기분 장애와 불안 장애 환자 군에서 기질의 차이

신동원,한호성,우종민,김원 대한우울조울병학회 2009 우울조울병 Vol.7 No.2

Objectives:The authors tried to investigate the differences in depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious temperaments as measured by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto- questionnaire (TEMPS-A) among patients with bipolar depression, unipolar depression and anxiety disorder. Method:One hundred ninety patients joined in this study. Patients diagnosed in one university hospital were in- cluded. All the participants performed TEMPS-A. The questionnaire is a 110-item self reporting tool that measure five temperaments. Results:Depressive temperament scores were significantly higher in patients with unipolar de- pression than other patients groups. Cyclothymic temperament scores did not differ significantly among the three patients groups. Hyperthymic temperament scores were significantly lower in patients with unipolar depression than the control group. Irritable temperament scores did not differ significantly among the three patients groups. Anxious temperament scores were significantly higher in patients with unipolar depression and anxiety disorder than bipolar depression. Conclusion:Patients with unipolar depression could be characterized with higher depres- sive temperament and anxious temperament, but lower hyperthymic temperament. Patients with bipolar depression showed less anxious temperament than other patients groups. Patients with anxiety disorders showed no more anxious but less depressive temperament than unipolar depression group.

유아의 기질 유형에 따른 이타행동 수준의 관계

송수미,박애경 한국영유아교원교육학회 2009 유아교육학논집 Vol.13 No.6

This study was intended to find whether a child's altruism differs in accordance with temperament style. Subjects were children at the age of 3 to 5 years old, who went to three kindergartens in Seoul, and who were tested temperament by Thomas and Chess's (1977) Temperament Inventory to divide into three groups: easy child, difficult child, and slow-to-warm-up child temperament. An altruism test was given to 48 children grouped to temperament style. One-way ANOVA was used to verify the difference in altruism among the three groups by temperament. As a result of the study, first, there is a significant difference in a child's altruism by temperament style. Furthermore, an easy child temperament behaves more altruistically than a difficult child temperament does. Second , five-year-old children showed significantly more altruistic behavior than three-year-old children. In summary, it has been demonstrated that there is a significant difference statistically between a child's altruism and temperament after dividing child temperament into easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up and by analyzing what altruism differs by temperament. Additionally, children with easy child temperament show altruism the most, showing the highest scores on the measurement by temperament style. Besides, there are significant differences in altruism both by age and sex. A child tends to behave more altruistically as it grows, and girls are more likely to behave more altruistically than boys. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to provide fundamental data for the development of altruistic behavior programs that will be used more usefully in child education fields. For the study, it is to analyze whether a child's altruistic behavior depends on his/her temperament style. 본 연구에서는 유아의 기질유형과 이타행동 수준의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 서울시에 위치한 3개 유치원에 다니는 4,5,6세 유아 150명을 대상으로 뉴욕종단 연구에 근거하여 함께 개발한 기질측정도구를 사용하여 기질검사를 실시한 후 Gordon의 기질분류기준에 따라 순한 기질, 까다로운 기질, 느린 기질의 유아집단으로 분류하였다. 기질 유형별로 분류된 유아 48명을 대상으로 이타행동 검사를 측정하여 기질 집단에 따른 이타행동의 검증은 One-Way-ANOVA를 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 유아의 기질유형에 따라 이타행동은 유의미한 관계가 있었으며 순한 기질의 유아가 느린 기질, 까다로운 기질의 유아보다 이타행동이 높게 나타났다. 둘째 유아의 이타행동은 연령에 따라 차이가 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 기질에 따른 이타행동은 순한 기질의 유아는 가장 이타행동을 많이 나타냈고, 그 다음으로는 느린 기질의 유아이며, 까다로운 기질의 유아는 가장 낮은 이타행동을 나타냈다. 또한 연령에 따른 이타행동에서는 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 유아의 연령이 증가할수록 이타행동을 더 많이 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구는 유아의 기질유형과 이타행동수준의 관계를 분석하여 유아교육현장에 보다 효과적인 이타행동 프로그램 개발을 위한 기초자료 제공에 목적이 있다.

