광학적으로 유발된 망막흐림의 정도에 따른 시력감소의 개인차와 인식 대비도의 변화

김상엽,문병연,조현국 한국안광학회 2014 한국안광학회지 Vol.19 No.1

We were aim to investigate individual difference of visual acuity (VA) decrease and the change ofcontrast threshold (CT) according to the level of optically induced retinal defocus. Methods: A total of 69 eyeswere examined using consist of ten-graded decimal vision chart (Landolt's ring). After conducted full correctionof subject’s refractive error, a monocular VA and CT were measured according to sequential increase by 0.25 Deach time. Results: VA gradually decreased according to the increase of retinal defocus level. Individualdifference of VA decrease was range from 1.2 to 0.6 in retinal defocus induced by +0.25 D. When retinal defocuswas induced as much as +0.50 D and +0.75 D, it was in the range of 1.0 to 0.3 and 0.9 to 0.1 respectively. With+1.00 D, some participants didn't even recognize the 0.1 in the chart. With +1.75 D, whole participant did notrecognize the 0.1. Also, CT was gradually decreased with increase of the retinal defocus level. Conclusions:Examiners should consider individual difference in the decrease of VA according to the level of residualrefractive error when determining final prescription of a patient. 광학적으로 유발된 망막흐림의 정도에 따른 시력감소의 개인차와 대비도의 변화에 따른 개인차를 알아보았다. 방법: 전체 69안을 대상으로 소수시력 각 단계별로 10단계의 다른 대비도로 구성된 시표를 사용하였다. 대상자들의 굴절이상을 완전교정한 후 눈 앞에 +0.25 D씩 순차적으로 증가시켜 망막흐림을 유발한 다음 각 시표에 대한단안시력과 인식대비도를 측정하였다. 결과: 유발된 망막상의 흐림이 증가됨에 따라 시력은 점차적으로 감소되었다. +0.25 D 부가하여 유발된 망막흐림에서 시력저하의 개인차는 1.2~0.6의 범위로 나타났다. +0.50 D와 +0.75 D 부가되었을 경우 각각 1.0~0.3과 0.9~0.1 범위의 개인차를 보였다. +1.00 D가 부가되었을 때 일부 0.1 시표를 인식하지못하는 대상안이 나타났고, +1.75 D 부가된 경우 모든 대상안들이 0.1 시표를 인식하지 못하였다. 그리고 망막흐림의 정도가 증가할수록 인식 대비도는 점진적으로 감소하였다. 결론: 최종적인 굴절이상 교정값을 결정할 때 잔여굴절이상의 정도에 따른 시력감소의 개인차를 고려해야 할 것이다.

골반 후경 테이핑과 천장골 가동술 적용이 요통환자의 통각 및 평형반응에 미치는 효과

김상엽,정대인 한국스포츠리서치 2006 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.17 No.5

