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Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been applied successfully to treat masseteric hypertrophy, but it can cause muscle weakness. To measure the change in maximum bite force (MBF) after BTX-A injection into the human masseter muscle and to evaluate the influence of a booster (repeated) injection, thirty volunteers completed 18-week follow-up, and MBF was measured. At 18 weeks after the first injection, a booster injection was given to 14 patients, and they were followed up until 18 weeks from the booster injection. Mean MBF was approximately 20% lower at 2 weeks than before the injection, and it recovered gradually after 4 weeks to return to the preinjection level at 12 weeks. MBF differed significantly between before the injection and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the injection (p<0.05). In the booster injection group (n = 14), MBF was markedly lower at 6 weeks (p<0.05), and it recovered gradually in 12 weeks. In conclusion, MBF was significantly lower after booster injection of BTX-A into the human masseter muscle, but it gradually recovered in a predictable pattern, and the degree of discomfort experienced by the subjects had little effect on normal mastication.
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김기서 成均館大學校 臨床大學院 2001 국내석사
More and more various chemicals are released into environment as economic activities become complicated. There is a growing concern on effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on ecosystem. It has been reported by many researchers that some potential toxic chemicals are disrupting ecological system through dispersion and accumulation in biological system. It is possible that these chemicals could produce significant estrogenic effects through synergistic effect or additive effect by combining various environmental chemicals from secondary pollution. Many EDCs are insoluable, stable and slowly degraded in nature. Therefore these persistent organic pollutants of EDCs are bioaccumulated by food chain in the environment and biomass. This research is aimed to analyze the potential risk of industrial wastewater by means of EROD bioassay and E-Screen methodology, according to those selected in industrial sectors/characteristics. EROD bioassay was applied to detect PAHs, PCBs and dioxin-like components in the wastewater. E-screen assay using human breast cell line (MCF7-BUS) was adopted to assess the activity of xenoestrogens. The results showed that this method is a valuable tool for screening potential estrogen-mimicking environmental pollutants and quantifying the estrogenicity. The result of EROD bioassay indicated that all of the wastewater were able to induce the estrogenic activity by two solvent types. The result of E-screen assay indicated that textile wastewater sample could act as a full agonist, while the wastewater samples obtained from other two sites act as a partial agonist. The wastewater samples obtained from paint industry did not show any estrogenic effect. Therefore, most the effluents could be polluted with various organic chemicals and have potential to induce endocrine disrupting effects.
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김기서 경기대학교 교육대학원 1993 국내석사
By collecting 6,666 different words and 31,382 running words through studing words in Middle School Korean, the text book for the third grade revised in 1992, this thesis clears up the following points. 1. Fundamental vocabulary Being materials by the statistical analysis of vocabulary frequency, a hundred words of high frequency are defined as fundamental vocabulary. Then they are presented by comparison with another hundred words of high frequency. 2. The distribution rate by parts of speech. The classification is based on the unified school grammar. Of the parts of speech except auxiliary words, nouns hold 55.67%, verbs 24.08%, adjectives 9.30%, adverbs 7.76%. These four parts of speech hold 96.81% in all but pronouns, numerals, pre-nouns, exclamations only 3.19%. The rate between different words and running words by parts of speech is not equal. Pronouns 32.00% and pre-nouns 10.15% are much higher than the average mark 4.71 in average relative frequency and the value of these vocabulary is great high. 3. The distribution rate by consonants and vowels The vocabulary with initial vowel has running words 21.78% and different words 16.13% and it's rate by consonants and vowels analysis is most high. The running words in consonants are ‘ㄱ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅁ, ㅎ, ㄷ, ㅂ, ㄴ, ㅊ, ㄸ, ㅍ, ㅌ, ㄲ, ㅆ, ㅋ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㄹ’and the different words ‘ㄱ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅂ, ㅁ, ㅎ, ㄷ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄴ, ㄷ, ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅉ, ㄹ’ in order. In the distribution circumstances of the initial sound, the initial plosive words are in the high rate of 46.18% and the initial hard palate sound words 30.01% by the articulation method. In vowels, ‘ㅏ’ (27.46%) is by far the first and it follows ‘ㅣ, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅗ, ㅡ, ㅐ, ㅕ, ㅔ, ㅚ, ㅟ’ in order, The first rate in all sorts of distribution in vowels is central vowels (51.33%) , the second high vowels (36.31%). In the distribution of the final consonant words, ‘ㄴ’(16.96%) is most high, and it follows ‘ㄹ’(16.32%), ‘ㅇ’(14.17%) and ‘ㄱ’(11.97%) in order. 