대학생의 기질 및 성격이 정신건강에 미치는 영향

노성현,채경선 한국효학회 2023 효학연구 Vol.- No.38

Background: According to Cloninger's personality model, factors in the temperament and character affect an individual's cognition, emotion, and behavior independently or through interaction between temperament and character. Through studies using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI-RS) developed based on Cloninger's theory, the relationship between temperament/character and psychopathology such as anxiety or depression has been confirmed. However, there is a lack of research to identify the relationship between temperament/character and non-pathological level of mental health experienced in daily life. If the relationship between temperament/character and mental health is identified, it will be possible to help discover and deal with potential risk factors for mental health through individual temperament and character traits. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the affect of temperament and character factors on mental health and to verify the mediating effect of character in the affect of temperament on mental health. Methodology/Approach: The subjects of this study were 330 university students who were surveyed by temperament/character scale and mental health scale, and the effects of temperament/character on mental health and the mediating effects of character were verified using Baron & Kenny's three-step mediated regression analysis. Findings/Conclusions: First, factors that significantly affect mental health were identified as novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, persistence, and self-directedness. Second, self-directedness showed a complete mediating effect in‘the relationship between novelty seeking and mental health’and ‘the relationship between persistence and mental health’, and a partial mediating effect in‘the relationship between harm avoidance and mental health’. Implications: This study is significant in that it identified the vulnerability of mental health through temperament and character traits and provided a basis for using self-directedness as a means of intervention in mental health problems.

기질 변화론의 교육적 이해

신창호 ( Chang-ho Shin ),한지윤 ( Ji-yoon Han ) 한국교육철학회 2016 교육철학 Vol.59 No.-

The purpose of this research is to discuss the possibility of education through transformation of one’s temperament(‘qizhi’). Through transforming his or her specific temperament, one can turn into a positive form the negatively manifesting temperament to his or her innate negative dispositions. The idea of transforming one’s temperament presupposes the plasticity-rather than the deterministic nature--of his or her temperament. From this, it follows that transfomation of innate temperament, acquired private desire, and tendency the source of the will through studying is possible. That is, the transformation of one’s temperament is a process of recovery his or her original good nature by transforming the negatively manifesting temperament. Since one’s temperament is related with his or her cognition and practice, one needs to transform bad temperament in order to discern the defining patterns of things (``li``), that is, to act according to knowledge of the defining patters. Likewise, transformation of temperament establishes as the aim of education of Neo-Confucianism. The transformation of temperament can be achieved through the process of ‘Zhixingbingjin’ in which one pursues knowing the defining patters of things and acting accordingly at the same time because he or she realizes that the two-the knowing and acting-are actually of one and the same dimension.

유아의 기질이 어머니의 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향

최종희(Jong Hee Choi),최미경(Mi-Kyung Choi) 한국아동학회 2018 아동학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between children’s temperament, parental satisfaction, and parenting stress of mothers with young children. Methods: The participants comprised 326 mothers with young children in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The subjects completed questionnaires on children’s temperament, parental satisfaction, and parenting stress. The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, calculation of Cronbach’s α, descriptive statistic analysis, Pearsons correlation coefficients, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. To analyze the collected data, SPSS 22.0 program was used. Results: First, children’s temperament (adaptive temperament/active temperament/regular temperament) had an effect on parenting stress (parental distress/parent-child dysfunctional interaction/difficult child). Second, parental satisfaction (general satisfaction/parent-child relationship/spousal support/parental role conflict/child support) had effect on parenting stress (parental distress/parent-child dysfunctional interaction/difficult child). Third, children’s temperament (adaptive temperament/active temperament/regular temperament) had an effect on parental satisfaction (general satisfaction/parent-child relationship/spousal support/parental role conflict/child support). Fourth, the mediating effect of parental satisfaction (general satisfaction/parent-child relationship/parental role conflict) was found in the relationship between children’s temperament (adaptive temperament/active temperament/regular temperament) and parenting stress (parental distress/parent-child dysfunctional interaction/difficult child). Conclusion: These results indicate parental satisfaction plays an important role in children’s temperament and parenting stress of mothers. In addition, this study also shows children’s temperament directly affects parenting stress of mothers. Therefore, this study will be useful for developing parental education programs for mothers.

