DNA 포렌식에 의한 DNA 증거의 증거능력에 관한 고찰

김동준(Kim, Dong­Jun),오경식(Oh, Kyung­Sik) 한국피해자학회 2018 被害者學硏究 Vol.26 No.1

Advances in forensic DNA analysis have led to tremendous improvements in identifying and confirming perpetrators and victims. This has added credibility to DNA evidence, resulting in cases where criminals are more likely to be forced to own up to their criminality and culpability. This paper addresses scientific and technical theories the DNA analytical technologies are founded on as well as the suitability of individual analytical procedures. Beyond these issues, it went on to discuss the requirements that need to be met in order for DNA evidence, collected through forensic DNA testing, to be admissible in court in Korea. DNA testing results are presented in court in the form of certified expert testimony. And according to Article 313, “Statement, etc.” of the Criminal Procedure Act, as long as the DNA evidence offered is free from errors in laboratory procedures and concluding interpretations of the person responsible for producing the expert opinion recording, such procedures and outcomes will be admissible as legitimate evidence in court. In other words, the aforementioned expert testimony is nothing short of legislative intent at acknowledging the testimony as admissible in court, thus should not be understood as standards with which the scientific evidence concerned is admissible and tried at court. For this reason, admissibility in court of DNA evidence from DNA forensic analysis should not only be based on whether it meets the requirements as expert testimony, but also whether its theories of reasoning and analyses are founded on acceptable scientific principles. Furthermore, the tools and methods used in DNAprofiling need to be validated, allowing the analyzed result in question to be assessed for admissibility in criminal court. Trends of precedents regarding DNA evidence seem to require that the relevancy of DNA analytical theories, suitability of DNA analytical methods that have implemented these theories, and maintenance of the chain of custody of evidence by applying scientific procedures to the targets concerned, be met for the evidence to be admissible in court. Furthermore, it may be fair to say that within the structure of Korea’s criminal prosecution, the processes involved in determining whether or not DNA evidence is credible may be part of what is needed to assess its probative value. At the moment, theoretical foundations of DNA analysis are deemed reliable with the overall approval of scientific circles, however there are improvements made all the time in standard analytical methodologies and procedures regarding their implementation and analytical techniques. This has created an unbridgeable gap between common knowledge and the outcomes of scientific research activities that legal experts, particularly trial judges, are left with no choice but to be more and more dependent on expert testimony when they assess the credibility of DNA evidence. Still, the more weight DNA analysis carries, the more likely serious errors in laboratory testing occur; thus, there is increased emphasis on how to keep the chain of custody in determining the admissibility of DNA evidence, for example, the qualification of those involved in testing, sample collection and preservation, stability of the testing methods that have been utilized, and conformance to analytical procedures. Therefore, if there is evidence that is crucial in determining guilt in crime, and the continuity of its preservation is closely related to the presence and integrity of the evidence concerned, namely DNA evidence, the defendant should be afforded the opportunity for the credibility of evidence to be tried in court during the entire processes of such evidence being collected, stored and analyzed to: prevent wrongful accusations; to make court proceedings more impartial; and to comply with appropriate procedures. To this end, cross examination of witnesses, disclosure of extensive evidence of the parties involved, and cross examinat

사상체질병증(四象體質病症)과 맥진(脈診)의 상관성(相關性)에 대(對)한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察)

김동준,김정렬,김달래,Kim, Dong-Jun,Kim, Jung-Ryul,Kim, Dal-Rae 대한약침학회 2003 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.6 No.3