4. The distribution rate by the number of syllable In the distribution by the number of syllable, two-syllable words hold 42.98%, three-syllable 25.01%, and four-syllable 22.16%. So these words hold 90.15% in all, There are many small-syllable words in the uninflected word and numerous-syllable words in the inflected word. The concern about the small syllable words is more needed in Korean Text Book because it has much value and basic quality. 5. The distribution by the frequency of vocabulary. The average relative frequency is 4.71% and the different words of the frequency 1∼3 under it are 5.252 (78.79%) in all. Ten words most valuable by the frequency order are selected. 6. The distribution by the formal construction of the inflected word In the verb of the uninflected words, the number of the simple formal construction verbs is 536(33.40%), the composed verbs 776(48.35%). After all the learning and teaching needs to put emphasis on the composed and the derived verbs. In the adjective of the inflected words, the number of the simple formal construction adjectives is 127 (20.48%), the composed adjective 27(4.35%) and the derived adjectives 466 (75.16%), So the teaching about the derivation method of the adjective can improve the students' word power.
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) internal derangement, especially disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) is the most common TMJ arthropathy and has been thought to do some effects on masticatory performance. Measuring of maximal bite force has been widely used as objective and quantitative method of evaluating masticatory performance, but previous studies showed various results due to various characteristics of subjects and different measuring devices and techniques. In a few studies about the correlation of bite force and temporomandibular disorders (TMD), some authors reported that bite force and masticatory performance would be reduced in patients with TMD because of pain. But the correlation of changes in structure of articular disc and masticatory performance has not been well investigated yet. In this study, to investigate the influences of non-painful disc change on the masticatory performance, we measured the value of maximal bite force, occlusal contact area and occlusal pressure of 39 patients with non-painful DDwR of the TMJ using pressure sensitive film, and compared it with that of 59 controls. the results are summarized as follows:1. The maximal bite force (P < 0.01) and the occlusal contact area (P < 0.05) of the DDwR patients were greater than the controls.2. There was no significant difference in occlusal pressure between the DDwR patients and the controls (P > 0.05).3. The maximal bite force of the male group was greater than that of the female group (P < 0.05). However, the occlusal contact area and the occlusal pressure between the male and the female group didn''t show significant difference (P > 0.05). From the results above, we can suggest that DDwR could be a factor of changing bite force, but more controlled, large scaled and EMG related further study is needed. 측두하악관절 내장증, 그 중에서도 정복성 관절원판 변위(Disc displacement with reduction; DDwR)는 가장 흔하게 발생하는 측두하악관절 질환으로, 저작 능력에 다양한 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되어져 왔다. 저작 능력을 평가하는 객관적이고 가시적인 수단으로 최대 교합력의 측정이 널리 통용되어져 왔는데, 과거 많은 연구자들이 측두하악장애(TMD)와 교합력의 관계에 대한 연구를 시도하였으나, 피험자의 개인적 특성이나 측정 방법의 차이 등으로 인하여 통일성 있는 결과를 얻지 못하고 있으며, 측두하악장애로 인한 통증이 교합력 및 저작능력을 감소시킨다고 보고된 바 있으나 측두하악관절의 구조적 변화와 저작능력의 관계에 대한 연구는 아직 충분히 이루어져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 측두하악관절의 구조적 변화와 저작 능력의 관계를 파악해 보고자 개구시 무통성의 관절음을 보이는 환자 39명 및 대조군 59명을 대상으로 최대 교합력, 교합 접촉 면적 및 교합압을 감압필름법(pressure sensitivie film)을 이용하여 분석, 평가한 후 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.1. 정복성 관절원판 변위 환자군이 대조군보다 높은 최대 교합력(P < 0.01) 및 넓은 교합 접촉 면적(P < 0.05)을 나타내었다.2. 단위 면적당 평균 교합압은 대조군과 정복성 관절원판 변위 환자군 간에 있어서 유의성있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(P > 0.05).3. 남녀간의 차이에 있어서, 정복성 관절원판 환자군과 대조군 모두에서 남성이 여성보다 높은 교합압을 나타내었으나(P < 0.05), 평균 교합압과 교합 접촉 면적은 유의성있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(P > 0.05).이상의 결과로부터 얻을 수 있는 결론은 측두하악관절의 정복성 관절원판 변위가 교합 기능을 변화시키는 한 요소로서 작용할 수 있다는 점이다. 향후의 연구에 있어서 근전도 등을 이용한 저작근 활성도 측정을 병행함이 유용할 것으로 사료되며, 교합력에 영향을 미치는 다른 요소가 통제된 보다 대규모 환자집단에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.