血氣와 心氣에 관한 栗谷學派 氣質變化論 硏究 ─ 栗谷·巍巖·南塘을 중심으로 ─

정연수 한국유교학회 2014 유교사상문화연구 Vol.58 No.-

In this paper, Theory of Temperament Change(氣質變化論, Gijilbyeonhwalon) of the Yulgok School was studied by comparing Lee Gan’s view that put emphasis on making much of side on a method of composition (用事, Yongsa , makes any former text’s event as part of present text) of Blood-Vital Force (血氣, Hyeolgi) according to the Superintendence Character(主宰性, Jujaeseong) of Mind (心) to Han Won-jin’s view that asserted the changed of Mind-Vital Force (心氣, Simgi) concentrating his whole mind of preservation-cultivation(存養, Jonyang) of mind-and-heart non-issuance (未發心, Mibalsim) revolved around Innate Goodness (性善, Seongseon) based on the philosophical issues regarding Blood-Vital Force and Mind-Vital Force that can be raised Yulgok’s Theory of Temperament Change(氣質變化論, Gijilbyeonhwalon). Yulgok (栗谷) had argued that one should have to accomplish changing the temperament (氣質變化, Gijilbyeonhwa) by controlling Blood-Vital Force (血氣, Hyeolgi) in accordance with body developing the conscience that is essence of Mind-Vital Force (心氣, Simgi), while discussing about Mind-Vital Force (心氣, Simgi) and Energy of Body (身氣) along with Temperament. Lee Gan seemed to be succeed Yulgok’s Theory of Temperament Change(氣質變化論, Gijilbyeonhwalon) in regard to Blood-Vital Force (血氣, Hyeolgi) thoroughly. Lee Gan defined the temperament (氣質) as one’s own flesh and blood, and character, and also set out the mind of vigor which is a brave heart as vital force of mind (氣質之心, Gijiljisim). Thus, Lee Gan had served to emphasis a study that controls the vital force of mind (氣質之心) according to the body by superintending hot blood with mind(心, Sim). Meanwhile, Han Won-jin seemed to be succeed Yulgok’s Theory of Temperament Change(氣質變化論, Gijilbyeonhwalon) that cultivates the conscience thoroughly. Han Won-jin had stressed that the temperament, different from body, was supposed to understand as problem of mind along with Vacuous Spirit (虛靈, heoryeong). Even though it arrives at mind-and-heart of non- issuance (未發心, Mibalsim), this will not change the natural mind tendency at a single stroke. Also, Han had emphasized necessity of a study that will handsomely change the rough temperament of even natural born mind by devoting oneself to preservation-cultivation (存養, Jonyang) of one’s real intention without trying to change the temperament forcefully. Problems of temperament in Yulgok School begin with the problem of Mibalsigibulyongsa (未發時氣不用事), and these involve philosophical problems which argue Mibalsimchesunseon (未發心體純善) and Mibalgijilyuseonak (未發氣質有善惡) respectively, and then this is directly connected the problems related to perception(知覺, Jigak) at the time of silent (未發時, Mibalsi). On the basis of this study, it is hoped that the horizon of researching about Yulgok School will be extended by reexamining various philosophical problems regarding temperament. 본 논문에서는 율곡의 기질변화론에서 제기될 수 있는 血氣와 心氣에 관한 철학적 문제를 토대로, 心의 主宰性에 의한 血氣의 用事 여부를 중요시하는 이간의 견해와 性善을 주축으로 未發心을 전일하게 存養하여 心氣의 변화를 주장하는 한원진의 견해를 비교해 봄으로써 율곡학파의 기질변화론을 고찰하였다. 율곡은 心氣와 身氣를 아울러 기질에 관해 논한다. 心氣의 본질인 良心을 보존하고 육신에 의한 血氣를 주재함으로써 心氣와 身氣를 아울러 변화시켜야 한다는 것이 율곡의 기질변화론이다. 이간은 혈기에 관한 율곡의 기질변화론을 투철하게 계승하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 이간은 기질을 혈육과 형질이라고 정의하면서 혈기가 용사한 마음을 氣質之心으로 규정한다. 이로써 이간은 心이 혈기를 주재하여 육신에 의한 기질지심을 제어하는 공부를 강조하게 된다. 한원진은 양심을 보존하는 율곡의 기질변화론을 투철하게 계승하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 한원진은 기질을 허령한 마음과 더불어 마음의 범주에서 이해해야 한다고 주장한다. 한원진은 잠시 未發心에 이르렀다고 할지라도 타고난 마음의 기질까지 단박에 변화되는 것은 아니므로 專一하게 본심을 存養함으로써 억지로 기질을 변화시키려 하지 않아도 자연히 타고난 기질까지 청수하게 변화되는 공부가 필요하다고 역설한다. 율곡학파에서 기질에 관한 문제는 ‘未發時氣不用事’ 문제에서 비롯되어 ‘未發心體純善’과 ‘未發氣質有善惡’을 각각 주장하게 되는 철학적 문제를 수반하며, 未發時 知覺에 관한 문제와도 직결된다. 본 논문을 연구기반으로 기질에 관한 다양한 철학적 문제가 재검토됨으로써 율곡학파에 관한 연구의 지평이 확장되길 기대한다.