크로스실린더를 이용한 난시정밀검사에서 검사 전 최소착란원 위치에 따른 난시교정값의 변화

김상엽,이민재,이강천,이태희,문병연,조현국 한국안광학회 2015 한국안광학회지 Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: To investigate the changes of corrective values of astigmatism caused by the position of circle of least confusion on retina in refining astigmatic test using cross cylinder. Methods: 62 subjects (115 eyes) aged 22.24± 2.48 years participated for this study. After astigmatic test using a radial chart, refining test was performed using a cross cylinder in a condition of maximum plus to maximum visual acuity (MPMVA). Astigmatic refining test was repeatedly performed in each condition of which S+0.75 D, S+0.50 D, S+0.25 D, S-0.25 D, S-0.50 D, and S- 0.75 D are added to spherical lenses of MPMVA. The measured values were compared with the values in MPMVA condition. Results: As compared with values in condition of MPMVA, change of astigmatic axis was increased with add the power of (+) spherical lenses and (−) spherical lenses. In same spherical condition, change of astigmatic axis was decreased with increment of astigmatic power (p<0.05). The corrective power of astigmatism was reduced with increment of (+) spherical lenses (p<0.05), and was raised with increment of (−) spherical lenses compared with the power in MPMVA condition. In case of adding (+) spherical lenses, difference of astigmatic power increased with increment of corrective astigmatism power in same test condition. Conclusions: In order to obtain a proper values for corrective astigmatism, position of circle of least confusion should be accurately adjusted before the performing an astigmatism’s refining test. 목적: 크로스실린더를 이용한 난시정밀검사에서 망막 상의 최소착란원 위치가 난시교정값에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 평균나이 22.24±2.48세의 62명(115안)을 대상으로 검사하였다. 방사선시표를 이용한 난시검사 후최대교정시력이 얻어진 구면굴절력(MPMVA) 상태에서 크로스실린더를 이용한 정밀검사를 실시하였다. 그런 다음S+0.75 D, S+0.50 D, S+0.25 D, S-0.25 D, S-0.50 D, 그리고 S-0.75 D의 렌즈를 각각 더한 상태(최소착락원의 위치이동) 에서 동일한 정밀검사를 실시하고, 얻어진 검사값을 MPMVA 상태에서 얻어진 검사값과 비교하였다. 결과: MPMVA 상태의 검사값과 비교하여 더해준 (+)구면렌즈와 (−)구면렌즈가 증가할수록 축 변화량은 증가하였다. 동일한 검사상태에서난시굴절력이 높을수록 축 변화량은 감소하였다(p<0.05). MPMVA 상태의 검사값과 비교하여 더해준 (+)구면렌즈가 증가할수록 난시굴절력은 낮게 나타났고(p<0.05), (−)구면렌즈가 증가할수록 높게 나타났다. (+)구면렌즈를 더해준 경우, 동일한 검사상태에서 난시굴절력이 높을수록 검사값의 차이는 더 크게 나타났다. 결론: 올바른 난시교정값을 얻기 위해서 크로스실린더를 이용한 난시정밀검사 전 최소착락원 위치를 정확히 조정하여야 한다.

보행량에 따른 도시부 회전교차로 운영에 관한 연구

김상엽,최재성,이수인,김명규,김영일,전병국 한국도로학회 2011 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.13 No.4

Roundabouts, which belong to traffic circles, are intersections which are similar to the existing rotary form. Roundabouts recently have been constructed all around the world. And interests in roundabouts are increasing in Korea. However, there are lacks of research on pedestrian volume which has a great influence on operation efficiency of roundabouts in urban area. Therefore, this study suggests efficiency analysis and pedestrian signals in roundabouts according to the pedestrian volume. First, VISSIM simulation was organized to analyse volume of one lane roundabouts in urban area. Second, average delay of intersections was calibrated by VISSIM simulation dividing signalized intersections and non-signalized intersections depending on pedestrian volume. Finally, this study showed that roundabouts are suitable when pedestrian volume was under 200person/hr and traffic circles with a pelican signal are suitable when pedestrian volume was over 200person/hr. And when pedestrian volume and traffic volume are over 600person/hr and 1,500vph respectively, fixed signalized intersections fit well. 원형교차로 중 회전교차로는 기존에 존재하였던 로터리의 형태와 유사한 형태의 교차로로서 최근 세계적으로 많이 설치되고있으며 우리나라에서도 회전교차로에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 도시부의 경우 회전교차로 운영 효율에 큰 영향을미치는 요소 중 하나인 보행량에 대한 영향 분석은 미미하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 보행량에 따른 회전교차로의 효율 분석및 보행신호를 제시하였다. 첫째, 도시부 1차로 회전교차로의 용량을 분석하기 위해 VISSIM 시뮬레이션을 구성하였다. 둘째,VISSIM 시뮬레이션을 통해 보행량에 따라 신호가 없는 회전교차로와 신호가 있는 원형교차로로 구분하여 교차로의 평균차량지체를 산정하였다. 끝으로, 이 연구에서 나타난 분석결과 도시부 회전교차로 설치시 보행량이 200명/시 이하인 경우 회전교차로가 적합하며 보행량이 200명/시 이상인 경우는 펠리컨 신호가 있는 원형교차로, 보행량이 600명/시가 높으면서 교통량이1,500대/시 이상인 경우는 정주기식 신호가 있는 신호교차로가 적합한 것으로 나타났다.

