코로나바이러스감염증(Covid-19) 팬데믹과 손해보험

김이수(Isu Kim) 한국비교사법학회 2022 비교사법 Vol.29 No.4

2019년 12월 중국 우한에서 시작되어 전세계로 급속하게 퍼지면서 팬데믹 상황에까지 이른 코로나바이러스감염증(Covid-19)의 확산에 의하여 사람들 상호간 교류방식은 비대면 방식으로 변경되었고, 수많은 자영업자들이 정부의 명령에 의하여 영업이 제한됨에 따라 심각한 재정 상태에 놓이게 되었다. 우리나라의 경우 자영업자의 영업정지 손실을 정부가 직접 보상하는 형태로 대응하고 있지만 외국에서는 정부의 지원금 지급 외에도 기업휴지보험(Business Interruption Insurance)에 의하여 보험회사를 상대로 보험금 지급을 청구하는 사례가 많다. 미국의 표준적 기업휴지보험은 재산에 대한 ‘물리적 손해 또는 손상(physical loss or damage)’으로 인하여 초래된 영업정지 손실을 보호대상으로 삼아 왔는데 팬데믹은 피보험자의 재산에 물리적 손해를 야기하지 않으므로 팬데믹으로 인한 영업정지 손실에 대해서는 보험회사의 보상의무가 없다고 이해되어 왔으나 법원에서 항상 이러한 해석론을 지지하고 있지는 않다. 영국이나 독일의 표준적인 기업휴지보험약관은 재산에 대한 물리적 손해가 발생할 것을 전제하지 않고 있지만 영국의 경우 피보험자의 영업장 또는 인근 지역에서 코로나바이러스감염증이 발생함에 따라 초래된 영업정지를 보상대상으로 하고 있어 그 범위의 해석에 관하여 논란이 있으며, 독일의 경우 법정 전염병으로 인한 정부의 영업정지명령에 따른 영업정지를 보상대상으로 규정하고 있지만 일부 규정에 관한 해석상 견해의 대립이 존재하였다. 우리나라의 보험회사들이 판매하고 있는 현행 기업휴지보험들은 재산종합보험의 일부로 들어와 있기 때문에 보험목적인 재산에 대한 물리적 손해가 발생할 것을 기본적으로 요구하고, 그러한 물리적 손해가 영업정지 손해를 야기한 경우라야 보상대상이 된다고 약관에서 규정하고 있다. 물리적 손해를 재산의 구조적 변경 또는 재산의 특성 변화를 의미한다고 해석할 경우 재산에 코로나바이러스가 존재하는 것은 물리적 손해라고 할 수 없을 것이고 이것이 그동안의 보험업계의 묵시적 해석이었던 것으로 보인다. 하지만 미국의 일부 판례에서 보듯이 물리적 손해를 “재산의 사용불능 상태”라고 이해한다면 재산에 코로나바이러스가 존재하는 것도 재산에 물리적 손해를 일으킨 것이라고 이해할 수도 있는 것이다. 다만 보험목적인 재산에 코로나바이러스가 존재하는 것이 재산의 물리적 손해라고 본다고 하더라도 기업휴지보험에 의한 보상을 받기 위해서는 코로나바이러스의 존재가 오염면책약관상의 오염에 해당하지 않는다고 이해되어야 하고, 또한 팬데믹을 억제하기 위한 정부의 영업정지명령이 정부규제면책조항의 적용대상이 아니라고 이해되어야 하지만 쉽지 않아 보인다. 상황이 이러하다면 향후 코로나바이러스감염증 팬데믹 이후에도 새로운 팬데믹이 발생할 가능성이 있으므로 그에 대비한 특별한 팬데믹 위험 보험제도를 마련할 필요는 있을 것이다. 장래의 팬데믹 위험은 과거의 팬데믹 통계자료들이 장래의 팬데믹 위험에 대한 의미있는 통계자료가 되기 어렵기 때문에 위험평가에 기초하여 팬데믹 위험을 인수하는 팬데믹 위험 보험을 보험회사가 상품화하기는 매우 어렵다고 보인다. 따라서 팬데믹 위험 보험을 보험회사가 상품화하기 위해서는 미국의 팬데믹 위험 보험제도와 같이 정부가 재보험자와 같은 지위에서 보험회사를 재정적으로 보조하는 장치가 필요할 것이다. With COVID-19 reaching pandemic, businesses lost income and incurred additional expenses as a result of governmental order to restrict the pandemic. Business interruption insurance protects against economic losses resulting from a business’s inability to put insured property damaged by a covered peril to its normal use. Business interruption coverage typically indemnifies for loss of revenue that would have been earned if there had been no business interruption and the continuing normal operating expenses incurred during the time it takes to restore the damaged property. The typical insuring provision for business interruption coverage is as follows. “This policy insures against loss resulting directly from necessary interruption of business caused by physical loss or damage by a peril not otherwise excluded herein to insured property of the Insured.” Korean standard business interruption coverage contains similar provision. Business interruption coverage is often a constituent of a commercial property policy. Therefore, physical damage to insured property is typically required to trigger coverage. Business interruption by itself is not enough. It does matter whether the presence of the coronavirus on the property constitutes physical loss of or damage to the property. One may argue that no physical loss of or damage to the property has occurred because the coronavirus does not physically alter the appearance, shape, color, structure of the property. But others may argue that coronavirus particles attached to the property, which made it unsafe and unusable, constituted a direct physical loss of the property. A sample provision of korean commercial property policy defines insured event as follows. “Sudden and accidental direct physical destruction of or damage to the property whilst on the insured’s premises more fully described in the schedule hereto directly and wholly attributable to any cause, except as hereinafter provided, occurring during the currency of the policy” As shown above, the first hurdle for granting business interruption coverage is whether the coronavirus causes physical loss to or damage of the property, which is a question likely to be answered in the negative. After overcoming the issue of physical loss, additional hurdles may exist for the coverage. A typical korean business interruption coverage includes contamination exclusion clause and public authorities action exclusion clause. If the presence of coronavirus on the property falls within the ‘contamination of the property’, the insurer will not be liable for the loss. And If business interruption was caused by the govermental order, the insurer will be exempt even if the insured property suffered physical loss due to coronavirus. In short, it is difficult for the insured to expect coverage from current business interruption policy. It is necessary to introduce new insurance regime specially designed for responding upcoming communicable virus pandemic. In USA, the bill, known as the Pandemic Risk Insurance Act (PRIA) which is modeled on the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) is pending in the US House of Representatives. PRIA would be a public-private partnership where the federal government would serve as a reinsurance backstop in an attempt to maintain marketplace stability and share the burden alongside the insurance industry for future pandemic-related losses.

