韩汉外来语范畴及类型对比研究

한용수,유준방 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2014 中國學論叢 Vol.45 No.-

There is not a kind of language was developed just only by itself. Languagesare usually affected more or less by some other languages and there are loanwords in them. We can not only get the idea of the influence from foreignlanguages, but also can observe the reaction of themselves by studying theirloan words. Because when a language borrows words from another foreignlanguage, they usually assimilate them with their own phonologic rules, writtensystem and grammatical patterns. Both Korean and Chinese have a lot of loanwords. We try to contrast the methods of assimilating foreign languages. Thatwould be a special way to contrast the linguistic characteristics of Korean andChinese. We hope it would be helpful to the language education as a secondlanguage of each other, and also be useful to the translation and interpreting ofKorean and Chinese. The definitions, categories and types of loan words in Korean and Chineseare the subjects of this paper. There are some arguments about the categoriesof loan words both in Korean and Chinese. The category argument of Korean isfocus on loan words, foreign languages, domesticating loan words and borrowingwords. And category argument of Chinese is free-translation words, hanji fromJapan and letter words. We analyse them and try to find out the reasonableclassification. Then we choose the most definite types ― phonetic translationwords and phonetic&semantic translation words to contrast the loan words ofKorean and Chinese.

韓漢外來語范疇及類型對比硏究

한용수,류준방 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2014 中國學論叢 Vol.45 No.-

There is not a kind of language was developed just only by itself. Languages are usually affected more or less by some other languages and there are loan words in them. We can not only get the idea of the influence from foreign languages, but also can observe the reaction of themselves by studying their loan words. Because when a language borrows words from another foreign language, they usually assimilate them with their own phonologic rules, written system and grammatical patterns. Both Korean and Chinese have a lot of loan words. We try to contrast the methods of assimilating foreign languages. That would be a special way to contrast the linguistic characteristics of Korean and Chinese. We hope it would be helpful to the language education as a second language of each other, and also be useful to the translation and interpreting of Korean and Chinese. The definitions, categories and types of loan words in Korean and Chinese are the subjects of this paper. There are some arguments about the categories of loan words both in Korean and Chinese. The category argument of Korean is focus on loan words, foreign languages, domesticating loan words and borrowing words. And category argument of Chinese is free-translation words, hanji from Japan and letter words. We analyse them and try to find out the reasonable classification. Then we choose the most definite types ― phonetic translation words and phonetic&semantic translation words to contrast the loan words of Korean and Chinese.