한국인 신생아 음경 길이에 대한 연구

김상엽,전재성,이상길 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.9

Purpose:As modern society has became more open, interest in healthy internal and external growth has increased, including that pertaining to penile length in children. A micropenis is defined as one where penile length is more than 2 SD (standard deviation) below the mean, and it can be traced back to chromosome and endocrine disorders. The authors executed this study to suggest guidelines for the study of the micropenis and standard information for penile length in Korean newborns. Methods:The subjects of this study were 168 male infants between 37 and 42 weeks of gestational age, none of whom had any complications during pregnancy or birth; each had been born in Daegu Fatima Hospital between February and June 2007. Penile length was measured using conventional stretched penile length measurement (CPLM) and syringe methods. Results:Penile length was 3.02±0.25 cm (F=36.467, R2=0.180, P<0.001) when measured with CPLM, and 3.29±0.26 cm (F=9.149, R2=0.052, P<0.001) with the syringe method. There was no statistically significant difference in the penile length of newborn infants as a result of taking measurements with the two methods, and both methods showed significance at 0.631 in terms of Pearson's correlation coefficient, at the level of P=0.01. Conclusion:In this study, penile length tended to be longer when gestational age was longer, and a micropenis can be assumed to be one less than 2.5 cm using CPLM and less than 2.8 cm using the syringe method. In the case of a concealed penis, the syringe method is helpful. When a micropenis is assumed, close observation by outpatient department personnel, and additional endocrine and chromosome studies should be undertaken after sufficiently consulting the parents. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:944-949) Purpose:As modern society has became more open, interest in healthy internal and external growth has increased, including that pertaining to penile length in children. A micropenis is defined as one where penile length is more than 2 SD (standard deviation) below the mean, and it can be traced back to chromosome and endocrine disorders. The authors executed this study to suggest guidelines for the study of the micropenis and standard information for penile length in Korean newborns. Methods:The subjects of this study were 168 male infants between 37 and 42 weeks of gestational age, none of whom had any complications during pregnancy or birth; each had been born in Daegu Fatima Hospital between February and June 2007. Penile length was measured using conventional stretched penile length measurement (CPLM) and syringe methods. Results:Penile length was 3.02±0.25 cm (F=36.467, R2=0.180, P<0.001) when measured with CPLM, and 3.29±0.26 cm (F=9.149, R2=0.052, P<0.001) with the syringe method. There was no statistically significant difference in the penile length of newborn infants as a result of taking measurements with the two methods, and both methods showed significance at 0.631 in terms of Pearson's correlation coefficient, at the level of P=0.01. Conclusion:In this study, penile length tended to be longer when gestational age was longer, and a micropenis can be assumed to be one less than 2.5 cm using CPLM and less than 2.8 cm using the syringe method. In the case of a concealed penis, the syringe method is helpful. When a micropenis is assumed, close observation by outpatient department personnel, and additional endocrine and chromosome studies should be undertaken after sufficiently consulting the parents. (Korean J Pediatr 2008;51:944-949)

