지구온난화에 따른 북한의 두벌농사 특성 평가

강양순,이종훈,이병열 한국작물학회 2010 Korean journal of crop science Vol.55 No.3

지구온난화에 따른 북한지역의 식량작물 생산을 주축으로 하는 이모작의 특성을 평가하기 위해서 온난화의 지역적 특성, 겨울작물의 월동온도, 여름작물의 냉해유발온도 및 이모작 작부양식별 소요적산온도 확보 등 온열지표의 변화를 농업기후지대별로 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 온난화의 지역적 특성 북한의 온난화는 과거(1973-1994)보다 최근(2002-2006) 들어 연간 평균기온 3,271℃ 로 233℃ 나 상승되었고 일평균기온은 8.96℃ 로 0.64℃ 증가되었다. 일평균기온의 지역간 변이는 아한대인 북부내륙고산지대의 삼지연에서 1.06℃ , 온대인 동해안중부지대의 장전에서 12.26℃ 로 큰 변이를 보였다. 2. 겨울작물의 월동가능지역 확대 겨울작물의 월동온도를 기준으로 가을보리+벼 이모작 (-13℃ 이상 지역) 가능지역의 분포는 과거 서해안과 동해안 및 서부중간지대의 일부에서 최근 들어 서부중간지대의 전역으로 확대되었고, 가을밀+벼 이모작(-15℃ ) 가능지역은 과거 서해안과 동해안 및 서부중간지 전역에서 최근 중부산간지대의 전역과 북부산간 일부지역까지 확대되었다. 3. 여름작물의 냉해우려지역 분포 7월중 일평균기온 17℃ 이하의 장해형냉해 유발온도의 경과일수를 기준으로 냉해우려지역의 분포는 북부내륙고산지대에서 21-29일, 동북해안북부지대에서 8-10일, 동북해안남부지대에서 2-5일로 나타났다. 4. 이모작 적산온도 확보의 지역적 분포 월동작물 가을밀과 결합된 여름작물(벼, 옥수수 및 콩) 이모작을 가능케 하는 적산온도 3,150℃ 이상 확보지역의 분포는 북부내륙고산지대를 제외한 북한 전역으로 확대되었고, 여름작물 봄감자와 결합된 벼, 옥수수 및 콩 등 이모작을 가능케 하는 적산온도 2,650℃ 이상 확보지역의 분포는 일부 북부내륙고산지대 혜산지역까지 가능하였다. In order to evaluate the benefits of global warming on the double cropping with staple crops in North-Korea, four aspects such as the increasing rate of air temperature, the wintering temperatures for winter crops, the causing temperature of cool injury to rice and the securing of accumulated temperature for the double cropping in the different agricultural climate zones were analyzed by comparing the differences between the past 22 years from 1973 to 1994 and the recent 5 years from 2002 to 2006. The warming rate in recent daily mean air temperature of 8.96~circC in North Korea was higher by 0.64~circC than that in the past with large regional variations ranging from 1.06~circC in Samjiyeon of northern inland semi-alpine zone to 12.26~circC in Jangjeon of east central coastal zone. With the accumulated temperatures of more than 3,150~circC and 2,650~circC , it was possible to apply the double cropping patterns with winter wheat and for cropping patterns with spring potato, respectively, to the whole region except for the northern inland semi-alpine zone. However, the wintering temperature higher than -15~circC of average daily minimum air temperature of January, cropping patterns were impossible to northern inland semi-alpine zone and most regions of the northern mountainous zone. The days passed by below 17~circC in daily mean air temperature, causing the spikelet sterility at meiotic stage of rice in July, were a lot recorded from 21 to 29 days in northern inland semi-alpine zone and from 2 to 10 days in east-northern coastal zone, respectively. Therefore, a reasonable utilization of heat / temperature resources would relieve the limiting factors in double cropping for stable production of staple crops in North-Korea.

