문법화를 둘러싼 쟁점에 대한 이론적 고찰

고경재(Koh, Kyeong-Jae) 우리말글학회 2017 우리말 글 Vol.74 No.-

본고는 문법화를 둘러싼 쟁점을 이론적으로 고찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 문법화를 ‘덜 문법적인 형식’이 ‘더 문법적인 형식’으로 변화하는 것이라고 볼 때, 본고에서는 문법화의 결과인 ‘더 문법적인 형식’ 안에는 ‘실질형태소’도 포함될 수 있다고 보았다. 또한 문법형태소와 문법형태소가 결합하여 새로운 문법형태소가 만들어진 경우는 문법성이 증가되지 않았다고 판단하여 ‘문법화’에 포함시키지 않았다. 문법화가 끊임없이 진행되면 최종적으로 해당 형태는 공형태가 된다. 그러므로 문법형태소>공형태의 변화는 문법화의 일부가 된다. 그러나 이와 같은 공형태는 결국 어기의 일부로 인식되므로, 공형태로의 변화는 어휘화와도 밀접히 관련된다. 여기서 문법화와 어휘화 간 접점이 마련된다. 어휘화도 문법화 논의에서 쟁점이 된다. 어휘화가 문법화의 전제가 된다(Lehmann 2002)는 논의도 있고, 어휘화는 문법화의 결과(고영진 1997)라는 논의도 있으며, 최근에는 어휘화는 문법화의 반대가 된다는 논의나 어휘화는 역문법화와 같다는 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 본고에서는 어휘화, 역문법화, 문법화 간의 관계를 고찰하여, 문법화의 반대가 되는 현상은 ‘역문법화’이며, ‘어휘화’는 ‘역문법화’를 포함하는 과정이기는 하지만 ‘역문법화’와 ‘어휘화’는 다른 과정이기 때문에 ‘문법화의 반대=어휘화’라는 도식은 성립될 수 없다고 보았다. The purpose of this article is to consider the issues of grammaticalization theoretically. If we consider the grammaticalization as the change from ‘the less grammaticalized form’ to ‘the more grammaticalized form’, ‘the more grammticalized form’ could have ‘lexical morphemes.’ In addition, If the two grammatical morphemes fused together to one grammtical morpheme, that change is not ‘grammaticalization’ but ‘morphologization.’ If the grammaticalization constantly progresses, the ‘empty morpheme’ rises. So the change ‘grammatical morpheme > empty morpheme’ is considered to be grammaticalization. But the empty morpheme is also considered to be the part of the stem, the change ‘grammaticalization > empty morpheme’ is related to ‘lexicalization’ as well. Here, we could recognize the grammaticalization and lexicalization have the point of contact. This article considers the relation among lexicalization, degrammaticalization, and grammaticalization, and derived a conclusion that the degrammaticalization is the reversal of grammaticalization, and lexicalization includes degrammaticalization but lexicalization is a different process from degrammticalization, so ‘the reversal of grammaticalization=lexicalization’ is not correct.