원예용 상토 재료 피트모스, 펄라이트, 버미큘라이트의 혼합비율에 따른 물리적 특성 변화

김혁수,김계훈 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.3

The physical properties of horticultural substrate are important for optimal plant growth. The physical properties should be properly maintained during the crop growing season for producing higher yield. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the physical properties of different mixtures from various raw materials as horticultural substrates. The mixtures at the different ratios of peatmoss, perlite and vermiculite subjected to 10:0:0, 8:2:0, 6:4:0, 4:6:0, 2:8:0, 0:8:2, 0:10:0, 0:6:4, 0:4:6, 0:2:8, 8:0:2, 0:0:10, 6:0:4, 4:0:6, 2:0:8, 2:6:2,2:4:4, 4:2:4, 4:4:2, 6:2:2 and 2:2:6 were prepared and analyzed according to two methods of the European Standardization (EN) and Rural Development Administration (RDA). The optimum range of physical properties of a specific horticultural substrate can be predicted using physical-property-triangle. This triangle can also be used to convert a physical property from the EN method to that from the RDA method. Results showed that the mixture at a ratio of > 60% peatmoss, in most cases, is in the range of optimum physical condition for plant growth. We conclude that the developed physical-property-triangle can be suitable to suggest the optimum ratios of horticultural substrates used in this study.