태풍 “Saomai” 통과 후 벼 급성위조증상 발생 조사 연구

강양순,곽강수,양원하,윤영환 한국작물학회 2000 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2000 No.2

벼 상자육묘에서 규산코팅볍씨의 건묘육성과 벼키다리병 경감효과

강양순,김완중,노재환 한국작물학회 2017 한국작물학회지 Vol.62 No.1

We investigated the effect of silicate coating of rice seeds on bakanae disease incidence and the quality of seedlings raised in seedling boxes and transplanted into pots. The silicate-coated rice seed (SCS) was prepared as follows. Naturally infested rice seeds not previously subjected to any fungicidal treatment were dressed with a mixture of 25% silicic acid at pH 11 and 300-mesh zeolite powder at a ratio of 50 g dry seed - 9 mL silicic acid - 25 g zeolite powder. The following nursery conditions were provided : Early sowing, dense seeding in a glass house with mulching overnight and no artificial heating, which were the ideal conditions for determining the effect on the seed. The nursery plants were evaluated for Gibberella. fujikuroi infection or to determine the recovery to normal growth of infected nursery plants in the Wagner pot. Seedlings emerged 2-3 days earlier for the SCS than they did for the non-SCS control, while damping-off and bakanae disease incidence were remarkably reduced. Specifically, bakanae disease incidence in the SCS was limited to only 7.8% for 80 days after sowing, as compared to 91.6% of the non-SCS control. For the 45-days-old SCS nursery seedlings, the fresh weight was increased by 11% and was two times heavier, with only mild damage compared to that observed for non-SCS. Even after transplanting, SCS treatment contributed to a lower incidence of further infections and possibly to recovery of the seedlings to normal growth as compared to that observed in symptomatic plants in the pot. The active pathogenic macro-conidia and micro-conidia were considerably lower in the soil, root, and seedling sheath base of the SCS. In particular, the underdeveloped macro-conidia with straight oblong shape without intact septum were isolated in the SCS ; this phenotype is likely to be at a comparative etiological disadvantage when compared to that of typical active macro-conidia, which are slightly sickle-shaped with 3-7 intact septa. A active intact conidia with high inoculum potential were rarely observed in the tissue of the seedlings treated only in the SCS. We propose that promising result was likely achieved via inhibition of the development of intact pathogenic conidia, in concert with the aerobic, acidic conditions induced by the physiochemical characteristics associated with the air porosity of zeolite, alkalinity of silicate and the seed husk as a carbon source. In addition, the resistance of the healthy plants to pathogenic conidia was also important factor.

우루과이 벼농사와 쌀 수출산업 분석 : 1. 우루과이 벼농사 특징 Ⅰ. Rice Farming in Uruguay

강양순,신명철 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

우루과이 정부로부터 우루과이 국립농업연구소(INIA : Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuario Uruguay) 연구능력 강화를 위한 협력사업 요청을 받고 2003년 9월 20일부터 31일까지 우리 정부에 의해서 협력타당성 분석을 위한 우루과이 현지 조사와 자료분석이 이루어졌다. 우루과이 벼농사의 특징과 벼 재배환경 및 표준재배기술을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 우루과이 벼농사의 특징은 우리와 반대계절에 재배되고 논이 따로 없이 목장에서 목초와 벼를 윤작체계로 하는 대규모 수출상업농이다. 2. 벼 재배환경은 기온이 비교적 낮고 토양 중인산과 규산함량이 극히 낮아서 냉해발생 빈도가 잦은 편이나 광활한 대평원과 풍부한 수자원으로 벼 생산에 아주 유리하여 제 3의 수출상품으로 발전시켰다. 3. 벼는 건답상태로 직파한 후에 담수재배하며 벼-목초-가축의 윤작체계로 지력유지와 잡초방제를 기하고 제초제와 비료사용을 최소화하여 환경 친화적으로 재배하며 특히 토양, 관개수, 쌀의 농약잔류분석을 체계적으로 실시하여 환경농업을 철저히 실천하는 표준재배를 하고 있다. Korean government received the requirement of cooperative project for strengthening of rice research ability to INIA (Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuario, Uruguay). A field investigation was undertaken in Uruguay and analysis of research papers were carried out from September 20-30, 2003 to determine the cooperative appropriateness by Korean government. The characters of rice farming in Uruguay that has the rotation cropping system based on rice-forage crops such as rye grass, lotus and red clover in pasture is a very important exporting industry. It is developing as the 3rd industry goods in Uruguay by having the favorable cultivation environments with vast plain and a plenty of water for rice production, although low temperature and low contents of phosphate and silicic acid in soil related to cool injury of rice occurred during rice growing period. The rice farming is managed by friendly-environment theregy reducing the cost, maintaining of soil fertility, control of weeds and minimizing use of fertilizer by the rice-forage crop-cattle complex farming system. Rice is seeded in dry condition and then irrigated by 3㎝ depth of water. Especially, the rice cropping is practicing the sustainable agriculture system by keeping off the standard culture that has applied 70㎏ per ha of nitrogen and no potassium, and by the analytical operating of the residual agricultural chemicals to soil, irrigation water and rice grains.

