaches were held within the project boundaries. Projects on urban poverty, the population education program, and sound policy implications of a low fertility rate were the main contents of the reports in 1970~1989. Third, considering the comprehensive contents of questionnaires, data were not analyzed thoroughly. Especially, household members` characteristics and contraception/pregnancy histories were therefore, give priority to understanding and overcoming obstacles rather than just to reducing fertility. To achieve this self-regulation specific problems should be considered. As induced abortion is found to be one of the major factors in reducing the fertility rate, we should consider preventing induced abortion through contraceptive education, continuous supervision of contraception services and reducing the side-effects of contraception. Second, considering the impact of a low fertility rate on women and the family, we should consider developing women`s roles, preventing and curing family problems and rationalizing family life. Finally, the government must support the pursuit of new family planning projects in accordance with social demand.

HW / SW 통합설계를 위한 SVT(SpecCharts_to_VHDL Translator) 설계 기법

김승권(Seung Kwon Kim),김종훈(Jong Hoon Kim) 한국정보과학회 1997 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.24 No.2Ⅱ

본 논문은 SpecCharts 언어를 분석하고, HW/SW 통합설계시에 시스템 기술 언어로서 SpeCharts를 사용할 수 있도록 SVT(SpecCharts_to_VHDL Translator)를 설계한다. SpecCharts는 HW/SW 통합설계를 이용한 내장형 시스템의 설계에 가장 적합한 시스템 기술 언어로써 알려져 왔으나, SpecCharts를 이용할 수 있는 기술 환경과 합성틀이 없어서 실제 연구에 사용되지 못했다. 이를 위해 SpecCharts를 지원하는 설계틀이 개발 중에 있으나, 개발에 걸리는 비용과 시간이 많아 현실적이지 못하다. 이러한 이유로 본 논문에서는 SpecCharts 기술을 VHDL 기술로 바꾸어 주는 SVT(SpecCharts_to_VHDL Translator)를 설계하여, 기존의 COMPASS, Synopsys 등의 합성틀을 그대로 이용할 수 있도록 하였다. 그리고 웹 기반의 시스템 기술 환경을 수용하여 본 연구가 앞으로 HW/SW 통합설계의 연구시에 재사용될 수 있도록 고려하였다. 또한 SpecCharts 기술이 SVT에 의해서 VHDL로 변환되는 과정을 예제를 통해 검증하였다.

Limiting Factors on Performance at Altitude

Kim Seung-Kwon(김승권),Park Woo-Young(박우영),Jang Chang-Hyun(장창현) 한국체육과학회 2008 한국체육과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

고도가 높은 곳에서 신체는 저산소 상황에 잘 반응하려고 한다. 저산소 상태에서는 압력의 감소와 더불어 산소압, 동맥혈 산소분압, 동맥혈 이산화탄소 분압 등도 감소한다. 결과적으로 환기능력, 헤모글로빈 비율과 적혈구가 증가하여 조직에 산소를 많이 공급하게 된다. 비록 폐, 혈액, 심폐기능, 대사체계가 고도에 순화된다고 해도 운동을 수행함에 특정한 제한요소들이 존재한다. 감소된 힘, 산소 포화력, 심박출량, 최대산소섭취량 뿐 아니라 심리적인 악화와 인체측정학적 차이까지도 수행력을 제한시킨다. At altitude, the human body reacts to function well under hypoxia. Hypoxia decreases barometric pressure, Pao2, Paco2 and Po2. Consequently, ventilation, Hb, hematocrit and RBC increases to deliver more O₂ to the tissues. Though pulmonary, hematologic, cardiovascular and metabolic systems are acclimatized to the altitude, certain limitation factors still exist especially on exercise performance. Reduced driving force, O₂ saturation, CO, VO₂max as well as psychological deterioration and anthropometric differences limit the performance.

실업자(失業者)에 심리상태(心理狀態)에 영향(影響)을 주는 요인(要因)에 관한 분석(分析)

김승권 ( Seung-kwon Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1999 保健社會硏究 Vol.19 No.2