Physical property characterization of quaternary sediments in the vicinity of the paleo-Seomjin River of the continental shelf of the South Sea, Korea

Kim, Gil Young,Park, Ki Ju,Lee, Gwang Soo,Yoo, Dong Geun,Kong, Gee Soo Elsevier 2019 Quaternary international Vol.503 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Thirty-two core samples were collected from the continental shelf area of the South Sea, Korea. They have been used to characterize physical properties in relation to sedimentary units (interpreted from seismic and core data) and to interpret physical property variation as a function of burial depth. The physical property data were readily classified into sedimentary units: Units S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, in descending order. The variations in physical properties reflect well the relative characteristics of sedimentary units (equivalent to seismic units). Moreover, the relationships between physical properties are well grouped by each sedimentary unit. In addition, the distributions of physical properties match well with the grain size distribution and bathymetry of the study area. In particular, the lithology (e.g., grain size) plays an important role in the variation of physical properties. These results suggest that the physical properties of these sediments are mainly controlled by depositional processes in the vicinity of the paleo-Seomjin River, and that sea-level change specifically was a dominant sedimentary processes in the study area during the Quaternary. In particular, the physical properties of Unit S2 do not show transitional characteristics between Units S1 and S3, although it belongs to the transition zone in sequence order. This finding is attributed to the fact that compared with the sediments of Units S1 and S3, Unit S2 is composed of more coarse-grained sediments with abundant shell fragments.</P>

지식재산권 창출을 위한 체육측정평가 KIP 교수-학습 모듈 개발의 타당화

고유선 한국체육측정평가학회 2015 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.17 No.1

In terms of measurement tools in physical education, most pieces of the measurement equipment are very time-worn or imported - expensive royalty fees are paid to im KIP Teaching-Learning Module of measurement and evaluation in physical education and presenting the roles. The education course for developing the module was aport them. This study intends to solve the problem. Specifically, it intends to create a new tool combined with new ideas as an intellectual property by grasping the problems of the tools with low validity and reliability used for measuring physical strength in the physical education field, where measurements and evaluations are performed. Furthermore, it intends to present the validity by developings follows. First, 30 attendees of the course ‘Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education’ of the Department of Physical Education of University A were divided into 9 groups of 2-4 members. They received education about the concept of the measurement and evaluation of physical strength, came to have an understanding of the concept, and practised physical strength measurement for 3 weeks during March 2014. They measured the physical strength about 500 people during the last week, discussed the validity and reliability of the measurement equipment, and found out the problems. The module was developed through a total of 5 steps (1st: beginning theory understanding and practising; 2nd: the exploration of equipment that is based on standard; 3rd: prior art search; 4th: announcing after the patent applications; 5th: evaluation). All the students who belong to the 9 groups succeeded in the patent applications and utility model patent registrations themselves. The problems common to the measurement tools are the validity and reliability of the physical strength measurement tools - the validity and reliability related to genders, ages, body shapes, materials, shapes, convenience for use, etc. The KIP education course can provide an opportunity for learners to learn about the possibilities of protection of their ideas and the possibilities of ultimate value creation as well as provide a sense of accomplishment to them, through the patent application process for coming up with ideas using the obtained knowledge and for creating intellectual properties. Future, This module requires a check on evaluation Criteria. 체육측정도구를 살펴보면 매우 노후되었거나 다른 나라로부터 수입되어 값비싼 로열티를 지불하는 기자재들이 대부분이다. 본 연구는 체육교육 현장에서 타당성과 신뢰성이 떨어지는 측정도구의 문제점들을 파악하고, 새로운 아이디어를 결합한 도구를 지식재산으로 창출하기 위해 체육측정평가 KIP 교수-학습 모듈을 개발하며, 역할을 제시함으로써 그 타당성을 제시하고자 하였다. KIP 교수-학습 모듈을 개발하기 위한 교육과정은 다음과 같다. 먼저 A대학 체육교육과 체육측정평가 수강생 30명을 2~4명씩 9개조로 편성하여 학생들에게 2014년 3월 중 3주간에 걸쳐 체력측정평가에 대한 개념 및 이해와 체력측정 실습교육을 하였고, 마지막 주 800여 명을 직접 체력측정 한 후 측정기자재에 대한 타당성 및 신뢰성에 대한 토론을 하여 그 문제점을 찾아내었으며, 3주간에 걸쳐 그룹별로 아이디어 회의를 하였다. KIP 교수-학습 모듈은 1단계: 도입(이론이해 및 실습), 2단계: 기준근거의 기자재 탐색, 3단계: 선행기술조사, 4단계: 특허 출원 후 발표, 5단계: 평가 단계로 개발되었는데, 9개조 모두 직접 특허출원 및 실용신안 등록에 성공하였다. 측정도구에 관하여 제기될 수 있는 공통의 문제점은 성별, 연령, 체형, 자재의 재료, 형태, 사용편리 등 체력 측정에 대한 도구의 타당성 및 신뢰성에 대한 것이다. KIP 교육과정은 학생들이 배운 지식을 통해 아이디어를 도출하고 지식재산을 창출하기 위한 특허출원과정을 거침으로써 학습자의 성취감은 물론 자신들의 아이디어를 보호받고 가치창출로 이어질 수있는 가능성에 대하여 배울 수 있으므로 차후 이 모듈에 대한 기준 점검이 요구된다.