신어에 나타나는 구의 단어화에 대하여

이선영(Lee, Seon-yeong) 우리말글학회 2021 우리말 글 Vol.91 No.-

최근 신어에서는 구의 단어화가 활발하게 일어나고 있다. 본고에서는 국어에 나타나는 구의 단어화를 두 가지 유형으로 나누어 검토하였다. ‘구의 단어화Ⅰ’은 이미 존재하고 있는 구 구성이 단어 형태가 되는 문제이고, ‘구의 단어화Ⅱ’는 새로 나타나는 의미를 구 구성과 유사한 형태의 단어로 표현하는 문제이다. 전자에 속하는 문제로는 약칭어의 생성, 동사구의 명사화, 차용번역어의 생성이 있고, 후자의 문제로는 고유명사의 생성, 점착어의 활용이 있다. 약칭어는 이미 존재하는 구나 문장에서 각 단어의 일부를 잘라 합쳐서 새 단어를 만드는 방식인데, 원래 우리말에서 나타나던 방식이다. 그런데 기존의 단어들은 한자어가 대부분인 반면 최근 생성되는 단어들은 ‘내로남불, 아아’처럼 고유어나 외래어인 점이 특이하다. 다음으로 동사구의 명사화도 약칭어에서 발생하는데, ‘열공, 즐주’처럼 동사구가 명사가 된 후 다시 ‘열공하다, 즐주되다’로 동사가 되는 점이 주목된다. 차용번역어는 외래어 구가 단어가 될 때 원어의 영향을 받는 경우인데, ‘good night’이 ‘굿밤’이 되는 것이 그 예이다. ‘구의 단어화Ⅱ’는 고유명사의 생성, 그리고 ‘보습의 정석템’처럼 점착어 ‘템’을 활용한 단어화가 있다. ‘템’이라는 요소는 접사나 단어 형성전용요소와 달리 단독으로 쓰일 수 있으며 그 의미도 단독일 때와 구에 결합할 때가 동일한 점이 특이하다. 이처럼 신어를 중심으로 구가 단어화되는 방식이 다양하게 나타나고 있음이 흥미롭다 하겠다. In this paper I examined two types of the Word-Formation of Phrase. First type is that the phrase which has existed became new word. And second one is that phrase-type new words express new meaning. First type include formation of abbreviations, nounization of verb phrases, and formation of loan translated words. And second one is formation of adhesive. Abbreviations are a method of creating new words by cutting and combining parts of each word in a sentence that already exists, and this is the method that originally appeared in Korean. While most of the existing abbreviations are Chinese words, the recently generated words are native or foreign words such as ‘Naeronambul, Ahah.’ Next, the nounization of the verb phrase also occurs in the abbreviation, and it is noteworthy that after verb phrase become a noun like ‘Yeolgong, Jeulju’, it becomes a verb like ‘Yeolgonghada, Jeuljudeoda’ again. Loan translated words are cases where foreign phrases are influenced by the original language when they become words, and an example is that ‘good night’ becomes ‘gutbam’ Second type appears in word-formation using the adhesive ‘Tem’ like a ‘Boseupui jeongseoktem’. And the element ‘Tem’ can be used alone, unlike affixes or word formation elements, and its meaning is the same when used not only alone but also as combined with phrases. It is interesting that the Word-Formation of Phrase appear in various ways in new words.

근대 번역어와 중국어 어휘체계의 혁신

양세욱 부산대학교 인문학연구소 2009 코기토 Vol.- No.65

This paper tries to explore how Chinese" modern translated loans was formed and translated loans made in Japan after Middle Edo period was borrowed into Chinese from the point of Chinese language history. Chinese Language may be isolating languages, but it is not a isolated language. Chinese or Sinitic languages now and always has been surrounded by non-Sinitic languages. Prior to the establishment of Qin-Han empire and even after Qin-Han empire, many loan-words originated from Austro-Asiatic family, Indo-Iranian family, Indo-European family and Altaic language family flowed into Chinese lexicon. From Late Ming dynasty, pattern of loans underwent a sudden change. Chinese absorbed numerous loan-words from European language, mainly through translation of Western classics. From the late nineteen centuries, Chinese again borrowed Japanese words originated from Chinese source on a relatively large scale. These translated loans after Late Ming dynasty are the essential elements of contemporary Chinese lexicon. It also has changed Chinese lexical structure and made a great contribution to the multi-dimensions of modern Chinese lexicon.

A Translation of Korean Literary Works and Acceptance of Foreign Literary Works in Korea

김상헌(Kim, Sang Hun) 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2013 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.33 No.-