The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation Among Sasang Constitutional Disease and Examination of the pulse. I have gone over literatures of mainly ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Soose Bowon${\lrcorner}$ and the others Oriental Medical book was studied about the Pulse Diagnosis. And then I came to get some conclusion as follows. 1. Soeumin(소음인) the initial-stage symptoms of wulkwang disease(울광증) ; when the Superficial Pulse and the Superficial+ Moderate Pulse is made a diagnosis, Ceongunggyegitang(천궁계지탕) and Gunggyuhyangsosan(궁귀향소산) can be used. 2. Soeumin(소음인) the initial-stage blood disease symptoms of wulkwang disease(울광증) ; when the Minute+deep Pulse is made a diagnosis, Palmulgnnjatang(팔물군자탕) and Guakhyanggeonggisan(곽향정기산) can be used. 3. Soeumin(소음인) the initial-stage symptoms of mangyang disease(망양증) ; when the Yang region Superficial Pulse and the Yin region Weak Pulse is made a diagnosis, Hwanggigyegitang(황기계지탕), Bojungikgitang(보증익기탕) and Sengyangikgitang(승양익기탕) can be used. 4. Soeumin(소음인) the symptoms of taeum disease(태음증) ; when the Minute Pulse and Deep+Thin Pulse is made a diagnosis, Sasang Prescription can be used. 5. Soeumin(소음인) the symptoms of soeum disease(소음증) ; when the Minute+Thin Pulse, Deep Pulse and Thin+Deep+Rapid Pulse is made a diagnosis, Sasang Prescription can be used. 6. Soyangin(소양인) Wind of soyang disease(소양상풍증) ; when the Superficial+Tight Pulse is made a diagnosis, Hungbangpaedogsan(형방패독산) can be used. And when the Deep+Full with strong power Pulse is made a diagnosis, Hyungbangdojeoksan(형방도적산) can be used. 7. Soyangin(소양인) the symptoms of mangyeum disease(망음증) ; when the Superficial+Large+Rapid Pulse and Flood+Large Pulse is made a diagnosis, Hungbangsabaeksan(형방사백산) can be used. And when the Wiry+Thin Pulse is made a diagnosis, Hungbanggiwhangtang(형방지황탕) can be used. 8. Soyangin(소양인) the chest-phrenic fever syndrome(흉격열증) ; when the Superficial Pulse, Flood+Full+Rapid Pulse and Flood+Large Pulse is made a diagnosis, Sasang Prescription can be used. 9. Soyangin(소양인) the after fever syndrome(음허오열증) ; when the Empty+Soft+Rapid Pulse is made a diagnosis, Sasang Prescription can be used. 10. Taeumin(태음인) the upper neck exterior disease caused by Cold(배추표병) ; when the Superficial and Superficial+Tight Pulse is made a diagnosis, Mawhangbalpoytang(마황발표탕) can be used, And when the Superficial and Superficial+Tight with strong power on left hand Pulse is made a diagnosis, Ungdamsan(웅담산) and Handayulsotang(한다열소탕) can be used. 11. Taeumin(태음인) the Coldness syndrome in esophagus(위완한증) ; when the Superficial+Tight Pulse with weak power on left hand Pulse is made a diagnosis, Taeumjowetang(태음조위탕) can be used. 12. Taeumin(태음인) the Dryness-Heat syndrome(조열증) ; when the Flood+Large Pulse, Long Pulse and Long+Large Pulse is made a diagnosis, Galgeunhaegitang(갈근해기탕) can be used. And when the Tight+Full+Rapid Pulse with deep region is made a diagnosis, Yuldahansotang(열다한소탕) can be used. And when the Superficial+Slippery Pulse is made a diagnosis, Chungsimyunjatang(청심연자탕) can be used. 13. Taeumin(태음인) the symptoms of Yin-blood Exhaustion(음혈모갈증) ; when the Superficial with weak power Pulse is made a diagnosis, Nokyongdaebotang(녹용대보탕) can be used. And when the Deep with weak power Pulse is made a diagnosis, Gongjinheukwondan(공진흑원단) can be used. 14. Taeyangin(태양인) a slight Lumbar vertebrae disease(외감경증) ; when the Superficial+Hollow Pulse is made a diagnosis, Gunshitang(건시탕) can be used. 15. Taeyangin(태양인) the Generalized and Fatigue syndrome(해역증) ; when the Moderate+Choppy Pulse with left

모래지반에서 팽창각에 따른 연속기초와 원형기초의 지지력계수 N_γ와 형상계수에 대한 수치해석 연구

김동준,윤준웅,지성현,최재형,이진선,김동수,Kim, Dong-Joon,Youn, Jun-Ung,Jee, Sung-Hyun,Choi, Jaehyung,Lee, Jin-Sun,Kim, Dong-Soo 한국지반공학회 2014 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.30 No.1