패션브랜드 공간의 물성 발현 관계 연구-플래그십 스토어를 중심으로-

김문주 ( Moonju Kim ),이재규 ( Jaegyu Lee ) 한국공간디자인학회 2016 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.11 No.5

(연구배경 및 목적)최근 브랜드 사이에서 플래그십 스토어가 유행처럼 번지고 있고, 공간을 매개체로서 고객과의 커뮤니케이션을 시도하고 있다. 브랜드 아이덴티티를 전달할 때 공간에 사용된 재료의 물성의 발현으로 인해 다양한 이미지나 메시지가 전달되며, 이러한 다양한 의미들은 일방적인 커뮤니케이션으로 치부되는 경우가 많다. 본 연구의 목적은 패션 브랜드 공간에 대한 물성 발현의 관계에 대한 연구를 통해 재료에 따른 물성 발현에 대한 구조화이다. 이에 대한 기대효과는 공간을 매개체로서 패션 브랜드와 소비자 간의 공감각적 커뮤니케이션의 활성화를 유도하는 것이다. (연구방법)본 연구는 질적 연구를 바탕으로, 패션 플래그십 스토어에 대한 이론적 고찰과 물성 발현에 대한 개념적인 이해를 통해 이론적 배경을 구성하였다. 물성 표현에 대한 선행연구를 분석하여 추출된 키워드로 물성발현의 특성을 크게 7가지로 분류할 수 있었고, 이는 재료적 잠재성, 구축적 형태성, 시간성, 지역적 장소성, 공감각적 지각성, 상호관계성, 비물질성이다. 추출된 특성들을 물질적 분석, 환경적 분석, 동시적 분석으로 분류하여 상위 항목을 설정하고, 이론적 고찰을 통해 세부항목으로 분류하여 세분화된 분석을 하였다. 사례 분석 대상은 국내 패션 플래그십 스토어가 밀집된 청담동, 신사동 일대를 기준으로, 최근 5년 이내 신축 또는 리뉴얼한 9개의 사례를 선정하여 이를 대상으로 사례 분석을 하였다. 사례 분석을 통한 종합 분석을 토대로 패션 브랜드 공간의 물성 발현 관계에 대한 구조화를 통해 결론을 도출하였다. (결과)본 연구의 사례 분석을 한 결과 물질적 분석에서는 재료적 잠재성이 가장 높은 빈도수와 중요한 물성으로 분석된다. 이에 비해 구축적 형태성은 다소 약하거나 전혀 발현되지 않는 경우가 많았다. 환경적 분석에서는 자연적인 시간성이 강하게 발현되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 지역적 장소성의 지역성과 역사성은 사례마다 격차가 많은 것으로 분석된다. 또한 동시적 분석에서는 공감각적 지각성은 세 번째로 가장 많은 비중을 차지한 물성으로 확장성이 강하게 발현되는 것을 알 수 있다. 상호관계성은 구조적인 요소를 통한 내ㆍ외부의 관계성이 주로 나타났다. 비물질성은 매개체의 속성 중 투명성과 반사성을 이용해 발현되었다. (결론)본 연구의 종합 분석 결과를 토대로 패션 브랜드 공간의 재료에 따른 물성 발현의 관계성을 코드 다이어그램으로 분석한다. 패션 브랜드 공간의 물성 발현의 결론은 세 가지로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 패션 브랜드 공간의 물질적 물성은 다양한 의미를 내포하고 이를 시각적 지각성으로 강하게 인지시키고 있다. 콘크리트와 철재, 목재와 관계가 깊은 것으로 분석된다. 둘째, 환경적 물성은 자연적 시간성으로 강하게 나타난다. 자연광이나 자연적인 재료를 이용하여 재료 자체의 자연적인 시간 흐름을 이용하는 것을 알 수 있다. 셋째로 동시적 물성은 공감각적 지각성과 비물질성은 주로 투명성과 반사의 성질을 가진 재료와 관계가 깊은 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 상호관계성은 특정 재료에 따른 물성 발현보다 구조, 시각적 대비, 패턴 등 그 외의 요소와 관련성이 깊은 것을 알 수 있다. 결과적으로 하나의 재료가 갖는 다양한 특성을 이용하여 수많은 의미를 내포할 수 있으며, 물성의 지각을 통해 소비자에게 전달되는 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 패션 브랜드 공간에만 국한되는 것이 아니라 공통적으로 적용될 수 있는 부분이며, 물성을 하나의 조형언어로서 적극적으로 활용한다면 상호 소통되는 브랜드 아이덴티티나 이미지 전달이 가능할 것으로 예상된다. (Background and Purpose)Recently, brand flagship stores have become prevalent and brands attempt to communicate with customers using the store space as the medium. When brands convey their own identity, various images and messages can be discounted as unilateral communication. Specifically, revealing product properties is a significant factor of communication. Thus, the purpose of this study is to suggest how to express these properties to vitalize multisensory communication between fashion brands and consumers with flagship stores as the medium. (Method)This study is based on qualitative research, with theoretical consideration of the physical properties of fashion flagship