규산코팅 벼 종자를 이용한 담수직파재배 시 벼 키다리병 경감효과

강양순,김완중,김연주,정기홍,최을수 한국작물학회 2016 한국작물학회지 Vol.61 No.1

To investigate the effect of soluble silicate zeolite dressing of the rice against bakanae disease, field trial in reclaimed land and in vitro were carried out. The coated rice seeds (SCS) which were dressed with the mixture of 25% silicic acids (binder), and the zeolite (coating powder). In wet direct seeding, uniform scattering of rice seeds on the soil surface and the better seedling establishment were shown in SCS treatment plots. The incidence of bakanae disease began from the mid tillering stage toward the heading stage. Around heading stage, the ratio of infected tillers reached its highest point by 9.9% in non-SCS treatment plots. While, in SCS treatment plots, the ratio of infected tillers was no more than 0.01%. The vitality of the pathogenic fungi of bakanae disease in the SCS and non-SCS samples were assessed. Samples were incubated for one week keeping proper humidity at 30°C after inoculated with panicles of infected rice plants from experimental field plots. In non-SCS treatment, pinkish colonies were formed on the grain surface of panicle of infected plants, and mycelium, macro-conidia and micro-conidia were developed actively inside part of infected grain inoculated. While in SCS treatment, micro-conidia and mycelium were not survived and the growth of macro-conidia, mycelia were greatly inhibited and withered. Based on the results, it is concluded that the environmental friendly control of bakanae disease by use of SCS is possible and soluble silicate can be applied as agents for replacement of seed disinfection. 벼 직파재배에서 볍씨에 피복재인 지오라이트와 결합재인 수용성규산(25%)으로 혼합 코팅된 “규산코팅볍씨(SCS)” 의 활용에 의한 키다리병 억제효과를 구명하고자 서해안간척지유래토양에서 담수표면직파된 포장시험과 아울러시험포장에서 발병된 키다리병 이병주를 접종원으로 하여변온조건(주야 18~26°C)과 항온조건(30°C)에서 실내시험으로 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 담수직파에서 규산코팅볍씨 처리구는 무코팅볍씨 처리구에서 보다 입모분포상태가 균일하였고 분얼중기경 건물생산량이 13% 증가되었다. 2. 무코팅볍씨 처리구에서는 분얼중기 경부터 키다리병이 발생되어 종자감염을 일으키는 출수기 경에 9.9% 의 심한 이병경율을 보인 반면에 규산코팅볍씨 처리구에서는 분얼중기까지 거의 발생이 없다가 출수기 무렵에 0.01%의 극미한 발생으로 99.9%의 방제가를 보였다. 이병주의 줄기마디와 이삭영화 감염부위에서는 전형적인 키다리병균의 소형분생자와 대형분생자 및 균사체 등이 확인되었다. 3. 무코팅볍씨와 규산코팅볍씨를 30°C 항온기에 각각 치상하고 시험포장에서 발병된 이병주의 이삭을 2주일간 접종 처리한 결과 무코팅볍씨 처리구의 접종이삭종자에서는 종자표면에 균총이 형성되었고 종자내에는 소형분생자, 대형분생자 및 균사 발육이 왕성하게증식된 반면에 규산코팅볍씨 처리구에서는 소형분생자와 균사는 생존하지 못하였고 대형분생자와 균사체발육은 크게 위축되었다. 이상의 결과로 규산코팅볍씨의 활용으로 직파재배 시 종자소독 없이도 친환경적 키다리병 방제가 가능하며, 향후종자소독제로의 개발도 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