본고에서 다루는 연구의 주제는 크게 문학작품의 ‘번역’과 ‘수용’으로 구분질수 있다. 우선 본고의 제2장에서는, 한국문학작품을 외국어로 번역함에 있어서 고려해야만 할 점들을 본 연구자가 경험한 세르비아어와 크로아티아어로의 번역사례를 통해 고찰했다. 구체적으로는, 첫째, 관용구와 비유법에 있어서 드러나는 차이를 어떻게 극복할 것인가, 둘째, 표준어가 아닌 방언과 차용어를 어떻게 번역할 것인가, 셋째, 서로 다른 역사와 종교를 가진 민족들의 문학작품에 담겨 있는 문화의 차이를 어떻게 효과적으로 번역물에 담아낼 것인가 하는 문제들이 그것이다. 이와 같은 난제들은 비단 세르비아어나 크로아티아어로의 번역에서만 나타나는 점들은 아니다. ‘언어’는 한 민족의 삶과 정신을 고스란히 담고 있는 정수(精髓)로, 또 다른 삶과 정신이 담긴 정수로의 변환이 결코 간단치 않음을 번역의 실제에 참여한 연구자와 번역가들은 실감한다. 한국에서 번역·출간된 Milorad Pavić의 작품은 1998년 출판된 ‘Hazarski rečnik’과 2008년 출판된 ‘Unutrašnja strana vetra – Roman o Heri i Leandru’ 두 작품이 있다. 본고의 제3장에서는 한국에서 비교적 널리 알려지지 않은 Milorad Pavić의 문학세계가 지니고 있는 의미를 파악함으로써, 그의 작품을 읽는 독자들에게 방향을 제시하고자 했다. Milorad Pavić에 따르면, 예술은 ‘가역적 예술’과 ‘비가역적 예술’로 이분된다. 전자는 독자 자신의 마음대로 보는 각도와 위치를 바꿔가면서 다양하게 접근하는 것을 허용하는 예술로, 건축, 조각, 회화가 이에 해당하고, 후자는 시작에서 끝까지, 출생에서 죽음까지 작중 사건이 선형적으로 진행되는 예술로서 음악과 문학이 해당한다. Milorad Pavić가 소설의 실험을 시작한 것은 다민족 국가였던 유고슬라비아가 연방해체와 경제하락으로 치달아 국민들이 무한한 슬픔에 빠졌던 것과 때를 같이한다. Milorad Pavić는 꿈속에서 본 것처럼 되려고 노력할 때에 인간의 삶의 의미가 있다고 말한다. 자신의 꿈을 이루려고 노력할 때 비로소 삶의 의미를 곰곰이 새겨볼 수 있다는 것이다. 소설의 의미와 플롯을 독자에게 완전히 일임해버리는 Milorad Pavić의 문학은 한편으로는 혼돈된 세기말의 풍경을 상징하는 것이기도 하지만, 다른 한편으로 독자에게 스스로 꿈을 찾아가는 방법을 가르치고 있다고 볼 수 있다. The main theme of this article is divided into ‘translating’ and‘acceptance’ of literary works. First of all, in the second chapter, Iexamined the main points of the translation of Korean literary works into other languages across examples of translated works in Serbian and Croatian. Specifically, the first is how we overcome differences in idioms and metaphors. Second, how do we translate dialects and loan words. Third, how do we take cultural differences into the translated literary works. These difficult problems arise not only in translating Korean literary works in Serbian or Croatian. Languages are the core in which are filled with wisdom of life and the world of spirit of peoples’. Therefore, it is not easy to convert these cores into the other cores. In Korea, only Milorad Pavić’s two translated works (‘Hazarski rečnik’ and ‘Unutrašnja strana vetra – Roman o Heri i Leandru’) were published in 1998 and 2008 respectively. In the third chapter of this article, I wanted to show readers the literary world of Milorad Pavić, Serbian writer who is relatively unknown in Korea. According to Milorad Pavić, art is divided into ‘reversible art’ and‘irreversible art’. The former (architecture, sculpture or drawing) allows readers to approach a work in various ways, changing angle and position, as he or she pleases. And the latter (music or literature) has incidents proceed linearly from the beginning to the end and from birth to death. Milorad Pavić began to carry out experiments when Yugoslavia, a multinational country, drove its people to immeasurable sorrow, entangled in the dissolution of the federation and the recession of economy. Milorad Pavić’s literature leaves meaning and plot with readers, so it symbolizes ‘an image scene of the confused fin de siecle’ on the one hand, but is, on the other hand, ‘a magnificent aesthetics of labyrinths’ that teaches readers how to find their dreams for themselves.