유아의 유능감이 숙달동기에 미치는 영향에서 어머니 과보호의 조절효과 : 유아의 기질 유형에 따른 차이를 중심으로

송지은,신나리 한국보육지원학회 2023 한국보육지원학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Objective: This study aims investigate the moderating effect of mothers’ overprotective parenting in the influence of young children’s competence, as determined by their temperament, on mastery motivation. Methods: An online survey was conducted on 429 mothers with children aged 3-5. The collected data was analyzed using K-means clustering in SPSS 23.0 and the Process macro Model 2. Results: Children’s temperaments were categorized into four types : easy-active temperament, easy-inactive temperament, slow temperament, and difficult temperament. It was confirmed that children’s competence directly affected their mastery motivation when they had easy-inactive, slow, or difficult temperament. It was also found that mothers’ intrusive control had a direct main effect on object persistence when children had easy temperament, while there was no effect on mastery pleasure. The moderating effects of mothers’ anxious protection on the pathway from children’s competence to object persistence were significant only among children with a slow temperament. Conclusion/Implications: This study highlights the need for mothers to adapt their parenting behavior to their children’s temperament type. The study confirmed partial moderating effects of mothers’ overprotective parenting in the influence of children’s competence, as determined by their temperament, on mastery motivation.

성인 기질 군집에 따른 성격장애 특성

심예은,최은실 인지발달중재학회 2023 인지발달중재학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Objective: This study sought to investigate the effect of temperament dimension on personality disorder traits, as well as personality disorder traits in accordance with adult temperament clusters. Methods: Correlation analysis, cluster analysis, variance analysis, and chi-square tests were conducted to identify the relationship between each variable, the setting and classification of temperament clusters, and the cluster characteristics. Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 349 adults above the age of 18, and a one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the traits of personality disorders among the clusters. Results: There was a significant correlation between most temperament and personality disorder traits, and it was appropriate to divide the data into four groups: ‘Negative inhibitory’, ‘Normal’, ‘Positive active’, and ‘Inactive dysregulatory’. ‘Negative inhibitory’ and ‘Inactive dysregulatory’ were the most closely related to personality disorder traits, and by increasing the explanatory power on the relationship between specific temperament traits and personality disorder traits, it was possible to identify temperament combination types that are highly related to personality disorder traits. Conclusions: By clustering the various temperament variables of adults, analyzing the relationship between personality disorder traits, and verifying the difference of theses traits, we confirmed the type group that is more temperamentally-related to personality disorder traits. We then expand the viewpoint from the approach of predicting and understanding personality disorders from temperament. In other words, this study provides basic data for preventive and effective interventions regarding personality disorders by identifying the type of temperament vulnerable to personality disorders via an understanding of temperament clusters.

