고형연료 에너지 시설의 대기오염물질 관리 개선방안 연구

김유미 ( Yumi Kim ),조지혜 ( Ji Hye Jo ),안준영,최현진,문난경,이영수,이영준,김민아 한국환경정책평가연구원 2018 기본연구보고서 Vol.2018 No.-

고형연료 사용량은 2014년 115만 톤에서 2017년 361만 톤으로 3배가량 증가하였다. 하지만 신규 고형연료 사용시설 설치에 대한 전국적인 민원이 발생함에 따라 고형연료 사용시설에 대한 대기오염물질 관리방안을 면밀히 마련하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 고형연료 사용시설과 관련된 기존 대기 정책과 환경영향평가의 현황을 살펴보고 문제점을 도출하며 개선사항에 대하여 논하였다.먼저 대기오염물질 배출허용기준의 경우 2020년 강화방안 내 고형연료 사용시설에 대한 사항이 포함되어 있으나 먼지, SOx, NOx에 대한 표준산소농도가 고체연료를 사용하는 시설의 표준산소농도보다 완화되어 있으므로 동일한 표준산소농도 기준을 마련하여 대기오염물질 과다 배출을 제어할 필요가 있다. 고형연료의 원료 폐기물 대상이 이전보다 넓어졌으므로 SOx를 굴뚝 자동측정기기(TMS: Tele-Monitoring System) 측정항목으로 추가하여 관리하는 것이 바람직하다. 또한 고형연료를 30% 미만으로 혼소하여 사용하는 시설은 고형연료제품 사용시설의 특정대기유해물질 배출허용기준을 적용받지 않는 대형 석탄 화력발전시설들에 대하여 연료 혼소에 따른 배출특성 파악과 별도의 배출허용기준 마련이 필요하다.「자원의 절약과 재활용촉진에 관한 법률」상의 다이옥신 규제를 받는 고형연료 사용시설은 「잔류성유기오염물질 관리법」에 의해 규제를 받는 시설에 비하여 측정주기 및 행정조치사항에 대하여 완화된 규정이 적용되고 있으므로 「잔류성유기오염물질 관리법」 내 고형연료 사용시설을 통합하여 관리해야 한다. 이는 향후 『잔류성유기오염물질관리기본계획』 수립 시와 다이옥신 외 스톡홀름 협약 대상물질들에 대한 관리 확대 시에도 필요한 부분이다.주요한 대기 정책으로 1980년부터 시행된 저황유 사용의무제도, 고체연료 사용금지제도, 청정연료 사용의무제도를 들 수 있으며 이로 인하여 SO₂ 및 CO 농도가 눈에 띄게 개선되었다. 하지만 현재 고형연료는 고체연료에 속하지 않아 사용지역에 대한 제한이 없는 상황이다. 이는 고형연료 사용처 확산에는 용이할 수 있지만 대규모 주거지역에 특정대기유해물질을 포함한 대기오염물질의 노출을 최소화하기 위해서는 고형연료를 고체연료에 포함하여 관리하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. 또한 고형연료 품질등급제 도입 시 각 품질별 사용처와 필수적인 대기오염물질 방지시설 운영안이 함께 마련되어야 할 것이다.고형연료 사용시설의 시설수로는 산업용 보일러가 큰 비중을 차지하지만 발전시설에 대하여만 환경영향평가 대상으로 한정되어 있다. 발전시설 중에도 10㎿ 이상의 시설 기준이 적용되어 소규모 발전시설이 대다수인 폐기물에너지 발전시설에 대한 포용성이 떨어지므로 발전시설 대상항목 내 폐기물에너지 발전시설을 별도로 신설하는 방법을 제안한다.고형연료 발전시설 환경영향평가 시 배출되는 물질에 대한 검토를 수행한 결과 환경영향평가 및 건강영향평가 대상물질로 추가 검토하여야 하는 물질들과 방법론을 제시하였고, 특히 1급 발암물질에 해당하는 벤젠, 다이옥신, 벤조(a)피렌의 고려가 필요하다. 고형연료에 대한 대기오염물질 배출계수 연구는 매우 미흡한 것으로 조사되었고, 그중 환경영향평가에 적용가능한 배출계수를 선정하여 제시하였다. 하지만 고형연료 사용으로 인한 불확실성을 보완하기 위해서는 사후환경영향조사 시 예측한 배출농도와 실측한 배출농도를 상호 비교하여 저감시설의 적정성을 평가할 수 있는 계획이 반드시 필요하다. The amount of solid refuse fuels used per year increased about three times, from 1,150 thousand tons in 2014 to 3,610 thousand tons in 2017. However, with the nationwide civil appeals for installation of facilities used solid refuse fuels, it became important to thoroughly prepare the plan for air pollution control for the facilities. This study examined the present condition of the existing air pollution control policies and environmental impact assessment, drew the problems from them and discussed reform measures for them.As for the permissible emission levels for air pollutants, the enhanced measure in 2020 includes the item for solid refuse fuels facilities. However, because the standard oxygen concentration of dust, SOx and NOx for solid refuse fuels has relaxed, compared with that for solid fuels, it is necessary to prepare the criteria for the same standard oxygen concentration and to control excessive emission of air pollutant. It is desirable to add SOx as a measurable item of the TMS(Tele-monitoring system) to control, since the list of waste as raw material of solid refuse fuels increased. It is also necessary to make a mixed firing of lower than 30% of solid fuels to examine the characteristics of emission