단안 구면 끝점검사의 반복성 검증

김상엽,문병연,조현국 한국안광학회 2012 한국안광학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: To assess the repeatability of the monocular spherical endpoints, a test was performed with four methods which are the retinoscopy, the MPMVA (maximum plus maximum visual acuity) method, the R/G duochrome method, and the crossed cylinder method. Methods: The monocular spherical endpoints was measured by four kinds of method (Retinoscopy, MPMVA method, R/G duochrome method, Crossed cylinder method) on 20subjects (40 eyes) of average age 23.0 year-old men and women. After a week, retest was performed by same procedure and the test-retest repeatability was assessed by using the Bland-Altman plot analysis. Results: The test-retest mean difference of retinoscopy was the smallest diopters of −0.03 and that of R/G duochrome method was the largest diopters of −0.19. The upper/lower 95% limits of agreement for repeatability was the narrowest in retinoscopy and was the widest in crossed cylinder method. When compared the spherical endpoints of each eye between by retinoscopy and by other three methods, the error rate of ±0.25D in total eyes was 85% in MPMVA method, 80% in R/G duochrome method, and 24% in crossed cylinder method. Conclusions: Test-retest repeatability is the highest in the retinoscopy, and the retinoscopy, the MPMVA method, and R/G duochrome method are suitable for monocular spherical endpoints test. 목적: 검영법, MPMVA법(maximum plus maximum visual acuity), 적녹이색법, 크로스실린더법의 단안 구면 끝점검사 반복성을 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 평균연령 23.0세의 남녀 20명(40안)을 대상으로 4가지 검사법(검영법,MPMVA법, 적녹이색법, 크로스실린더법)으로 끝점 구면굴절력을 측정하였다. 일주일 간격으로 재검사를 실시하고Bland-Altman plot 분석을 이용하여 검사-재검사 간 반복성을 분석하였다. 결과: 각 검사법의 검사-재검사 평균은 검영법이 가장 적은 −0.03 D이었고, 적녹이색법이 가장 큰 −0.19 D이었다. 검사-재검사의 95% 일치도 상/하한선은 검영법이 가장 좁았고 크로스실린더법이 가장 넓었다. 각 검사안의 검영법 끝점값과 다른 세 검사법의 끝점값을 비교하였을 때 전체 검사안의 ±0.25 D 이내 오차 비율은 MPMVA법 85%, 적녹이색검사 80%, 크로스실린더법 24%로나타났다. 결론: 검영법의 반복성이 가장 높았으며, 검영법, MPMVA법, 적녹이색법은 단안 구면 끝점검사를 위한적합한 검사법으로 나타났다.

10년간 제자리걸음 동서횡단철도(새만금-포항)의 당위성과 추진방향

김상엽,김시곤 한국철도학회 2016 철도저널 Vol.19 No.5

시력 단계별 시표 식별 최소조도 및 대비도와 조도에따른 시표 식별능력의 차이

김상엽,조현국 한국안광학회 2013 한국안광학회지 Vol.18 No.4

목적: 소수시력 단계별 시표 식별 최소조도와 대비도와 조도에 따른 개인별 시표 식별능력 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 소수시력 단계별 10단계의 대비도로 구분되는 검사거리 3 m용 란돌트시표를 제작하였다. 69안을 대상으로대비도 100% 시표를 사용하여 시력 단계별 식별 최소조도를 측정하였다. 시력단계별 식별 최소조도와 230 lx 상태에서 각각 식별할 수 있는 최저 시표 대비도를 측정하였다. 결과: 소수시력 단계별로 대비도 100% 시표를 식별하는 최소조도는 시표크기가 작아질수록 더 높게 측정되었다. 시력 1.0을 식별하는 평균 조도는 74.39±25.90 lx, 69안의 측정범위는 17~107 lx 였다. 최소조도 상태와 230 lx 상태에서 식별가능한 최저 시표 대비도를 측정한 결과, 두 조건 모두에서 시표의 크기가 작아질수록 최저 대비도는 높아졌으며, 69안 간의 식별 최저 시표 대비도 차이도 증가되었다. 결론: 굴절교정을 위한 검사에서 조명조건이나 대비도에 따른 개인별 시표 식별능력 차이를 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. Purpose: To determine the minimal illumination for visual acuity with the decimal vision chart and individual difference with varying contrast and illumination. Methods: Landolt's vision chart with 10 different grade of contrast was made. Minimal illumination was measured for 69 eyes using 100% contrast vision chart. Minimal contrast for identifying the chart was measured in conditions of the minimal illumination and 230 lx, respectively. Results: Minimal illumination was gradually increased with decrease of the chart size. Mean of minimal illumination to identify the 1.0 visual acuity was 74.39±25.90 lx with range of 17~107 lx. In conditions of the minimal illumination and 230 lx, the minimal contrast for identifying the chart were gradually increased with decrease of the chart size in both conditions, the those deviation for 69 eyes was also increased. Conclusions:For refractive correction, examiners need to consider the individual difference for identifying the visual chart according to illumination and contrast.