stores. After analyzing previous studies on store physical properties, seven keyword categories were determined. Specifically, material potential, constructive configuration, temporality, regional placeness, multisensory perception, interrelationship, and immateriality. The important items are established through material, environment, and simultaneous analysis, and segmented analysis is also conducted by assigning subsections through theoretical considerations. The case study targets are based in the Cheongdam-dong and Sinsa-dong districts in Seoul, Korea where there are many fashion flagship stores. Additionally, this study analyzes nine cases of new or renovated construction within the last five years. This study draws conclusions about the structure based on the physical properties of the fashion brand``s store space. (Results)As a result of the material analysis, material potential has high frequency and is an important material property. By comparison, constructive configuration is weak or not apparent. In the environmental analysis, natural temporality is strong and regionality and the history of regional placeness reveal some significant gaps. Moreover, in the simultaneous analysis, expandability is a common manifestation of property within multisensory perception. Finally, immateriality is revealed based on continuity. Interelationship shows a relationship between the inside and outside through structural elements. Additionally, immateriality is revealed by transparency and reflection in the properties of the medium. (Conclusions)This study analyzed the relationship of physical properties of the material of fashion brand space as a chord diagram through overall analysis. Based on the results of the case analysis, this study reaches three conclusions. First, fashion space implies a variety of meanings in the physical aspect, and this recognizes visual consciousness intensively. Concrete, steel, and wood have deep relevance. Second, environmental properties strongly represent natural temporality, as shown by using natural material and sunlight. Third, simultaneous property is deeply related with multisensory perception, and immateriality is related with the transparency and reflectivity properties of the material. Interrelationship is deeply related to other elements, such as structure, visual contrast, and pattern, more than any material property by specific elements. As a result, using diverse material, brands can invoke various meanings and convey product identity to consumers through the perception of physical properties. This finding is not limited to fashion brands, and property can be commonly utilized as a formative language to enable mutual communication to convey brand identity and image.