caused by mixed firing from the great coal-fired electric power plants that are exempt from the permissible emission levels for the specified hazardous air pollutants, and to prepare the permissible emission levels.As for measurement cycle and administrative action, the relaxed regulation is applied to the facilities for solid refuse fuels, required for dioxin control by the 「Act of the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources」, compared with those controlled by the 「Persistent Organic Pollutants Control Act」, into which, it is necessary, control of the facilities for solid refuse fuels should be incorporated. It is also necessary, from now on when establishing the 『Basic Plan for Control of Persistent Organic Pollutants』 and expanding control of the materials under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, besides dioxin, As for important air pollution policies, the System of Mandatory Use of Low Sulphur Fuel Oil, the System of Prohibition from Use of Solid Fuels and the System of Mandatory Use of Clean Fuel were established to decrease concentration of SO2 and CO. However, at present because the solid refuse fuels do not belong to solid fuels, the area of their use is not regulated. Even though it is easy to expand the area of their use, it is desirable to incorporate the solid refuse fuels into solid fuels to control, minimizing exposure of air pollutants, containing the specific air pollutants, to the large-scale residential area. In addition, when introducing the system of quality class for solid refuse fuels, it is necessary to prepare the plan for designation of the use area by class and for operation of the facilities for required prevention of air pollutants.The industrial boilers occupy the greater amount of the facilities for solid refuse fuels, however, only the power plant facilities are subject to the Environmental Impact Assessment. As for the power production facilities, because the standard for the facilities of more than 10㎿ is applied to them and the capacity for the waste-energy power production facilities majority, of which are small-scale, is lower, it is suggested that the separate waste-energy power production facilities should be established in the lists of power production facilities.The examination of air pollutants emitted from power production facilities using solid refuse fuels resulted in suggestion of materials and methods necessary for additional examination as the materials in environmental impact assessment and health impact assessment. In particular, it is necessary to consider first-class carcinogen such as benzene, dioxin and benzo[a]pyrene. The result shows that insufficient studies on emission factors for air pollutants are going on, and the emission factors that can be applicable to environmental impact assessment were selected and suggested. However, to complement the uncertainty caused by the use of solid refuse fuels, it is essential to compare the predicted and the actual emission concentrations in post-environmental impact assesment to evaluate the relevance of reduction facilities.