모래지반의 지표면에 위치한 거친 바닥면을 가진 강체 연속기초와 원형기초에 대하여 수치해석을 이용하여 팽창각 변화에 따른 지지력계수 $N_{\gamma}$와 형상계수를 구하였다. 양해법(explicit method)에 기반한 유한차분해석을 이용하여 지지력계수를 산정하기 위한 수치모델과 해석절차를 개발하고, Mohr-Coulomb 소성모델을 이용하여 다양한 내부마찰각(${\phi}$)과 팽창각(${\psi}$) 범위에 대하여 지지력계수를 도출하였다. 팽창각이 감소됨에 따라 지지력도 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 보편적인 지지력계수 제안식들이 가정하고 있는 관련흐름법칙(associated flow-rule)이 적용된 경우(${\psi}={\phi}$)를 기준으로 비관련흐름법칙(nonassociated flow-rule)이 적용된 경우(${\psi}$ < ${\phi}$)의 상대적인 지지력 비율을 산출하였고, 일반적인 모래에 대한 관계식을 제안하였다. 원형기초의 형상계수는 연속기초의 평면변형률 조건의 고려 여부에 따라 크게 변하였으며, 평면변형률 조건을 고려하여 내부마찰각을 증가시킨 경우가 기존의 실험 결과와 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 형상계수 제안식들의 경향이 차이를 나타내는 원인에 대하여 고찰하고 설계시 적용 방안을 제시하였다. Bearing capacity factor $N_{\gamma}$ and shape factor were studied for rigid strip and circular footings with a rough base on sand by numerical modelling considering the effect of dilation angle. The numerical model was developed with an explicit finite difference code. Loading procedures and interpretation methods were devised in order to shorten the running time while eliminating the exaggeration of the reaction caused by the explicit scheme. Using the Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with associated (${\psi}={\phi}$) and nonassociated (${\psi}$ < ${\phi}$) flow-rules, the bearing capacity factor $N_{\gamma}$ was evaluated for various combinations of internal friction angles and dilation angles. Bearing capacity factor decreased as the dilation angle was reduced from the associated condition. An equation applicable to typical sands was proposed to evaluate the relative bearing capacity for the nonassociated condition compared to the associated condition on which most bearing capacity factor equations are based. The shape factor for the circular footing varied substantially when the plane-strain effect was taken into account for the strip footing. The numerical results of this study showed closer trends with the previous experimental results when the internal friction angle was increased for the strip footing. Discussions are made on the reason that previous equations for the shape factor give different results and recommendations are made for the appropriate design shape factor.

사상체질음성분석기(四象體質音聲分析機)(PSSC-2004)를 통한 성인남성(成人男性)의 체질별(體質別) 음향특성(音響特性)

김동준,정운기,최재완,김달래,전종원,Kim, Dong-Jun,Jung, Woon-Ki,Choi, Jae-Wan,Kim, Dal-Rae,Jeon, Jong-Weon 사상체질의학회 2005 사상체질의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

1. Objectives The purpose of this study lies on the objectification of the Sasang Constitutional diagnosis. This study was analyzing the constitutional characteristic of adult men voices by PSSC-2004. 2. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 231 adult men voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 231 was composed with 5 Taeyangins, 32 Soyangins, 102 Taeumins and 92 Soeumins. The under 55 years old group was composed with 4 Taeyangins, 23 Soyangins, 83 Taeumins and 77 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 1 Taeyangin, 9 Soyangins, 19 Taeumins and 15 Soeumins. 3. Results 1) In total group, the Soeumin's mean value of center pitch(4)$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.034). 2) In total group, the Soeumin's group 3 APQ was significantly low compared with the others (P=0.042). 3) In under 55 year-old group, the Soeumin's center value of center pitch 4$(1,000{\sim}2,000Hz)$ was significantly high compared with the others (P=0.025) 4) In over 55 year-old group, no statistical significance was found between the Taeyangin, Soyangin, Taeumin and Soeumin. 4. Conclusions In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's voice showed high pitched sound (clearness) at the low frequency (1000-2000Hz). In over 55 year-old group, there is no significant differences. This fits in with that 'Soeumin's voice is 'Yu-tone' born by 'Shang-tone', very short and high.' 'Yu-tone' corresponds to 'Ra' and witch is highest among Gong, Shang, Gao, Chi and Yu. This is related with the appearance that the Soeumin's voice is weak, thin and high tone. Therefore it is supposed that Soeumin adult men's voices are thick, and there are vibrations of the ending. It is accepted one of the Soeumin's characters like as a mild tremor of limbs and deep breath caused by Soeumin's Qi-deficiency. This outcome accords with the theory that Soeumin's Qi is less than the Other constitutions.

Xylazine과 pentobarbital로 마취한 개에서 yohimbine과 4-aminopyridine투여가 위십이지장 통과 시간에 미치는 영향

김동준,최민철,성재기,Kim, Dong-jun,Choi, Min-chul,Sung, Jai-ki 대한수의학회 1990 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia on the gastroduodenal transit time of barium sulfate and whether this condition can be antagonized by yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine+4-aminopyridine in dogs. Xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia prolonged the gastroduodenal transit time to $121.50{\pm}21.25$ minutes compared with $5.25{\pm}0.90$ minutes of control. Yohimbine and yohimbine+4-aminopyridine reversed $121.50{\pm}21.25$ minutes of transit time of anesthetized dog to $25.25{\pm}6.83$ and $63.25{\pm}15.69$ minutes, respectively. 4-aminopyridine alone, $115.75{\pm}$18.35 minutes, was not effective in reversing the xylazine-pentobarbital-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit time. Yohimbine was the most effective for reversal of xylazine-pentobarbital-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit time in dogs.