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Carbon nanotube (CNT) has been highlighted as candidates of field-emission emitters and vacuum nanoelectronic devices. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes, the structural, electrical, mechanical, electromechanical, and chemical properties have been investigated to explore the applications of the materials. The large and stable emission properties are the important factors for application of the CNT as electron emission source. to enhance electron emission from CNT emitters, bias aging, oxidation, doping and laser irradiation process was proposed. Carbon nanotubes were grown with resist assisted patterning(RAP) process with triode plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique (PECVD). The CNT growth was performed at 580 ℃ under the pressure of 2.0 Torr in C^2H^2 and NH^3 mixture in the ratio 40:60 respectively. RAP process was used to form the CNT electron emitter arrays having 50 μm pitch island. The diameter of each island was fixed as 5 μm. The CNTs have been grown on pre-defined island position with RAP process. Electrical aging was performed with 6.87 V/μm field for 40 hrs and for the thermal treatment, the temperature was raised to the 700 ℃ and 1000 ℃ with rising ratio of 10 ℃/min and maintained for 30 min for annealing. The HF treatment was also performed with 49% HF solution. Generally, a root of CNT scan be attacked by HF treatment resulting peel-off the CNTs, so the root area was covered with photoresist coating. However, RAP grown CNTs show very good adhesion with substrate, resulting no peel off until 60 sec HF treatment. The field emission property of the CNT emitters has been carried out using a diode type electron emission measurement system under highvacuum(<1x10^-6 Torr). The distance between the anode and cathode was so fixed as 150 μm during the measurements. In this studies, Electron emission properties of CNT-FEAs were studied by post growth treatment, such as electrical aging, thermal annealing and HF wetting. In first, after sustaining the electric field when starting emission current density (Js) is 0.1 mA/cm^2 during 40 hrs in dc-mode, the electron emission property increases almost six times of primitive CNT-FEAs. To study the thermal treatment effects on electron emission, the CNT-FEAs on silicon substrate was heated to 700 ℃ and 1000 ℃. After 700 ℃ thermal annealing, the electron emission current increases from 55 μA/cm^2 to 658 μA/cm^2. And after 1000 ℃ thermal annealing, the electron emission current increases from 11 μA/cm^2 to 20.4 mA/cm2. CNT-FEAs on silicon substrate was wetted by the 49% HF solution. Finally, the CNT-FEAs on silicon substrate was wetted by the 49% HF solution. After 20 sec HF treatment, the electron emission current increases from 45 μA/cm^2 to 6.38 mA/cm^2 and this is about 142 times higher than the pre treated value. And, we experimented 1000 ℃ thermal annealing at the same time with HF treatment. We could get 656 mA/cm^2 degree emission current density at 8 V/μm. This post treatment is very simple and low cost process. the novel process can be applied to low cost post treatment for field emission device.
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