Similarity of Gene Expression Profiles in Primary Brain Tumors with the Toxic Mechanism by Environmental Contaminants

Kim, Yu-Ri,Kim, Ki-Nam,Park, Yoon-Hee,Ryu, Yeon-Mi,Sohn, Sung-Hwa,Seo, Sang-Hui,Lee, Seung-Ho,Kim, Hye-Won,Lee, Kweon-Haeng,Kim, Meyoung-Kon The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2005 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.1 No.3

Recently, a large number of clinical experiments have shown that exposure of organic pollutants lead to various cancers through the abnormal cell growth. Environmental pollutants, such as 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are carcinogen and are known to cause the cognitive disability and motor dysfunction in the developing of brain. The effects of these pollutants on neurodevelopmental disorder is well established, but the underlying mechanism(s) and similarity of gene expression profiles in human brain tumors with organic pollutants still remain unclear. In this study, we first examined the gene expression profiles in glioblastomas compared with meningioma that are kinds of primary human brain tumor by using human cDNA microarray. The results of cDNA microarray analysis revealed that 26 genes were upregulated (Z-ratio>2.0) and 14 genes were downregulated (Z-ratio<-2.0) in glioblastoma compared with meningioma. From the altered gene patterns, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling related genes, such as MAP2K3, MAP3K11 and jun activated domain binding protein, and transcription factors, such as UTF2 and TF12, were upregulated in glioblastoma. Also, we tried to investigate the relation between important genes up- and down-regulated in giloblastoma and various organic pollutants. Therefore, the identification of changes in the patterns of gene expression may provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in human primary brain tumors and of the relation between gene expression profiles and organic pollutants in brain tissue.

Multifunctional and recyclable TiO₂ hybrid sponges for efficient sorption, detection, and photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants

Lee, Yunjeong,Lee, Seungki,Kim, Hyo Sil,Moon, Jong Tae,Joo, Ji Bong,Choi, Inhee Elsevier 2019 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.73 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Developing techniques for monitoring and removing organic pollutants such as solvents and dyes in environmental media is a very important task nowadays. To get rid of the pollutants, efficient materials that can sorb, detect, and decompose such compounds have been consistently sought after. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate eco-friendly multifunctional and recyclable TiO<SUB>2</SUB> hybrid sponges composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network and functional nanoparticles. Water-soluble crystals were used to construct porous templates and TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles were additionally integrated into the templates where liquid PDMS was filled. After curing the PDMS, the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> integrated hybrid sponges were finally obtained by dissolving the templates with water. By using the fabricated hybrid sponges, sorbed organic pollutants were qualitatively detected via molecular-specific Raman signals. Furthermore, we showed the recyclability by achieving photocatalytic decomposition of the sorbed pollutants induced by the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> nanoparticles. These results are instructive for further applications and also contribute toward solving problems relating to environmental pollution.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> TiO<SUB>2</SUB> hybrid sponges were eco-friendly fabricated with water soluble templates. </LI> <LI> Using the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> hybrid sponge, VOCs can be sorbed efficiently. </LI> <LI> The sorbed pollutants were qualitatively detected via Raman spectroscopy. </LI> <LI> Photocatalytic decomposition of the pollutants was also accomplished with hybrid sponge. </LI> <LI> These multi-functions of the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> hybrid sponge allow for being recyclable. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

유기농업 발전방향과 CSA운동의 지역주민 참여방안에 대한 조사 연구(Ⅰ)

정진영,손상목,김영호 한국유기농업학회 2001 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.9 No.2

It was supposed that CSA could be one of the best way to promote the movement of organic agriculture since there is little reliability on the organically grown food by consumer. In the replies submitted to a questionnaire to farmer and consumer, both group responded that the need of development of cultivation technique for organic farming and the permitted substances for organic farming and production. Both of them also replied that it is necessary to establish the lectures or division/department for organic agriculture in the agricultural education program of University.1) Their response to CSA was so much positive that they are willing to participate the CSA farm as a active CSA farmers or consumers. Based on the evaluation of questionnaire survey, it was suggested to do the utmost efforts that farmer preferentially practice an organic farming, and consumer consciously buy an organic food to protect an ecosystem and environment pollution.

유기농업 발전방향과 CSA운동의 지역주민 참여방안에 대한 조사 연구(I)

정진영 ( Jin Young-jung ),손상목 ( Sang Mok-sohn ),김영호 ( Kim Young-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 2001 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.9 No.2

It was supposed that CSA could be one of the best way to promote the movement of organic agriculture since there is little reliability on the organically grown food by consumer. In the replies submitted to a questionnaire to farmer and consumer, both group responded that the need of development of cultivation technique for organic farming and the permitted substances for organic farming and production. Both of them also replied that it is necessary to establish the lectures or division/department for organic agriculture in the agricultural education program of University. Their response to CSA was so much positive that they are willing to participate the CSA farm as a active CSA farmers or consumers. Based on the evaluation of questionnaire survey, it was suggested to do the utmost efforts that farmer preferentially practice an organic farming, and consumer consciously buy an organic food to protect an ecosystem and environment pollution.