통시적 관점에서의 품사 통용 연구 - 문법화 현상을 중심으로 -

허원영,최대희 영주어문학회 2022 영주어문 Vol.50 No.-

This study is to interpret Multi-part-of-speech from a diachronic perspective. In this case, the interpretation of the diachronic perspective refers to the inference of the process or result of language change. Here, Multi-part-of-speech is interpreted based on the grammaticalization theory among the language change theories. In Chapter 2, Reviews the previous studies of Multi-part-of-speech. Multi-part-of-speech is a phenomenon in which more than one part-of-speech is included in one word. In the existing discussion, the phenomenon is described synchrony and defined as the concept of [-directionality]. However, since Multi-part-of-speech is withholding the interpretation of the phenomenon itself, defining it as [-directionality] is problematic. Also, it is believed that Multi-part-of-speech is mainly derived from part-of-speech classification, which is also a synchrony interpretation. In most types corresponding to Multi-part-of-speech, diachronic change is confirmed. After all, Multi-part-of-speech can also be described as [+directionality]. Accordingly, Multi-part-of-speech requires an interpretation from a diachronic perspective as well as the existing synchrony interpretation. In Chapter 3, Multi-part-of-speech was described by grammaticalization. Although diachronic change is explained by various types of theories, grammaticalization is referenced in relation to Multi-part-of-speech. In this case, grammaticalization refers to a phenomenon in which a less grammatical thing is transformed into a more grammatical one. In grammaticalization, changes in the three domains of meaning, phonology, and category appear in a single direction. In particular, Multi-part-of-speech is related to the grammaticalization of categories. The part-of-speech category of the Korean language is grammaticalized according to the grammatical level in the following way : ‘noun/verb/adjective > pronoun/numerals > adverb > determiner > interjection > postposition’. In this way, the movement of the parts-of-speech category in the process of grammaticalization is called decategorialization. That is, Multi-part-of-speech occurs as the word placed in the grammaticalization process is decategorialization. Of course, not all types of Multi-part-of-speech can be explained by grammaticalization. In addition, even within the same type, there are cases where it is explained by grammaticalization, and there are cases where it is not. Accordingly, in the text, cases of Multi-part-of-speech by grammaticalization are classified and organized. 이 연구는 통시적 관점에서 품사 통용을 해석하려는 것이다. 이때 통시적 관점의 해석이라는 것은 언어 변화의 과정 혹은 결과의 추론을 말한다. 여기서는 언어 변화 이론 중 문법화론에 입각하여 품사 통용을 해석한다. 2장에서는 품사 통용의 앞선 연구들을 검토한다. 품사 통용은 한 단어에 둘 이상의 품사가 포함되는 현상이다. 기존의 논의에서는 해당 현상을 공시적으로 기술하고, [-방향성]의 개념으로 정의한다. 다만 품사 통용은 현상에 대한 해석 자체를 유보하는 것이므로, 이를 [-방향성]이라 정의하는 것은 문제이다. 또한 품사 통용은 주로 품사 분류에서 비롯된다고 여겨지는데, 이 역시 공시적인 해석이다. 품사 통용에 해당하는 대다수의 유형에서는 통시적 변화가 확인된다. 결국 품사 통용은 [+방향성]으로도 설명될 수 있는 것이다. 이에 따라 품사 통용은 기존의 공시적 해석뿐만 아니라 통시적 관점에서의 해석도 필요하다. 3장에서는 문법화에 의한 품사 통용을 기술한다. 통시적 변화는 다양한 유형의 이론들로 설명되지만, 품사 통용과 관련해서는 문법화가 참고된다. 이때 문법화란 덜 문법적인 것이 더 문법적인 것으로 변화하는 현상을 뜻한다. 문법화에서는 의미, 음운, 범주 세 영역의 변화가 단일방향적으로 나타나는데, 특히 품사 통용은 범주의 문법화와 관련된다. 국어의 품사 범주는 그 문법성의 정도에 따라 ‘명사/동사/형용사 > 대명사/수사 > 부사 > 관형사 > 감탄사 > 조사’의 경로로 문법화된다. 이처럼 문법화 과정에서 품사 범주가 이동하는 현상을 탈범주화라고 한다. 즉 품사 통용은 문법화 과정에 놓인 단어가 탈범주화되면서 발생하는 것이다. 물론 품사 통용의 모든 유형을 문법화로 설명할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 더불어 같은 유형 내에서도 문법화로 설명되는 경우가 있는가 하면, 그렇지 않은 경우도 있다. 이에 따라 본문에서는 문법화에 의한 품사 통용의 사례들만을 분류하여 제시한다.