2채널 뇌기능 감시 시스템을 위한 뇌파 소프트웨어의 개발

김동준,유선국,김선호,Kim, Dong-Jun,Yu, Seon-Guk,Kim, Seon-Ho 대한의용생체공학회 1999 의공학회지 Vol.20 No.1

본 연구에서는 수술이나 환자 모니터링시 무의식 상태 환자의 뇌혈류량에 대한 정확한 모니터링으로 뇌허혈 현상을 방지하기 위하여 2채널 양극성 아날로그 EEG를 디지털로 처리하여 다양한 뇌파 관련 파라미터를 추출하여 실시간으로 한 화면에 디스플레이하고, 또한 임상의사들이 사용하기 편리한 뇌파 감시 소프트웨어를 개발하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 EEG-데이터를 FFT 연산 후 CSA 및 DSA의 형태로 표현하며, 기타 다양한 뇌파관련 파라미터를 추출한 후 한 화면에서 실시간으로 디스플레이하고, 사용 편리성도 극대화하도록 프로그램하였다. 프로그램은 개발 도중에 여러 번의 동물실험 및 임상실험을 통하여 개선 보완되었으며, EEG, CSA, DSA 및 알파비, 퍼센트 델타 스펙트럼 모서리 주파수, 전체 파워, 전체 파워의 차 등의 주요 뇌파 파라미터들을 한 화면에서 관찰하게 되어 환자 상태의 종합적인 간찰이 가능하며, 나중에 저장된 EEG 파일을 재검토할 수 있다. 또한 CSA, DSA, 스펙트럼 모서리 주파수 및 전체 파워는 원하는 부분에서 표본을 취해 화면 위쪽에 최대 3개까지 붙여 놓고 동시에 비교할 수 있으므로 환자 상태의 객관적인 비교가 가능하고, 환자상태, 응급처치 등에 대한 기록사항을 입력할 수 있어서 저장된 EEG 파일의 검토시 이들 event로 즉시 찾아가는 기능이 있으며, 그 외에도 앞 뒤 점프 이동 기능, 이득 조절 기능, 윈도우 환경에서의 파일관리 기능 등을 갖추고 있고, 프로그램이 윈도우 환경에서 개발되어 마우스에 의해 대부분의 동작이 이루어진다. 개발된 프로그램을 이용한 대학병원의 임상실험결과, 환자상태의 변화에 매우 민감하게 반응하고, 또한 임상의사들이 이용하기에도 매우 편리하다는 평가를 받았다. This paper describes an EEG(electroencephalogram) software for two-channel cerebral function monitoring system to detect the cerebral ischemia. In the software, two-channel bipolar analog EEG signals are digitized and from the signals various EEG parameters are extracted and displayed on a monitor in real-time. Digitized EEG signal is transformed by FFT(Fast Fourier transform) and represented as CSA(compressed spectral array) and DSA(density spectral array). Additional 5 parameters, such as alpha ratio, percent delta, spectral edge frequency, total power, and difference in total power, are estimated using the FFT spectra. All of these are effectively merged in a monitor and displayed in real-time. Through animal experiments and clinical trials on men, the software is modified and enhanced. Since the software provides raw EEG, CSA, DSA, simultaneously with additional 5 parameters in a monitor, it is possible to observe patients multilaterally. For easy comparison of patient's status, reference patterns of CSA, DSA can be captured and displayed on top of the monitor. And user can mark events of surgical operation and patient's conditions on the software, this allow him jump to the points of events directly, when reviewing the recorded EEG file afterwards. Other functions, such as forward/backward jump, gain control, file management are equipped and these are operated by simple mouse click. Clinical tests in a university hospital show that the software responds accurately according to the conditions of patients and medical doctors can use the software easily.

