Effects of Chamaecyparis Obtusa Essential Oil on the Autonomic Nervous System

박사훈,정한성,장수정,김성진,박종성 조선대학교 기초과학연구원 2019 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil on the activity of autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV), as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity and blood pressure were measured before and after inhalation of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil. The systolic blood pressure was decreased by inhalation of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (p<0.05). The diastolic blood pressure was not changed significantly by Chamaecyparis obtusa. High frequency (HF) power level was not changed but High frequency/Low frequency (HF/LF) ratio was decreased by Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (p<0.05), meaning that parasympathetic nervous system activity was not affected but sympathetic nervous system activity was decreased. These results indicate that Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil has a modulatory effect on the autonomic nervous system activity.

Effects of Chamaecyparis Obtusa Essential Oil on the Autonomic Nervous System

Park, Sah-Hoon,Jeong, Han-Seong,Jang, Sujeong,Kim, Seong Jin,Park, Jong-Seong The Basic Science Institute Chosun University 2019 조선자연과학논문집 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil on the activity of autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV), as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity and blood pressure were measured before and after inhalation of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil. The systolic blood pressure was decreased by inhalation of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (p<0.05). The diastolic blood pressure was not changed significantly by Chamaecyparis obtusa. High frequency (HF) power level was not changed but High frequency/Low frequency (HF/LF) ratio was decreased by Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (p<0.05), meaning that parasympathetic nervous system activity was not affected but sympathetic nervous system activity was decreased. These results indicate that Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil has a modulatory effect on the autonomic nervous system activity.

교감신경계, Renin-Angiotensin계, Vasopressin계의 차단이 혈압 및 Norepinephrine, Angiotensin II 및 Vasopressin의 승압효과에 미치는 영향

정행남(Haeng Nam Chung) 대한약리학회 1992 대한약리학잡지 Vol.28 No.1

마취가토에서 혈압유지에 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 교감신경계, renin-angiotensin계, vasopressin계를 차단하였을때의 혈압자체의 변동과 norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII) 및 vasopressin (VP)의 승압효과의 변동을 조사하였다. 교감신경계와 renin-angiotensin계의 차단에는 각각 교감신경절 차단약인 chlorisondamine (CS)과 pirenzepine (PZ), angiotensin 변환효소억제약인 enalapril (ENAL)를 사용하였다. VP계의 차단에는 혈장 VP농도를 하강시킴이 알려져 있는 kappa opioid 수용체의 작용약인 bremazocine (BREM)을 사용하였다. CS (0.4mg/kg), ENAL (2mg/kg), BREM (0.25mg/kg)은 각각 비슷한 정도의 저혈압상태를 일으켰다. BREM에 의한 저혈압은 VP와 같은 효과를 가진 합성약인 desmopressin으로 유의하게 길항되었으며 BREM에 의한 저혈압이 적어도 일부 혈장 VP농도의 하강과 관계있음을 시사하였다. CS는 ENAL 또는 BREM으로 하강된 혈압을, ENAL은 CS 또는 BREM으로 하강된 혈압을, BREM은 CS 또는 ENAL로 하강된 혈압을, 더욱 하강시켰다. CS, PZ 그리고 ENAL 또는 CS, PZ 그리고 BREM에 의한 저혈압은 CS이외의 세약물에 의한 저혈압보다 심하였다. CS는 NE에 의한 승압효과 뿐만아니라 AII와 VP의 승압효과도 강화시켰다. AII의 승압효과는 또 ENAL과 BREM으로도 증대되었다. VP의 승압효과는 BREM으로도 강화되었다. α-수용체의 길항약인 phentolamine과 phenoxybenzamine은 AII와 VP승압효과를 강화시켰다. 3승압계 차단이 혈압자체에 미치는 실험결과는 3계가 모두 혈압조절에 관여하고 그 중에서도 교감신경계가 가장 큰 역할을 하고 있음을 가리키고 있다. 한 승압계의 차단하에서, 그 계의 승압 hormone 뿐만아니라 다른 계의 승압 hormone의 승압효과도 증대됨은 이 3승압계가 긴밀한 상호작용을 하고 있는 증거이다. Influence of the blockade of the three major pressor systems-sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vasopressin system-on the pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII), and vasopressin (VP) as well as on basal blood pressure (BP) levels was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. To block the SNS and RAS, chlorisondamine (CS) and pirenzepine (PZ), sympathetic ganglionic blockers, and enalapril (ENAL), an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, respectively were used. And for suppressing the VP system bremazocine (BREM), a kappa opiate receptor agonist shown to suppress plasma levels of VP, was employed. Each of CS (0.4 mg/kg), ENAL (2 mg/kg), and BREM (0.25 mg/kg) produced almost same levels of steady hypotensive state. The hypotensive effect of BREM was significantly attenuated by desmopressin, a synthetic VP-like analogue, suggesting the hypotension being at least in part due to suppression of plasma levels of VP. CS, ENAL and BREM elicited further fall of the BP which had been lowered by ENAL or BREM, CS or BREM, and CS or ENAL, respectively. The hypotension produced by both CS and PZ together with either of ENAL or BREM was more marked than that produced by the three drugs other than CS. CS potentiated the pressor response not only to NE but to AII and VP. The pressor effect of AII was increased by ENAL and BREM, too. The pressor response to VP was also enhanced by BREM. Blockade ofα-adrenergic receptors with phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine potentiated the pressor response to AII and that to VP. The results on basal BP levels indicate that the three major pressor systems are all participating in control of BP, but SNS has the greatest potential for supporting BP. The finding that blockade of one of the pressor systems induced enhanced pressor responsiveness to the pressor hormone of that particular system as well as to the pressor hormone(s) of the other systems(s) provides evidence for important interactions among the three major pressor systems.