일본에 있어서 보리 APOMIXIS 돌연변이체의 선발 연구

강양순 한국국제농업개발학회 1994 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.6 No.3

日本에서는 보리의 完全 Apomixis選拔 방법이 確立될 設階로서 이 方法 實現이 可能한 目的系統을 얻었기 때문에 Apomixis에 의한 F₁種子價格은 低廉하게 되어 從來 하이브리드 品種育成企業體의 獨占 利潤을 排除하여 農民 所得과 直結시킬 수 있다. 또한 Apornixis 品種의 育種으로의 利用은 交配母本으로 했을 때에는 次代가 母本과 같은 Clone이 되기 때문에 利用價値가 없으나 放射線處理로 核遺傳子를 不活性化 하여 正常細胞質과의 細胞融合에 의한 하이브리드를 作成해서 父本으로 使用할 價値도 있다. 雄性不稔 Apomixis는 突然變異를 誘發시켜 稔性回復遺傳子 및 雄性不稔細胞 (S)로 부터 正常細胞質(N)로의 突然變異 遺傳子를 選拔할수 있다. 이러한 Apomixis의 效率的인 作物 改良을 위해서는 作物育種, 細胞遣傳學, 細胞培養, 分子生物學 등의 技術을 綜合할 수 있는 硏究팀 構成에 의한 挑戰이 必要하다고 본다. Selection of apomixis in barley is nearly established in Japan, for example, the desired apomictic line by this method is already available to be used for selection of F₁progines developed by apomixis. It is highly promising to extend this techniques not only to barley but also to other crop species, which can reduce the production cost of apomixis F₁seeds, eventually return benefits to farmers which is, otherwise, to go to the commercial seed companies with the exclusive monopoly for the hybrid seed. Besides the economical effect, there is a high possibility to use the variety developed by apomixis to breeding stocks of crops. It is known that the use of apomixis varieties in crossing parent with breeding purpose always resulted in clones in next generation. This barrier can be overcome by the introduction of mutation by radioactivity radiation and hybrid between the this mutated lines and normal lines by cell fusion can be used as the crossing parent in breeding purpose. It is recommenced in this time that the cooperative efforts from various sources of science, plant breeding, cell genetics, tissue culture, and molecular biology, is needed to solve the problems concerning the apomixis breeding.

볍씨의 규산코팅방법에 따른 이용특성과 육묘효과

강양순,김완중,황덕상,김희규 한국작물학회 2020 한국작물학회지 Vol.65 No.1

A new silicate coating technology was developed which reduces the impact of dust and loosening during seeding compared to existing silicate-coatings (Seed/Si/Zeolite), and therefore can lower the production costs of rice cultivation. In this method, 100 g of rice seed is coated with 18 mL of liquid silicic acid and then dressed with a mixture containing 80 g of dolomite and 5 g of iron. To determine the most effective method of application and ensure that seedlings developed healthily, a series of experiments were carried out. Infected seeds scattered in seedling boxes and pots (soil and hydroponic) were coated dry, without disinfection. In comparison to the seed which were not treated with the silicate-coating, the new seed (A) were 1.84 times heavier in weight, and were also improved in terms of coating strength and coating color. Compared to the seedlings grown from the non-coated seed, those grown from the new silicate-coated seed were of significantly higher quality (weight/length) and had erect, dark greenish leaves, which are ideal plant characteristics. This was most likely due to increased silicate uptake. The symptoms of bakanae disease in the non-coated seed peaked after 38 days to 54.2%, whereas the control value was 68.8% in the new silicate-coated seed (A). In the infected seedlings grown from the new silicate-coated rice seed, subnormal macro-conidia, namely, a sickle shape spore without a septum; a straight oblong shape spore without a septum and with a thick cell wall; and inter-septal necrosis of a normal spore were detected. It is believed that the strong alkalinity of silicic acid have acted as unfavorable conditions for pathogenicity. In seedlings grown from the new silicate coated rice seed under hydroponic conditions without nutrients, normal root activity and growth was maintained without leaf senescence. Therefore, it was possible to reduce the rate of fertilization. In the future, a new silicate-coated rice seed was required for the study of minimal nutrition for anti-aging of seedlings. 벼 직파재배나 육묘에서 종자소독, 병충해방제, 시비 등에 요구되는 생산비절감기술로 개발된 기존 규산코팅볍씨(규산/Zeolite)의 단점 보완으로 신규 규산코팅기술이 개발되었다. 신규 규산코팅볍씨의 제조 및 이용특성과 육묘상자에서 건묘육성 및 벼 키다리병 경감효과를 명확하게 하기 위하여 벼 키다리병 이병성 감염종자를 소독 없이 마른상태로 코팅한 볍씨와 중도저항성 소독된 보급종자를 마른 상태로 코팅한 볍씨를 토경조건과 수경조건에서 시험이 수행되었다. 1. 신규 규산코팅볍씨는 종자 100 g에 코팅 바인더 점액성수용성규산 18 ml을 충분히 묻히고 거기에 Dolomite 80 g/철 5 g의 혼합분말을 고루 뿌려서 코팅되었다. 2. 신규 규산코팅볍씨의 특성은 종자무게의 1.84배이었고 중량, 코팅강도와 코팅색택 등이 기존 규산코팅볍씨보다 훨씬 개선되었다. 3. 신규 규산코팅볍씨의 묘는 무코팅볍씨에서 자란 묘의 연한 엽색과 늘어지는 초형에 비하여 짙은 엽색(SPAD치) 으로 직립되었고 엽신의 규질화가 현저히 높았으며 묘소질(w/cm)은 유의하게 증가되었다. 특히 생육량과 엽색도는 토경조건에서 보다 영양이 결제된 수경조건에서 뚜렷하였다. 4. 47일간 육묘 중 벼 키다리병 발생은 파종 후 38일에 peak 를 보였고 무코팅볍씨 발병률 54.2%에 비하여 신규 규산코팅에서는 68.8~70.7%의 방제가를 나타내었다. 이상을 종합하여 보면 벼농사에서 가장 많이 요구되는 규산질 비료를 Dolomite와 철분으로 종피에 코팅시켜서 만든 신규 규산코팅볍씨로 종자소독, 건묘육성 및 벼 키다리병 경감 효과 등은 친환경 저비용과 안전 쌀 생산에크게 기여되리라 본다. 또한 장기 영양결제에도 육묘 중뿌리 활력이나 엽의 노화 없이 정상생육이 지속되어 육묘시비량 절감 가능성도 보였고 금후 묘의 노화경감을위한 최소 영양공급 연구가 요구되었다