명(明),청(淸) 문학에 대한 조선후기 문인들의 인식 ; 혼종어(混種語) 형성(形成)과 어종(語種) 제약(制約)

노명희 ( Myung Hee Noh ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2011 大東文化硏究 Vol.73 No.-

국어 어휘는 계통상 고유어, 한자어, 외래어뿐만 아니라 混種語의 구별이 필요하다. 語種에 따른 頭音法則의 적용 여부나 ``的``과 같은 특정 접미사의 語種 制約 등은 공시적 관점에서도 어종의 구별이 필요함을 보여준다. 또한 신어 자료를 포함하여 혼종어 형성 과정의 특징적인 현상을 찾아본다. 첫째, 기존의 두음절어는 ``전대협, 특목고``처럼 구 단위이더라도 고유명칭과 같이 한 단위처럼 인식되는 예들이 많았는데, 신어에서는 ``솔까말, 즐감``과 같이 구 이상의 단위를 무작위로 줄이면서 어종에 대한 인식을 거의 하지 않게 되었다. 둘째, 기존의 혼종 합성어 중 ``겉봉(-封),먹성(-性), 식칼(食-)`` 등 의존형식의 한자가 포함된 혼성어는 ``피봉(皮封), 식성(食性), 식도(食刀)`` 등 대응 한자어가 존재하여 이들의 차용역어일 가능성이 있다. 셋째, 신어에서 혼종 합성어는 한자어와 결합한 예가 가장 많다. 한자어는 고유어나 외래어와의 결합이 자유로운 편이나 외래어는 외래어끼리 결합한 단일 어원의 합성어가 많은 편이다. 넷째, 신어 형성에 생산적으로 참여하는 고유어 접미사 ``꾼, 질``은 고유어, 한자어 어기뿐만 아니라 외래어 어기에도 결합하여 어종 제약이 약화된 예이다. 한자어 접사는 생산적이기는 하나 ``초(超), 고(高)``와 같은 접두사나 ``적(的), 화(化)`` 등의 접미사는 고유어 어기에 결합한 신어가 거의 발견되지 않아 어종에 대한 제약을 보인다. 외래어 접두사 ``네오(neo), 노(no)`` 등은 외래어 어기에만 결합하여 혼종어의 예가 발견되지 않으나 ``이즘(ism), 틱(tic)`` 등 외래어 접미사는 고유어, 한자어, 외래어 등에 결합하여 어종 제약을 보이지 않는다. This paper aimed to reveal that Korean vocabulary is composed of hybrid words as well as natives, Sino-Korean, loanwords and that the ratio of hybrid words are growing in the neologisms. The differences between vocabulary classes with different origins can be ascertained through the way the rule of initial sounds of words apply to them and the extent of constraint they have with respect to the formation of derivatives. That is, the knowledge of the class of vocabulary is a part of speaker`s linguistic competence. But hybrid word formation is an example of the fact that constraints concerning vocabulary classes are being weakened. And in result the number of hybrid words has increased in neologisms. Hybrid acronyms are actively formed because of the psychological mechanism that the speakers tend to reduce the bigger units than phrase freely. Hybrid compounds are mainly from Sino-Korean with Natives, and Sino-Korean with loanwords. With respect to hybrid derivatives, some native suffixes such as ``꾼(ggun), 질(jil)`` are losing the vocabulary class constraint, so they can combine with loanwords as well as natives and Sino-Korean. But Sino-Korean suffixes such as ``的(jeok), 化(hwa)`` are still preserving the constraint because they hardly combine with natives. Some loanword prefixes such as ``네오(neo), 노(no)`` combine only with loanword bases, but other loanword suffixes such as ``이즘(ism), 틱(tic)`` can combine with natives and Sino-Korean, so they don`t show the vocabulary class constraint.