Influence of Blockade of Sympathetic Nervous System, Renin-Angiotensin System, and Vasopressin System on Basal Blood Pressure Levels and on Pressor Response to Norepinephrine, Angiotensin II, and Vasopressin

정행남,Chung, Haeng-Nam The Korean Society of Pharmacology 1992 대한약리학잡지 Vol.28 No.1

마취가토에서 혈압유지에 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 교감신경계, renin-angiotensin계, vasopressin계를 차단하였을때의 혈압자체의 변동과 norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII) 및 vasopressin (VP)의 승압효과의 변동을 조사하였다. 교감신경계와 renin-angiotensin계의 차단에는 각각 교감신경절 차단약인 chlorisondamine (CS)과 pirenzepine (PZ), angiotensin 변환효소억제약인 enalapril (ENAL)를 사용하였다. VP계의 차단에는 혈장 VP농도를 하강시킴이 알려져 있는 kappa opioid 수용체의 작용약인 bremazocine (BREM)을 사용하였다. CS (0.4mg/kg), ENAL (2mg/kg), BREM (0.25mg/kg)은 각각 비슷한 정도의 저혈압상태를 일으켰다. BREM에 의한 저혈압은 VP와 같은 효과를 가진 합성약인 desmopressin으로 유의하게 길항되었으며 BREM에 의한 저혈압이 적어도 일부 혈장 VP농도의 하강과 관계있음을 시사하였다. CS는 ENAL 또는 BREM으로 하강된 혈압을, ENAL은 CS 또는 BREM으로 하강된 혈압을, BREM은 CS 또는 ENAL로 하강된 혈압을, 더욱 하강시켰다. CS, PZ 그리고 ENAL 또는 CS, PZ 그리고 BREM에 의한 저혈압은 CS이외의 세약물에 의한 저혈압보다 심하였다. CS는 NE에 의한 승압효과 뿐만아니라 AII와 VP의 승압효과도 강화시켰다. AII의 승압효과는 또 ENAL과 BREM으로도 증대되었다. VP의 승압효과는 BREM으로도 강화되었다. ${\alpha}$-수용체의 길항약인 phentolamine과 phenoxybenzamine은 AII와 VP승압효과를 강화시켰다. 3승압계 차단이 혈압자체에 미치는 실험결과는 3계가 모두 혈압조절에 관여하고 그 중에서도 교감신경계가 가장 큰 역할을 하고 있음을 가리키고 있다. 한 승압계의 차단하에서, 그 계의 승압 hormone 뿐만아니라 다른 계의 승압 hormone의 승압효과도 증대됨은 이 3승압계가 긴밀한 상호작용을 하고 있는 증거이다. Influence of the blockade of the three major pressor systems-sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vasopressin system-on the pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII), and vasopressin (VP) as well as on basal blood pressure (BP) levels was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. To block the SNS and RAS, chlorisondamine (CS) and pirenzepine (PZ), sympathetic ganglionic blockers, and enalapril (ENAL), an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, respectively were used. And for suppressing the VP system bremazocine (BREM), a kappa opiate receptor agonist shown to suppress plasma levels of VP, was employed. Each of CS (0.4 mg/kg), ENAL (2 mg/kg), and BREM (0.25 mg/kg) produced almost same levels of steady hypotensive state. The hypotensive effect of BREM was significantly attenuated by desmopressin, a synthetic VP-like analogue, suggesting the hypotension being at least in part due to suppression of plasma levels of VP. CS, ENAL and BREM elicited further fall of the BP which had been lowered by ENAL or BREM, CS or BREM, and CS or ENAL, respectively. The hypotension produced by both CS and PZ together with either of ENAL or BREM was more marked than that produced by the three drugs other than CS. CS potentiated the pressor response not only to NE but to AII and VP. The pressor effect of AII was increased by ENAL and BREM, too. The pressor response to VP was also enhanced by BREM. Blockade of ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptors with phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine potentiated the pressor response to AII and that to VP. The results on basal BP levels indicate that the three major pressor systems are all participating in control of BP, but SNS has the greatest potential for supporting BP. The finding that blockade of one of the pressor systems induced enhanced pressor responsiveness to the pressor hormone of that particular system as well as to the pressor hormone(s) of the other systems(s) provides evidence for important interactions among the three major pressor systems.