The relationship between negative emotion perception bias and visuo-spatial representation ability in accordance to aggressiveness level

김상엽,정재범,백연지,남기춘 한국인지및생물심리학회 2019 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.31 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the self-reported aggressiveness level measured by the Korean version of Aggression Questionnaire (K-AQ), and the computerized cognitive tasks (emotion perception task and mental rotation task). Participants were divided into three groups according to their self-reported aggressiveness levels (low-range, middle-range, and high-range), and their performances in the two computerized cognitive tasks were examined. Results demonstrated that in emotion perception task, the low-range K-AQ score group showed a lower bias score toward negative emotion perception compared to middle-range and high-range groups. This suggests that there was an increase in the tendency of participants to show a negative emotional bias to a certain extent with increased level of self-reported aggressiveness, and the level of negative emotional bias seems to be maintained once the aggressiveness level reaches the higher-end of the spectrum. However, there was no significant group difference for the bias score toward positive emotion perception. In mental rotation task, there was a significant group difference in response times, where participants in the middle-range aggression group showed slower response times compared to both low-range and high-range groups. But, there was no group differences in their accuracy rates. This suggests that visuo-spatial representation ability may not be static in nature but it seems to decline to a certain extent in accordance to the aggressiveness level. This exploratory study has examined the negative emotion perception bias and visuo-spatial representation ability in relation to the level of aggression by dividing the aggressiveness level into three levels. The implications of investigating human emotion on a continuous spectrum is discussed.

보스코레알레 컵과 로마제국의 통치이념 - 아우구스투스의 통치이념을 중심으로

김상엽 한국서양고대역사문화학회 2022 서양고대사연구 Vol.64 No.-

Augustus’ Cup depicts two episodes. The first scene is the world of the gods, where Augustus is seated in his chair and presented with a statue of the goddess Victoria, recognized as the ruler of the world. The gods bas-relieved in this scene are Roma, Genius, Venus, Amor, and Mars. In this scene, Roma and Genius accompany Augustus, and Augustus ascends to the throne by accepting consideration from Roma, Venus and Mars, the patron god of the Julius family, and Genius of the Roman citizen and Amor. As such, the grouping of Roma goddess and Genius of Roman citizens appearing in the gods’ world of Augustus Cup on Boscoreale gives hints about the end of the civil war that began in 133 BC and lasted until 31 BC, and the glory of the Roman Empire. Moreover, it establishes the future concept of the establishment of peace. Also, the grouping of Venus, Victoria and Augustus is the typical of propaganda, which establishes the mythical and heroic past of the Julian family and justifies the acts and achievements of Augustus, with the approval of a new world ruler assisted by the gods. The second scene depicts Augustus being revered by the leaders of the conquered nations. If you look at the cup scene from left to right, there are aliens in Celtic costumes moving to the right. The male figure at the far end is carrying a child on his shoulders and the male figure in front of him is leaning forward to hold the child with one hand and guiding the child with the other. Next, another ethnic man is on his knees and holding a child with his hands outstretched in front of him. Augustus is centrally located and stretches out his hand towards the Gentiles. In this way, the grouping of children of aliens, aliens, and Augustus in Augustus and aliens of the Boscoreale Cup showed that the children presented to Augustus were perfectly Romanized through education and fellowship activities in Rome and returned to their homeland to establish friendly relations with the Roman Empire. In addition, it symbolized the settlement of future rulers of these regions. Also, the expansion and development of these relations foreshadowed the success of the Roman Empire and implied the future eternity of the Roman Empire.