해양생태계 내 잔류성오염물질 조사 현황 및 발전 방향

원종호,이용우,김성진,김성길 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2019 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.22 No.3

The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and Minamata Convention on mercury and mercury compounds took effect. The aim of these conventions is to protect human health and the environment from persistent pollutants. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries has conducted surveys on the status and progress of contamination of POPs in marine ecosystems since 2001, and in 2008, the law on the surveys of POPs in the Marine Environment Act was enacted. In marine ecosystems, the concentration of dioxins, where regulations on emissions and use are actively managed, showed a gradual decreasing trend in each year. While the concentrations of new POPs such as PBDEs, HBCDs, and PFASs were found to be relatively higher than those of legacy POPs. Because new POPs have been listed regularly, prompt and appropriate responses are required to prevent the environment from new POPs. It is necessary to reorganize the investigation system for persistent pollutants in marine ecosystems based on the long-term survey results. It is necessary to establish persistent pollutants criteria and preparation of management measures for maintaining the marine ecosystem health. In this study, we analyze the status of surveys on persistent pollutants in marine ecosystems and suggest policy proposals to efficiently manage these pollutants. 잔류성오염물질로부터 인간의 건강과 환경 보호를 목적으로 잔류성유기오염물질(POPs)에 관한 스톡홀름 협약과 수은에 관한 미나마타 협약이 발효되었다. 해양수산부에서는 해양생태계 내 POPs의 오염실태 조사를 2001년부터 수행해 왔으며, 2008년에 해양환경관리법 내 POPs 조사 관련 법을 제정하였다. 해양생태계 내POPs 조사 결과, 배출 및 사용 규제를 통해 적극적으로 관리되고 있는 기존 POPs 중 다이옥신류 농도는 연차별로 감소하는 경향을 보인 반면 신규POPs(PBDEs, HBCDs, PFASs) 농도는 기존 POPs에 비해 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 신규 POPs가 지속적으로 등재되고 있어 신규 POPs로부터 환경을 보호하기 위해서 신속하고 적절한 대응이 필요하며, 장기 조사 결과들을 반영한 잔류성오염물질 조사체계의 개편이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 해양생태계의 건강성 유지를 위한 잔류성오염물질 기준 및 관리 방안 마련이 필요한 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 해양생태계 내 잔류성오염물질 조사 현황을 분석하고 잔류성오염물질의 효율적 관리를 위한 정책적 제언을 제시하고자 한다.

자란만 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속 농도분포

황현진,황동운,이가람,김형철,권정노 해양환경안전학회 2018 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.24 No.1

In order to understand the distributions of organic matter and heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediment of Jaran Bay, we measured the grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments collected at 15 stations in this bay in November 2014. The sediment consisted of finer sediment such as mud and clay, with 8.6-9.8Ø (9.3±0.3Ø) of mean grain size. The concentrations of TOC and TN in the sediment ranged from 1.51-2.39% (1.74±0.22%) and 0.20-0.33% (0.23±0.03%), respectively, and did not show spatial difference. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) ranged from 5-10, indicating that organic matter in the sediment originated from oceanic sources such as animal by-products from fish and shellfish farms. The concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Mn were much higher in the mouth of the bay than in the inner bay, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn showed an opposite distribution pattern. Based on the results of the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollutant load index (PLI), and ecological risk index (ERI), the surface sediment in Jaran Bay is not polluted or only slightly polluted with Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, whereas it is moderately to strongly polluted with As. In particular, some regions in the bay were identified as having a considerable risk status, indicating that metal concentration in the sediment could impact benthic organisms. Thus, the systematic management for marine and land sources of organic matter and heavy metals around Jaran Bay is necessary in order to ensure seafood safety and maintain sustainable production on shellfish farms. 자란만 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 농도분포와 오염현황을 파악하기 위하여 2014년 11월 15개 정점에서 표층 퇴적물을 채취하여 입도, 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN) 및 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)을 분석하였다. 평균입도(Mz)는 8.6-9.8Ø(9.3±0.3Ø) 사이였으며, 니(Mud)와 점토(Clay)의 세립한 퇴적물로 구성되어 있었다. TOC와 TN은 각각 1.51-2.39%(1.74±0.22%), 0.20-0.33%(0.23±0.03%)의 범위로 전반적으로 공간적인 농도차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 퇴적물에서 C/N 비 값은 5-10 사이를 보여 자란만 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물은 주로 해역 내에서 발생한 해양기원성 유기물인 것으로 파악되었다. 중금속 중 Cr, Fe, Mn은 만의 입구 쪽에서 높고 그 외 중금속(As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn)은 자란만의 안쪽에서 높은 농도를 보였다. 한편, 퇴적물 기준(SQGs), 농축계수(EF), 농집지수(Igeo), 오염부하량지수(PLI), 생태계위해도지수(ERI) 등 다양한 평가기법을 이용하여 자란만 표층 퇴적물의 중금속에 대한 오염정도를 살펴본 결과, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn은 오염되지 않은 상태이거나 일부해역에서 오염된 상태를 보였지만 As는 전 해역에서 높은 오염도를 보였다. 또한, 분석된 모든 중금속 농도를 고려한 전체적인 오염도를 살펴본 결과, 모든 해역에서 중금속에 대하여 오염되었고 특히, 일부 해역에서는 저서생물에 위해성을 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서, 자란만 내 양식 수산물의 안전성 확보와 지속적인 어장 생산성 유지를 위해서 자란만 퇴적물 내 유기물과 중금속의 오염원에 대한 체계적인 관리가 필요하다.