고빈도 경피신경전기자극의 자극강도에 따른 정상 성인여성 교감신경성 반응의 변화

최유림,이정우,Choi, Yoo-Rim,Lee, Jeong-Woo 대한물리치료학회 2010 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in sympathetic nervous system responses of healthy adult women with changes in stimulus intensity of high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects (women) received high frequency electrical stimulation of the forearm. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups; a low intensity stimulation group (n=12) and a high intensity stimulation group (n=12). The electrode attachment was arranged on the forearm of the dominant arm and the electricity stimulus time was 20 minutes. Measured items included skin conductance, pulse rate, skin temperature, and respiration rate. Each was measured at 4 times. Results: Skin conductance and skin temperature showed significant group by time interactions, though there were no significant group and time effects. There were no significant differences according to time, group effect, and a group by time interaction in pulse and respiration rates. Conclusion: High frequency and high intensity electrical stimulation may be helpful for the improvement of sudomotor function through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Also, high frequency and low intensity electrical stimulation may be helpful for the reduction of sudomotor function via inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.

배수혈의 내장기 치료 기전에 관한 연구

황만석 ( Man-suk Hwang ) 대한경락경혈학회 2016 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.33 No.3

Objectives : This study aims to overview the therapeutic mechanism of back-shu points in terms of sympathetic visceral motor nervous system. Methods : Studies about autonomic nervous system, and studies and ancient texts about back-shu points were reviewed. We interpreted possible mechanism of back-shu points considering similarities of anatomical and physiological characteristics of back-shu points and visceral motor nervous system. Results : Afferent signals for organ lesions that can develop the symptoms of autonomic neurological symptoms, pain, hyperalgesia through the skin segment. Through a physical examination of the myotome and dermatome, it is possible to diagnose segmental disorders. Treatment stimulation of the thick fibers of the disorder segment skin can reduce abnormal autonomic influence over the sympathetic reflex mechanism. In addition, if spinal muscles are relaxed, the pressure on the nerve roots could be reduced and consequently the hyperactivity of the sympathetic visceral motor signal would be suppressed. Conclusions : The back-shu points treatments work through the mechanism of the sympathetic nervous reflex. Moreover, segmental acupuncture can reduce tension of the spinal muscles, thereby improving pathological conditions of the sympathetic nervous system.

Cervical Ganglion Block Attenuates the Progression of Pulmonary Hypertension via Nitric Oxide and Arginase Pathways

Na, Sungwon,Kim, Ok Soo,Ryoo, Sungwoo,Kweon, Tae Dong,Choi, Yong Seon,Shim, Hyo Sup,Oh, Young Jun American Heart Association, Inc. 2014 Hypertension Vol.63 No.2