자연 법칙의 물리적 필연성 -암스트롱 전체 체계 내에서의 문제점

김희정 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2011 人文論叢 Vol.65 No.-

Armstrong’s view on a law of nature stands between regularity theory and metaphysical necessity theory. He maintains that a law of nature is necessary on the one hand, and contingent on the other hand. He holds that a law of nature is necessary in the sense that it is beyond regularity. It is meant by ‘contingent’ that it does not hold in all possible worlds. A law of nature in our world may not hold in other possible worlds. In other words, he is defending that a law of nature has a physical necessity. The necessity of a law of nature is said to be required, since there are at least three main difficulties. The view on physical necessity is maintained with Armstrong’s categoricalism on the nature of properties. According to it, properties do not have modality as such, which is externally attributed by a law of nature. I argue, in this paper, that there are problems in his defending of the physical necessity of a law of nature in his system, which ranges over his categoricalism, quidditism, actualism and combinatorialism. My criticism on physical necessitarianism is different from others’ in that it considers the whole system of Armstrong’s views on relevant topics. In the first part, I present what physical necessity means in Armstrong’s theory of laws. In the second part, I point out two main problems of his physical necessitarianism in considering his views on the relevant topic such as the nature of properties, the criterion of existence and possible worlds. In 2.1,I reformulate his arguments and argue that they fail mainly because of his categoricalism. He tries to defend the physical necessity of laws by means of universals. I show that his arguments are circular. In 2.2, I show that he has problems in admitting the physical necessity as primitive. I argue that the view on the physical necessity is not coherent with his views on possible worlds, as well as those on the criterion of existence and the nature of properties.

Survey on the Change of Physical Properties of Upland Soil in Chungnam Province

Jang-Yong Choi(최장용),Dong-Chan Kim(김동찬),Yeo-Uk Yun(윤여욱),So-Hye Choi(최소혜),Jin-Il Lee(이진일),Jeong-Woo Son(손정우) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

The growth and yield of crops are directly affected by soil physical properties. In most of the arable lands, the soil physical properties are expected to change with climate changes and the use of large agricultural machinery, and it should be surveyed on the arable land characteristics and the scientific management for the sustainable agriculture. In order to survey the physical properties of upland soil in Chungnam region, the soil samples for this study were collected from 45 places as points that represent the distribution rate of upland field, and investigated the agricultural condition as the kind of crops, structural condition and land-use pattern and examined the soil physical properties as soil texture, three phases of soil, and bulk density and the soil chemical properties as pH, EC and OM. Soil texture of the surveyed upland soils were mostly sandy loam and loam. The rate of cultivated crops were ordered as garlic(12plots), perilla(6), pepper(6), and were cultivated maize, sweet potato, potato, and peanut etc. The depth of A horizon was 21.1㎝ and the results of bulk density were top soil 1.33 Mg m<SUP>-3</SUP> and subsoil 1.57. The rates of three phases of the top soil were composed of solid 50.2%, liquid 25.6, and air 24.2, however the subsoil were composed of solid 59.3%, liquid 30.9, and air 9.9. The distribution rates of the particle size in top soil samples were sand 47.2%, silt 37.7, and clay 15.1, however the subsoil samples were distributed with sand 44.9%, silt 36.0, and clay 19.1. It is necessary to improve long-term soil physical properties with methods such as application of organic matter and deep tillage since the physical properties of bulk density and solid phase ratio have deteriorated compared with the data surveyed 4years ago.

자연 법칙의 물리적 필연성 -암스트롱의 전체 체계 내에서의 문제점-

김희정 ( Hee Jeong Kim ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2011 人文論叢 Vol.65 No.-

Armstrong`s view on a law of nature stands between regularity theory and metaphysical necessity theory. He maintains that a law of nature is necessary on the one hand, and contingent on the other hand. He holds that a law of nature is necessary in the sense that it is beyond regularity. It is meant by ``contingent`` that it does not hold in all possible worlds. A law of nature in our world may not hold in other possible worlds. In other words, he is defending that a law of nature has a physical necessity. The necessity of a law of nature is said to be required, since there are at least three main difficulties. The view on physical necessity is maintained with Armstrong`s categoricalism on the nature of properties. According to it, properties do not have modality as such, which is externally attributed by a law of nature. I argue, in this paper, that there are problems in his defending of the physical necessity of a law of nature in his system, which ranges over his categoricalism, quidditism, actualism and combinatorialism. My criticism on physical necessitarianism is different from others` in that it considers the whole system of Armstrong`s views on relevant topics. In the first part, I present what physical necessity means in Armstrong`s theory of laws. In the second part, I point out two main problems of his physical necessitarianism in considering his views on the relevant topic such as the nature of properties, the criterion of existence and possible worlds. In 2.1, I reformulate his arguments and argue that they fail mainly because of his categoricalism. He tries to defend the physical necessity of laws by means of universals. I show that his arguments are circular. In 2.2, I show that he has problems in admitting the physical necessity as primitive. I argue that the view on the physical necessity is not coherent with his views on possible worlds, as well as those on the criterion of existence and the nature of properties.