어머니가 지각한 영아기질과 어머니 역할수행에 대한 자신감 및 만족도의 관계

이영은,강양희,박혜선,황은주,문미영 고신대학교 전인간호과학연구소 2003 전인간호과학연구 학술모음집 Vol.2 No.-

Method : The subjects of this study were 300 mothers of infant at the age of 1-12 months who visited well baby clinic in 4 hospitals in Busart city and Kyoung-Nam province. Final analysis was performed in 293 cases. Seven cases was excluded in this study because of its inappropriate data collection. The data was collected from 1st July to 15th August 2002. The questionnaries which were fill-up by mother were collected. Infant temperament was measured by using the tool of "what my baby is like''(WBL) which was developed by Priham et. al.(1994) and translated by Bang(1999). The scale of postpartum self evaluation which was developed by Lederman et al( 1981) and translated by Lee( 1992) was used for the confidence and satisfaction of maternal role. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-PC for window, version 10.0: frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test(Scheffe's test), Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Purpose : This study was intended to search the relationship between perception of the infant temperament in mother of infant at the age of 1-12 months and maternal confidence and satisfaction in performing maternal role, and to submit a basic data to establish a nursing intervention program which is helpful for determination of infant development and performing maternal role promotion by identify variables associated with infant temperament perception of the infant temperament was 6.17±1.04, and mother recognized her infant as positive. The mean score of confidence of maternal role was 2.89±.41 and this revealed in an average level. The mean score of satisfaction of maternal role was 3.29± .51 and this revealed in a higher level. There was a weak significant positive correlation between the score of maternal perception of infant temperament and confidence of maternal role(r=0.176, P= .003), but there was no significant correlation between satisfaction of maternal role(P> .05). It revealed the more maternal perception of the infant temperament as positive, the higher confidence of maternal role. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of maternal role(r=0.410, P= .000). It revealed the more confidence of maternal role, the higher satisfaction of maternal role. The variables related with the score of maternal perception of infant temperament were the type of delivery (t=-2.600, P= .010), experience of learning baby care(t=2.382, P= .018), maternal perception on baby's health status(F=3.467, P= .033), maternal perception on her health status(F=3.467, P= .027), baby's age(F= .080, P= .028). Conclusion : Our result showed the confidence of maternal role was increased as the maternal perception of infant temperament was positive, and conformed that the confidence of maternal role was also related with satisfaction of maternal role. Prenatal education, type of delivery, baby's age were also related with the maternal perception of infant temperament. So, nursing intervention program of developmental stage maybe necessary in order to help maternal perception of infant temperament as positive, and it will be increased the confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of performing maternal role which was considered as real indicate of achievement of maternal role.

율곡의 기질변화론과 e스포츠교육의 방향

이학준,김영선 한국e스포츠학회 2021 e스포츠 연구: 한국e스포츠학회지 Vol.3 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 율곡 기질 변화론을 통해서 e스포츠교육의 가능성과 방향을 밝히는 것이다. 만약 기질이 고 정불변 하다고 한다면 교육은 사실상 실천의 의미가 없다. 왜냐하면 아무리 교육을 해도 기질은 바뀌지 않기 때문이다. 따라서 기질이 교육을 통하여 변할 수 있다는 율곡의 주장을 정당화할 필요가 있다. 이를 위하여 이 연구의 연구 방법은 율곡의 기질변화론을 문헌고찰 및 탐구하고 그 결과를 e스포츠교육에 적용하여 그 가 능성과 방향을 탐구하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 율곡은 기질이 고정불변이 아니라 교육을 통해서 변화시 킬 수 있다고 하였다. 율곡은 기질 변화를 위한 두 방법을 교기질과 양기에서 찾았다. 교기질은 사욕을 극복 하는 것이고, 양기질은 욕심을 적게 하는 것이다. 따라서 e스포츠교육에 교기질과 양기를 통해 학생의 기질을 변화시킬 수 있다는 가능성을 발견하였다. 율곡의 기질 변화론을 통한 e스포츠교육의 방향은 e스포츠교육을 통하여 e스포츠에 대한 올바른 습관과 즐기는 습관의 형성에서 찾을 수 있었다. 습관은 제2의 천성과 같다. 그래서 e스포츠교육을 어떻게 접근하는가에 따라서 학생의 기질을 변화할 수 있는 것이다. The purpose of this study is to reveal the possibility and direction of eSport education through the Yulgok temperament problem. To this end, the research method explored Yulgok's temperament problem and applied the results to eSport education to explore the possibilities and implications. The results are as follows. Yulgok said that the temperament can be changed through education, not fixed invariance. The way Yulgok changed his temperament was found in his temperament and ambivalence. The temperament is to overcome self-interest, and the temperament is to reduce greed. Therefore, it was found that eSport education can change the student's temperament through both temperament and teaching temperament. The eSport educational implication of the Yulgok temperament problem is to form the right habits and enjoying habits for eSport through eSport education. Habits are like the second nature. Therefore, eSport education can change the temperament of students.