산모 혈액과 탯줄 혈액의 연(鉛)함량에 관한 연구

김동준,김명희,정애순,강신명,Kim, Dong-Jun,Kim, Myung-Hee,Chung, Ae-Soon,Kang, Shin-Myung 대한생리학회 1977 대한생리학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Motor vehicles are the major source of environmental air pollution through the combustion of lead-containing gasolines. People who live in the areas with heavy traffic usually have the higher blood lead levels. This study was to investigate the lead level between the maternal blood and their infants cord blood. Immediatly after Placental delivary, the sampls of cord blood and maternal venous blood were obtained randomly from 14 infants whose mothers had spent their entire pregnancy in Seoul. Lead concentration was determined by the dithizone method. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Hemoglobin, Hct and RBC were significantly higher in cord blood than in the maternal blood, by 36%, 54.9%, 36.9% respectively. 2. MCV in cord blood was higher than that in maternal blood by 13.8%. But MCH and MCHC were lower than those in maternal blood, by 9.7%, 3.3% respectively. The differences were statistically significant. 3. Lead concentration of cord blood $(23.93\;{\mu}g%)$ was higher than that in maternal blood $(21.93\;{\mu}%)$ by 9.1%.

산업노동자(産業勞動者)의 작업대사량(作業代謝量)과 인력이용(人力利用)에 관(關)한 측정연구(測定硏究)

김동준,김명희,신강자,Kim, Dong-Jun,Kim, Myung-Hee,Shin, Kang-Ja 대한생리학회 1972 대한생리학회지 Vol.6 No.1

This study was carried out on the energy expenditure and physical capacity of 504 persons from 17 occupations. The energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry using a Douglas' bag and Scholander's gas analyser. The physical capacity was determined by the Harvard's step test and the maximum oxygen consumption using a treadmill. The assessment of the daily energy expenditure for each subject was made by the factorial method using a record of the activies throughout 24 hours of every survey day. The total daily energy expenditure is the sum of all energy expenditure. This was calculated by multiplying the caloric value of the metabolic rate by the time spent on each activity. Most of the occupations involved moderate or heavy work.

오실로메트릭 측정법을 사용한 심박주기 검출 성능 개선

김동준,Kim, Dong-Jun 한국정보전자통신기술학회 2014 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구에서는 혈압측정으로부터 얻어지는 오실레이션(Oscillation) 신호를 이용하여 심박주기를 검출하고, 심박주기의 정확성을 개선하는 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 이를 위한 혈압측정의 방법으로 오실로메트릭(Oscillometric) 측정법을 사용하였으며, 오실레이션 신호의 피크들로부터 전 후 기울기들의 평균이 교차하는 지점을 실제 피크로 인정하고 심박주기를 계산하였다. 제안된 방법은 그래프 상에서 심박주기의 극심한 편차와 오류를 줄이는 성능을 나타냈다. This study presents a method for heart rate detection using oscillation wave signal and tries to enhance the performance of peak detection. For this objective, the method uses the average slopes around the main peak. The crossing point of the increasing and the decreasing slopes is selected as the peak point of heart rate period. The proposed method showed smoothed heart rate graph and reduced irregularity in heart rate values.

음성신호 전처리를 위한 에너지 의존 프리엠퍼시스

김동준,박상희,Kim, Dong-Jun,Park, Sang-Hui 한국음향학회 1997 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.16 No.3

본 연구에서는 성문파에 의한 음원 특성과 입술에서 음성이 방사될 때 발생하는 방사 특성을 효과적으로 제거하기 위하여 성문파의 음원 특성과 입술에서의 방사 특성은 근사적으로 음파의 에너지와 비례한다고 가정하고, 정규화된 단구간 에너지를 이용하는 에너지 의존 프리엠퍼시스 기법을 제안하며, 이를 이용하여 비안정 구간인 발음의 시작 부분과 천이구간에 대하여 음성 신호 분석 성능을 개선하고자 한다. 제안된 프리엠퍼시스 기법을 이용하여 5개 한국어 단모음의 스펙트럼 및 형성음 주파수 추출 등의 음성 신호 분석을 수행하고, 기존에 널리 이용되던 두 가지 프리엠퍼시스 기법과 성능을 비교하여 본 결과, 제안된 방법에 의한 스펙트럼의 형태가 기존의 방법에 비하여 상당히 개선되었고, 보다 더 정확한 형성음 주파수를 나타내며, 인접한 두 형성음 주파수가 증첩되는 현상이 제거되었음을 알 수 있었다. This study describes a modified preemphasis formula, what we call energy-dependent preemphasis(EDP). This uses the normalized short-term energy of speech signal, with the assumption that the source characteristics of the glottal pulses and the radiation characteristics of the lips are approximately proportional to the energy of speech signal. Using this method, speech analyses, such as AR spectrum estimation, formant detection, are performed for nonstationary starting parts of 5 Korean single vowels. The results are compared with the conventional two preemphasis methods. We found that the proposed preemphasis gave enhanced spectral shapes and more accurate formant frequencies and avoided overlapping phenomenon of adjacent two formants.