근대시기 중국 한자신어의 수용양상과 정착과정 재고(再考) - 근대 이중어사전을 중심으로

임려 한국통번역교육학회 2015 통번역교육연구 Vol.13 No.3

The modern time of Asia is the era of the Eastern and the Western collision and integration. The new concepts expressing the modern western civilization swarmed into the Western trades and military expansion. And the Eastern countries have to accept these new concepts considering their survival and development. Therefore, Chinese characters have become the only character carrier for Korea, China and Japan to accept the western civilization. Some new words then came into being. This paper chose the Chinese Loan Words Dictionary (1984) and the supreme research of South Korea's recent studies on Japanese loan words. By selecting 121 Japanese loan words that have been identified by these two countries, studying 20 words’ meanings and forms in Contemporary English Chinese dictionary, this paper pointed out the problems existing in the Chinese and Japanese vocabulary exchanging research. The reason and the condition of the word creations and their inflow paths, and the impacts of the new words on these countries’ vocabulary system in the perspective of social linguistics and language contact are the author’s future research directions.

중국어 성경에 반영된 차용어 표기법 연구: ‘이(以)’자를 중심으로

신원철 ( Shin Wonchul ),송지현 ( Song Jihyun ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2021 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.44 No.-

This study aims to examine the tendency of loan word orthography reflected in Chinese Bibles, focusing on the Chinese character yi/以 including Yiselie/以色列 ‘Israel’ and the tendency of transliteration at the time of Bible translation. 42 words written with yi/以 are found in the Bibles. To examine when this orthography began and how it was fixed in its current form, six chapter names and five words are selected, compared and arranged from a total of nine Bibles. The results are as follows: The transcription with yi/以 started with Protestant translations of Bible in the 1800s. It was found that the Gutzlaff version used the character yi/以 and the word Yiselie/以色列 in almost the same way as the current practice. All the Bibles published after the Schereschewsky version have used the same orthography as the current Bibles. The letter yi/以 is used in transliterations of proper nouns in most cases, but common nouns such as yifude/以弗得 ‘ephod’ are translated in terms of meaning or in a different way depending on the context. Through this study, the origins and changes of words in Modern Chinese are investigated.

번역에 있어서의 문화고유어의 중요성 및 번역전략 -『카인의 후예』 번역을 중심으로

김도훈 ( Do Hun Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학21 Vol.25 No.1

When a message leaves the culture in which it was encoded, it carries the content intended by its producer, but when the message reaches the culture where it is to be interpreted, it undergoes a transformation because the culture in which the message is decoded influences the message interpretation and hence its meaning. As such, culture is in the center of translation, as one of the greatest sources of miscomprehension caused in the process of and post-translation is the mismatch between the source and target text cultures. Hence, the translator, as a knowledge and culture broker, is required to offer compensation that enables source and target text readers to have shared knowledge and culture. This paper first reestablishes the concept of culture-specific item by putting together several different definitions of culture-related terms. Then, it examines what role culture-specific items play in understanding a text and how important they are in the process of translation. Based on a clearer understanding of culture-specific items and in recognition of the role and the importance of the item, this research presents five translation strategies and discusses how such strategies can be deployed and what attentions should be paid in the process of translation. Each strategy exhibits its unique features and has strengths and weaknesses when applied. The translations that serve as the bases for the explanation of translation strategies are taken from The Cry of the Cuckoo, a well-known Korean literature, which contains a number of cultural-specific items.

외래 고유명사 줄임말의 유형과 사용 효과

이정복(Jeongbok Lee) 한국사회언어학회 2023 사회언어학 Vol.31 No.1

This study examines the types and usage of abbreviations of foreign proper nouns used in media articles based on a basic understanding of Korean abbreviations, and seeks to identify the effects of their use. Abbreviations of foreign proper nouns are widely used for reasons of economy, ease of identification, and to facilitate the provision of information. There are two types of abbreviations. Romanized abbreviations are characterized by strong economy and identifiability but have difficulty conveying meaning, and they also distinguish the social classes of speakers by their knowledge of loan words or understanding of foreign languages, thereby threatening to undermine social integration. In contrast, abbreviations translated into Korean have the advantage of easily conveying meaning and not hindering language accessibility, but they are weak in identifiability and their number remains exceedingly small. The reason for the excessive use of Romanized abbreviations by the government and media seems to be that no provision for Korean translation abbreviations was made earlier. It is necessary to create and publicize Korean abbreviations widely, as well as create good Korean translation terms with the introduction of foreign proper nouns into Korean.