<P>It has been recognized that the sympathetic nervous system is activated in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and abnormal sympathetic hyperactivity leads to worsening of PAH via endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sympathetic ganglion block (SGB) can treat PAH by increasing the availability of nitric oxide (NO). PAH was induced in rats by 50 mg/kg of subcutaneous monocrotaline. After 2 weeks, daily injections of ropivacaine into the left superior cervical ganglion were repeated for 14 days (monocrotaline-SGB group). Monocrotaline group received sham SGB with saline, whereas control group received saline instead of monocrotaline. PAH was evident in monocrotaline group, with right ventricular systolic pressures (47±4 mm Hg) that were higher than those of controls (17±2 mm Hg), whereas SGB significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced PAH (35±4 mm Hg). The right/left ventricular mass ratios exhibited similar changes to those seen with right ventricular pressures. Heart rate variability showed significantly higher sympathetic activity in the monocrotaline group. Microscopy revealed a higher proportion of muscular arteries with thicker medial walls in the monocrotaline group, which was attenuated by SGB. Monocrotaline induced arginase hyperactivity, which was in turn decreased by SGB-induced endothelial NO synthase activation. SGB restored monocrotaline-induced hypoactivity of superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, SGB could suppress PAH and the remodeling of pulmonary arteries via inactivation of arginase and reciprocal elevation of NO bioavailability, thus attenuating disproportionate hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system.</P>

메타분석을 이용한 아로마요법이 자율신경계에 미치는 효과분석

김다미(Da-Mi Kim),심준영(Jun-Young Shim),허선희(Seon-Hee Heo),유성모(Seong-Mo Yoo) 한국뷰티산업학회 2018 뷰티산업연구 Vol.12 No.1

최근 생활화학가정용품에서 유해물질들이 검출되는 사례가 잇따르며 생활 속 유해 화학 물질에 관한 소비자들의 불안이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 이와 같은 화학물질의 유해성이 대두되며 천연성분을 이용한 건강관리방법에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며 화학 약품을 사용하지 않는 보완대체요법 중 아로마요법이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아로마요법이 체내 항상성을 유지하는 자율신경계에 미치는 효과에 대한 메타분석으로 이에 관한 개별 연구 중 비동등 통제집단 사전/사후 설계에 부합하는 최종 8편의 논문을 선정하였으며, 효과변인은 심박변이도의 척도인 LF, HF, LF/HF, SDNN를 택하였다. 개별 연구의 공통된 효과크기인 평균효과크기는 표준화된 평균 차를 이용하는 Cohen s d와 Hedge s g로 정의하였고 동질성검정, 95% 신뢰구간을 구하고 동질성검정 결과를 토대로 이질적인 문헌의 이유에 관하여 살펴보았다. 아로마요법이 자율신경계에 미치는 효과에 대한 메타분석 결과 아로마요법은 스트레스 저항도를 반영하는 지표인 SDNN의 증가에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 LF, HF, LF/HF는 일관된 결과를 도출하기 어려웠다. 이와 같은 결과를 토대로 향후 연구에서는 분석 방법 및 측정시간, 대상자의 특성에 따른 에센셜 오일 적용방법 등과 같이 일관성 있고 정교한 연구방법 제시가 필요함을 시사하였다. As a series of toxic substances detection in household products occur in succession, customers are increasingly anxious about chemicals in their lives. Since the harmfulness of chemicals is being raised, attention to aromatherapy, one of the alternative therapies, is being given. This study is a meta analysis regarding the effect of aromatherapy on autonomic nervous system. As 8 final studies which coincide with nonequivalent control group pretest post test design were selected, LF, HF, LF/HF, SDNN from HRV were selected as scale to measure autonomic nervous system. 95% confidence interval is calculated based on the mean effect size which are defined as Cohen s d and Hedge s g. The possible reasons for the heterogeneity of individual studies are examined based on homogeneity test. In conclusion, it was identified that aromatherapy has a positive effect on the increase of SDNN which signifies a resistance to stress. However, since it was hard to derive consistent results from LF, HF and LF/HF, it is suggested to describe coherent research details such as analysis method, measurement time, essential oil treatment depending on body constitution would be necessary.