국어의 문법화 현상에 대하여

백낙천 한국언어문화학회 2009 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.39

The aim of this paper is to examine phenomenon theoretical characters of the Korean Grammaticalization. Grammaticalization has been increasingly receiving attention from researcher in Korean linguistics. In fact, Language change is very dynamic. This paper describes the current trend in Grammaticalzation. And I defined the mechanisms and principles and process of Korean grammaticalization. Restructuring can be defined construction of compound-form which has been accepted as a morphological uni-form. I explained the appropriateness of the reanalysis method by showing that the restructured compound connecting endings can be analyzed not only with the disbursement and function of synchronic but also with the reanalysis through diachronic. This paper main purpose is to clarify on phenomenon and characters of the Korean Grammaticalization. However, In this paper, I regret not to make more clear explanation in doing system reanalysis. The aim of this paper is to examine phenomenon theoretical characters of the Korean Grammaticalization. Grammaticalization has been increasingly receiving attention from researcher in Korean linguistics. In fact, Language change is very dynamic. This paper describes the current trend in Grammaticalzation. And I defined the mechanisms and principles and process of Korean grammaticalization. Restructuring can be defined construction of compound-form which has been accepted as a morphological uni-form. I explained the appropriateness of the reanalysis method by showing that the restructured compound connecting endings can be analyzed not only with the disbursement and function of synchronic but also with the reanalysis through diachronic. This paper main purpose is to clarify on phenomenon and characters of the Korean Grammaticalization. However, In this paper, I regret not to make more clear explanation in doing system reanalysis.

입말에 담긴 부름말 "어이"의 문법화

황병순(Byung Sun Hwang) 언어과학회 2014 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.70

The grammaticalization of summons is a kind of the grammaticalization of the spoken languages. All of the grammaticalized summons as a discourse marker are used in one``s juniors. Among these discourse markers, ‘eoi1’ is a one of the most grammaticalized summons. The summons ‘eoi1’ has the different functions in conformity with the degree of the grammaticalization. First, the summons ‘eoi1’ is grammaticalized into a discourse marker. When grammaticalized as a discourse marker, it``s form sometimes became a ‘eoi2’, ‘ei`` or ‘ii1``. When the summons ‘eoi1’ is grammaticalized as a discourse marker, it does not function as summons. Rather, it shows that the speaker wants the listener to have an interest in or pay attention to what the speaker says. Second, as ‘eoi2’/‘ei``/‘ii1`` grammaticalized as a discourse marker are frequently used after the conjunctive endings or the sentence endings, they are more grammaticalized into a discourse marker, ‘ii2``. When the discourse marker ‘ii1`` is more grammaticalized into a discourse marker ‘ii2``, its meaning becomes more abstract. In other words, it has a function showing an attitude of a speaker who treats a listener with an intimate relationship, needless to say that it causes a listener an attention or an interest. These characteristics of spoken language indicate that a sentence of spoken language has a structure which a discourse marker performing a mordal function is once again added to a sentence of written language. Third, when a discourse marker ‘ii2`` is most grammaticalized, it was fossilized at a precedent endings and then forms dialectic endings. In this case, we have a difficulty in recognizing a discourse marker ‘ii2`` and the mordal function which a discourse marker ‘ii2`` assumes also disappears. Dialectic endings formed through these procedures are as follows: ‘-aseori``, ‘-adagaseori``, ‘-goseori``, ‘-eomyeonseori``, ‘-eoseollamuni``, ‘-eoniggani,``, ‘-eoiggai``, ‘-rae``, etc. Above mentioned grammar related with the grammaticalization of summons ‘eoi1’ may allow us to extend our understanding of not only the universality and uniqueness of grammaticalization of Korean language but also a dialectical ending which is a spoken language of Korean.