Multifunctional and recyclable TiO2 hybrid sponges for efficient sorption, detection, and photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants

이윤정,이승기,김효실,문종태,주지봉,최인희 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.73 No.-

Developing techniques for monitoring and removing organic pollutants such as solvents and dyes inenvironmental media is a very important task nowadays. To get rid of the pollutants, efficient materialsthat can sorb, detect, and decompose such compounds have been consistently sought after. Herein, wedemonstrate a simple and inexpensive method to fabricate eco-friendly multifunctional and recyclableTiO2 hybrid sponges composed of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network and functional nanoparticles. Water-soluble crystals were used to construct porous templates and TiO2 nanoparticles were additionallyintegrated into the templates where liquid PDMS wasfilled. After curing the PDMS, the TiO2 integratedhybrid sponges werefinally obtained by dissolving the templates with water. By using the fabricatedhybrid sponges, sorbed organic pollutants were qualitatively detected via molecular-specific Ramansignals. Furthermore, we showed the recyclability by achieving photocatalytic decomposition of thesorbed pollutants induced by the TiO2 nanoparticles. These results are instructive for further applicationsand also contribute toward solving problems relating to environmental pollution.

낙동강 하구 표층 퇴적물의 지화학적 특성 및 오염도 평가

전혜린,이혜윤,양득석,김신,Jeon, Hye-Lyn,Lee, Hye-Yun,Yang, Deuk-Seok,Kim, Shin 한국환경과학회 2021 한국환경과학회지 Vol.30 No.6

To evaluate the geochemical characteristics and assess the pollution in surface sediments of the Nakdong River estuary, two sites adjacent to the estuary bank (Hh1 and Hh2) and one site at the upper part of the estuary bank (Hh3) were investigated. The surface sediments were analyzed for their contents of metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Al), organic matter (IL, COD, TOC, and TN), and grain size from 2018 to 2020. As a result of the pollution assessment, there was little anthropogenic contamination by most of the metals. The surface sediments in Hh2 had comparatively abundant silt and clay, whereas the other sites were mainly composed of sand. The organic index and contents of organic matter were highest at Hh2. Multivariate statistical analyses (cluster analysis and Pearson correlation analysis) showed that the contents of organic matter and pollution were associated with fine sediment. These results suggest that the geochemical characteristics were changed by the estuary bank built in the research area and that the increase in fine sediment attributable to the low-energy environment resulted in an increase in organic matter pollution.

Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of Organic pollutants

강준원,박영대 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2019 농업생명과학연구 Vol.53 No.5

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have generated huge amount of environmental pollution. Especially, synthetic organic chemicals have been a serious international problem for over half a century due to their toxic and hazardous chemicals. Eco-friendly strategies for removing the chemicals from the soil and water are becoming a top priority around the world and biological treatment such as phytoremediation and bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other conventional remediation techniques. Recently, many pollutant diminishing microbial endophytes have been discovered from various plants grown in contaminated area and the function of microbes to improve phytoremediation of organic pollutants has been reported. Thus, we classify synthetic organic pollutants into groups of similar compounds and discuss the contribution of endophytes to enhance phytoremediation.