유기농 시설채소 재배지 토양의 물리적 특성변화

이상범,최원아,홍승길,박광래,이초롱,김석철,안민실 한국유기농업학회 2015 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic vegetable cultivation on the soil physical properties in 33 farmlands under plastic greenhouse in Korea. We were investigated 5~8 farms per organic vegetable crops during the period from August to November 2014. The main cultivated vegetables were leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens var. Japonica Hara), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon spp.). We have analyzed soil physical properties. The measured soil physical parameters were soil plough layer, soil hardness, penetration resistance, three soil phase, bulk density and Porosity. The measurement of the soil plough layer, soil hardness and penetration resistance were carried out direct in the fields, and the samples for other parameters were taken using the soil core method with approximately 20 mm diameter core collected from each organic vegetable field. Soil plough layer was average 36 cm and ranged between 30 and 50 cm, and slightly different depending on the sorts of vegetable cultivation. The soil hardness was 0.17±0.15~1.34±1.02 in the topsoil, 0.55±0.34~1.15±0.62 in the subsoil. It was not different between topsoil and subsoil, but showed a statistically significant difference between the leafy and fruit vegetables. Penetrometer resistance is one of the important soil physical properties that can determine both root elongation and yield. The increase in density under leafy vegetables resulted in a higher soil penetrometer resistance. Soil is a three-component system comprised of solid, liquid, and gas phases distributed in a complex geometry that creates large solid- liquid, liquid-gas, and gas-solid interfacial areas. The three soil phases were dynamic and typically changed in organic vegetable soils under greenhouse. Porosity was characterized as range of 54.2±2.2~60.3±2.4%. Most measured soils have bulk densities between 1.0 and 1.6 g cm-3. To summarize the above results, Soil plough layer has been deepened in organic vegetable cultivation soils. Solid hardness (the hardness of the soil) and bulk density (suitable for the soil unit mass) have been lowered. Porosity (soil spatial content) was high such as a well known in organic farmlands. Important changes were observed in the physical properties according to the different vegetable cultivation. We have demonstrated that the physical properties of organic cultivated soils under plastic greenhouse were improved in the results of this study.

노출시간과 열강도에 따른 복사열 노출후의 소방보호복의 물리적 특성과 역학적 특성 변화

유화숙,N. Pan,G. Sun 한국의류학회 1999 한국의류학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The changes of physical properties (thickness, weight, air permeability) and mechanical properties(abrasion resistance, breaking load and displacement) of samples were determined after heat exposure by a RPP tester. The effect of exposure time and heat flux intensity on the changes and the relationship between physical properties and mechanical properties were investigated. FR treated cotton, Kevlar/PBI and Nomex with different structural characteristics were chosen for specimens. The changes of physical properties and mechanical properties were calculated based on their initial values before heat exposure. As exposure time and heat flux intensity increased, thickness, air permeability, abrasion resistance and breaking load of the fabrics increased and breaking displacement decreased after heat exposure. The longer exposure time and the higher heat flux intensity, the more changes of those properties. Heat flux intensity was more effective on the changes. They showed to be affected by an interplay of shrinkage and pyrolysis products loss. The changes of thickness and abrasion resistance showed to be higher for plain weave fabric and those of air permeability and breaking load and displacement for twill weave fabric. While FR treated cotton which have high RPP value experienced serious and detrimental changes after heat exposure, Kevlar/PBI which has low RPP value showed no high changes. In conclusion, it could be confirmed that when total performance of a protective clothing is estimated, retention capability of physical and mechanical properties after heat exposure as well as RPP value must be considered.