Although the degree of seriousness of unemployment is changeable across place and time, its existence per se is ever present irrespective of era or social context. Korea came to face mass unemployment in the wake of the 1997 economic crisis. Recently, the unemployment level in Korea has been trended downward to some extent, but the pre―crisis level is still far ahead. Unemployment reduces household income, plunging the unemployed their families into an economic morass. In the process, the unemployed in Korea cannot help but experience a diverse range of psychological changes that as a consequence bring out further changes in their attitude toward themselves, family members and society. There also are some cases where some of the unemployed fail to restrain themselves from showing unexpected, aberrant behavior. Based on direct personal interviews conducted between professional researchers and 30,000 households in 250 districts sampled on the basis of『Population and Housing Census』(1995) districts across the country, the present study utilized the analytic data from『A National Survey on the Status of Unemployment and Welfare Needs』(1998). The sampled households were divided into unemployed households and non-unemployed households. Out of a total of 4,339 households responded to in-depth interview questions, 2,767 were unemployed households and the rest were non-unemployed households. One or important findings of this study is that the longer the duration of unemployment continues and the stronger the need or desire for employment for maintenance oi livelihood is, the stronger the states of anxiety, Hostility, and depression continue. Also found was that such psychological states were more prevalent among those not receiving unemployment benefits. In addition, unemployed people of low education level and with low household income, the ill unemployed, and unemployed people in households with elderly members had higher tendency to anxiety, hostility and depression. The strongest factors affecting psychological state of the unemployed were family members` attitude and responses toward them. It is when they get no encouragement from their spouses, have the spouse or a child fill the position of breadwinner to the family in their stead, or realize their children feel ashamed of them or give them cold reception, unemployed people feel strong anxiety, hostility and depression. To help the unemployed gain psychological stability would, therefore, require taking the following measures, First,efforts should be made to foster family members recognition and understanding of unemployment conditions and strengthen family and community ties. Second, efforts should be made to enhance the ability of the unemployed to grasp their situation and to induce them to develop positive recognition of social and family life through various counseling programs, lectures and mass media. Third, support should be provided to forge human network conducive to psychological ties between society and the unemployed. Last,family-counseling projects and programs should be developed to strengthen familial solidarity.

기혼녀성(旣婚女性)의 혼인상태별(婚姻狀態別) 생활시간(生活時間) 배분실태(配分實態)와 효율화(效率化) 방안(方案)에 관한 연구(硏究)

김승권 ( Seung-kwon Kim ),송수진 ( Su-jin Song ) 한국보건사회연구원 2001 保健社會硏究 Vol.21 No.1

Individual`s view of time as resource has recently been geared toward making the best use of time as the basic unit of human life in order to deepen the context of interpersonal relationships and maximize quality of life. The quality of one`s time can be enhanced depending on how efficiently one allocate, manage, and spend the quantity of time. The present study aims to conduct an in depth examination of the first time-allocation survey carried out in Korea by the National Statistical Office in 1999 and analyze differences and identify problems in time allocation among married women according to their marital status and socioeconomic characteristics. Along the way, strategic plans and policy implications are suggested for improving the efficiency of time allocation. Major findings can be summarized as follows. Patterns of time allocation among married women in Korea vary widely depending on their marital status. The largest portion of their time in general is spent on `self-care` which includes time allocated for sleep. However, divorced women are found to spend the next largest portion of their time on work, while widowed women and women with spouse spend the second largest portion their time on `leisure and friends/acquaintances`. Divorced women are found to spend significantly more time at work than widowed women and women with spouse do. This is presumably a result stemming from the fact that divorced women, unlike women with spouse present, are highly responsible for household livelihood not only because they do not have income-earning husbands, but also because they are generally younger than their widowed counterparts and therefore are less likely to have income-earning children. Divorced and widowed women in their thirties/forties as compared with other groups are found to spend much more time on work. This may be not only because theyunlike women with spouse present-must fulfill their responsibilities and role as the main breadwinner for the family, but also because they are more likely to have school-aged children and are responsible for earning money for bringing up and educating them. Unemployed women, regardless of their marital status, are found to spend more time on household and family care than employed women. This implies that there is an accentuated policy need for paying particular heed to social support toward helping divorced women balance their work and family lives. Koreans in general-irrespective of socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, educational level, marital status, and employment status-are found to devote little time to voluntary activities, even during weekends or holidays. Non-working women and elderly people, in particular, spend very limited amount of time participating in voluntary activities despite having relatively much spare time. Divorced and widowed women as compared to women with spouse are found to suffer from lack of time to care for their preschool children due to other obligations. This calls for more policy attention to be placed on the protection of physical and emotional health of children in these female-headed households. For instance, the availability/accessibility of desired services should be ensured through the expansion of home-helper programs, educare centers, and financial aid programs. Based on these results, the following time management strategies and policy options can be considered. First, more time needs to be allocated, especially in the case of married non-working women, to voluntary activities. This can be made possible by reducing time spent on friends/acquaintances, leisure activities, and self-care. Second, it is hard for many divorced and widowed women to allocate much time to household and family care because they are responsible for engaging in income-earning activities. Therefore, social support should be provided to enhance the availability and accessibility of home-helper programs and daycare services. Third, cultural/leisure programs should be developed for working married women who generally have little or no time for leisure and interpersonal relationships. Forth, the longstanding inequalities in gender roles must be redressed. To do this would require men to escape from their traditional `male gender role` and assume an increased, if not equal, role in household tasks and family care.