Solid型 麥類의 줄기의 特性과 Solidness 變異

姜良淳,河龍雄,朴光根,許華永 한국작물학회 1991 한국작물학회지 Vol.36 No.6

중국의 밀 연구현황

강양순 한국국제농업개발학회 1993 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.5 No.2

China takes the first rank of wheat production in the world. The pattern of wheat cropping in China can be classified by the regions based on the average temperature of January. About 76.5% of wheat crops are sown in fall, while the remaining 23.5% is the spring-sown. Fall seeding is practiced mainly in the central regions of China from Yellow riverside (Huang He) to Yangtze riverside (Chang Jiang), where average temperature is -8∼5C in January and 17∼24C around the maturing stage. In north-western, north-eastern and northern regions, where temperature in January is -28∼-2C and that at maturing stage is similar to the central regions, spring seeding is commonly practiced. Wheat breeding in China centers on the development of ecologically suitable cultivars (specially termed $quot;ecological breeding$quot;). The research aims not only the improvement of resistance to diseases, insects and environmental stresses, but also the enhancement of maturity and productivity is relation to 10 ecologicay different zones. Each region has an academy of agricultural sciences which manages subordinate research institutes. The institutes responsible for wheat breeding differ each other among regions. The breeding of wheat cultivars has been actively advanced since 1930s, and achieved increment of wheat production by 36% in 1970. In recent years, the research on wheat hybrids has been undertaken and accomplished development of the intermediates between the wild varieties and the improved ones using wide-crossing. Chinese research in wheat hybrid breeding is regarded as the world-top level. Various genetic resources and advanced techniques for wheat breeding in China are considered beneficial to Korean research and, thus, acquisition of Chinese germplasm and technical information needs to be strengthened.

수단국(The Republic of Sudan)농업현황

강양순 한국국제농업개발학회 1991 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.3 No.2

Sudan belongs to a sphere of Arab culture and is located in the region N Africa between the Atlantic and the upper Nile S of the Sahara including basins of Lake chad and upper Nile. It is suitable for mechanized farming because its topography is flat and wide. Also, the Blue Nile and White Nile passing through the center of the country, it has the advantage of irrigation cultivation in dry season. Therefore whole export of the country is depended upon state controlled agricultural products. But the productivity is poor because of lack of agricultural technology and investments. For improving the Sudanese agricultural production, Rural Development Administration has recently started a cooperative program between Korea and Sudan. As a part of the program the author was sent to Sudan for technical cooperation of wheat production.