완전몰입 가상현실이 건강한 성인의 자율신경계에 미치는 영향에 대한 융복합 연구

강종호,김충유 한국융합학회 2018 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.9 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 완전몰입 가상현실이 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 본 연구의 대상자는 가상현실 장비를 접하지 않은 17명의 20대 남성으로 하였다. 대상자에게 완전몰입 가상현실 콘텐츠를 제공받았고, 적용 전과 후에 5분 동안의 심전도 신호를 측정하였다. 획득한 심전도 신호는 교감신경계의 활성을 반영하는 LF, 부교감신경계의 활성을 반영하는 HF, 자율신경계의 전반적인 활성을 반영하는 TP, 그리고 자율신경계의 활성 균형을 반영하는 LF/HF로 분석하여 자율신경계를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 완전몰입 가상현실을 적용한 후 대상자의 HF와 TP는 적용 전에 비해 유의하게 감소하였고, LF/HF는 유의하게 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 완전몰입 가상현실은 자율신경계에 스트레스를 제공하지만, 그 변화는 건강한 성인의 정상범위 내에 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 완전몰입 가상현실은 건강한 성인에게 안전하게 적용될 수 있다. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of full immersion virtual reality (VR) on the autonomic nervous system. The study was conducted with 17 men in their 20s. The subjects were given full immersion VR content, and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were measured for five minutes before and after the application of the full immersion VR. The autonomic nervous system was evaluated by analyzing the LF, HF, TP, and LF/HF ratio of the ECG signal. The obtained data was analyzed by conducting a paired sample t-test. After applying full immersion VR, the subjects’ HF and TP decreased significantly, while their LF/HF ratio increased significantly. According to the results of this study, Full immersion VR provided stress to the autonomic nervous system, but the changes were within the normal range of healthy adults. Therefore, full immersion VR can be safely applied to healthy adults.

스와라 호흡(svara pranayama)과 스트레스의 상관성에 대한 연구

김재민 ( Kim Jae-min ),김동환 ( Kim Dong-hwan ) 인도철학회 2017 印度哲學 Vol.0 No.50

흔히 스트레스를 만병의 근원이라 부른다. 요가에는 여러 가지 치유기법이 담겨져 있다. 요가의 호흡법, 여기서는 스와라 호흡(한쪽 콧구멍 호흡법)을 통해 스트레스 상태의 개선 가능성을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 후고전 시기의 요가 전통들에서는 미세신체론이 매우 정교하게 발달하였다. 하타 요가와 스와라 요가 또한 마찬가지이다. 이 이론의 핵심관념 중 하나인 핑갈라·이다 나디는 오른쪽 콧구멍과 왼쪽 콧구멍의 호흡의 흐름과 연결되어 있다. 그리고 양자는 빈번히 현대 의학적 신체론의 교감·부교감신경에 상응하는 것으로 간주된다. 스트레스는 자율신경에 직접적이고 큰 영향을 준다. 현재 심장박동변이도(HRV)로 이러한 영향의 결과를 측정하는 방법이 상당히 효과적이고 객관적이라고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 나디와 자율신경 양자의 상응관계에 기반한 스와라 호흡으로 자율신경계에 영향을 준 다음, 스트레스의 변화 추이를 측정하였다. 제약영업직원 48명을 피실험대상으로 하여 스와라 호흡을 5분간 실시하였다. 실시 전과 실시 후에 HRV를 측정한 결과치를 비교한 결과 스와라 호흡이 자율신경계에 명백히 영향을 미치고 일부 스트레스 감소의 효과가 있다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. Stress is often called the source of all kind of diseases. Yoga has many therapeutic techniques. Today, first of all, asanas are most popular yogic therapeutic skills and, secondly, meditations are second popular ones. With meditations, attention of yogic breathing techniques have been also increased gradually. In this study, through svara pranayama(one nostril breathing), we make effort to be in search of possibilities of improving stages of stress. In the post-classical yoga traditions, theory of subtle body has been exquisitely developed. The same are Hatha yoga and Svara yoga. In this paper, we focus on the theory which was appeared in the the Siva-Svarodaya and Svara Chintamani . Ida nadi and pingala nadi, one of the core idea of this theory, are connected to the streams of left nostril breathing and right nostril breathing. And both nadis are frequently considered as corresponding to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system in modern medical theory of body. Stress has a direct and great influence on the autonomous nervous system which does detailed inner control function necessary for maintaining proper inner circumstance of body. It is known to researchers that measuring the effects of stress by HRV is very efficient and objective. First of all, in this research, autonomous nervous system is effected by svara pranayama based on correlations of nadis and symatheticㆍparasympathetic nerves. And then changes of stress stages are measured. 48 Pharmaceutical salesmen as subjects of the experiment are practiced svara pranayama. HRV measurement results of before and after the breathing show us conclusions which the breathing technique has clearly influence on autonomous nervous system and decreasing stress stages partly.