``것`` 구조의 문법화

최대희 ( Dae Hee Choi ) 겨레어문학회 2012 겨레어문학 Vol.48 No.-

이 논문에서는 통어론적 구조인 ``매김법(-ㄴ/ㄹ)#매인이름씨(것)+후행 요소(-을, -이다)``가 형태론적 구조로 문법화 되는 과정을 ``것``의 선·후행 요소와의 결합 빈도 변화에 따른 기능 변화와 문법화 기제를 적용하여 설명하였다. ``것``의 문법화는 재구조화와 융합의 기제를 통해 설명할 수 있다. 먼저, 15세기에서 17세기까지의 ``것``의 분포 환경 확인과 결합 빈도의 변화를 통해 ``것`` 구조의 재구조화 가능성을 확인하였다. 다음으로, ``ㄷ``의 문법화 과정을 통해 ``-ㄴ/ㄹ 것`` 구조가 재구조화되고 융합될 가능성을 제기하였다. ``-ㄴ걸``, ``-ㄹ걸``, ``-ㄹ게``의 문법화 과정을 예로 들어 설명하였는데, ``-ㄴ걸``과 ``-ㄹ걸``, ``ㄹ게``의 재구조화 과정에서도 ``ㄷ``의 문법화에서와 마찬가지로 생략이나 음변화가 일어났다. ``것``의 문법화 요인을 세 가지로 나누어 살펴보았다. 먼저, ``것``의 이름 씨 특성의 약화 때문이라고 볼 수 있다. 다음으로, ``것``의 사용 확대가 ``것`` 구조의 문법화의 원인이라고 볼 수 있다. 마지막으로, 매김법 ``-ㄹ`` 과의 결합 제약과 관련 있다고 볼 수 있다. The purpose of this paper is to explain grammaticalization process of ``것`` structure by applying the mechanism of grammaticalization. summary of the contents is as follow, 1. Examined about concept and mechanism of grammaticalization to explain grammaticalization process of ``것`` structure 2. A grammaticalization of ``것`` structure can be explained through re-structuring and converging. 3. The grammaticalization of ``것`` was examined and confirmed there was a possibility that ``것`` structure could be re-structured and converged just like the course of grammaticalization of depending noun ``ㄷ```. 4. Explained the cause of ``것`` grammaticalization by three factors. First cause that the character of had noun was dwindled, and the second cause is expanded use of ``것``, and the third cause is a restriction of union relation with ``-ㄹ``.

기능어의 문법화

김태엽 우리말글학회 2001 우리말 글 Vol.23 No.-

The primary purse of this paper is to see throuth the aspects on the grammaticalization of empty morphemes in korean. Until now the concept of grammaticalization is become known to undergo change from full morpheme to empty morpheme. But the recently the concept of grammaticalization is also included to undergo change from empty morpheme to empty morpheme. The grammaticalization of empty morphemes in korean are two aspects. The one is pre-final ending, the other is final ending. The cases of grammaticalization from the pre-final ending to final ending are an honorific ending '-i-'and a retrospect tense ending'-te-'. The cases of grammatlcalization from the final ending to another final ending are subordinate connecting endings, equal connecting endings, assistant connecting endings and embedded ending of nominalization. The deletion of sentence elements go in a company in a grammaticalization. Those phenomena take form in a grammaticalization from pre-final ending to final ending the empty morpheme by principle of divergence. The root cause of these grammaticalization have origin in desire for representation of speakers. (Daegu University)

‘버리다’에 대한 문법화 연구 - 4단계의 문법화 과정을 중심으로

김지영 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2023 인문학연구 Vol.- No.65

This paper aims to examine ‘beorida’ from the perspective of grammaticalization. To this end, both diachronic and synchronic data were examined, and the characteristics of the grammaticalization stage of 'beorida' were identified. First, in the first stage of grammaticalization, the existing meaning of "removal" was gradually abstracted. It gradually acquired an abstract meaning through the process of metaphor or metonymy in concrete actions. Next, in the second stage of grammaticalization, the intermediate characteristics in which the use of the main verb and the auxiliary verb coexist were identified. In the process, the structural boundaries of language forms were being reset. In the third stage of grammaticalization, it seems that the morphological boundaries reanalyzed as '-a beorida' have gradually become established in the user's perception. In addition, the lexical meaning of 'removal' implies the end of a situation, and as it was used repeatedly, various grammatical meanings such as aspect meaning or modal meaning of [perfective] occurred. It can be assumed that other forms and intermediate stages coexisted in the process. In the 4th step of grammaticalization, it is confirmed that 'beorida' appeared repeatedly and could be continuously combined with other auxiliary verbs. Through this, it was found that grammaticalization had progressed considerably. However, it was confirmed that affixation was not made because the verb attribute still remained. Speech and phonological loss could only be identified in dialects 이 연구는 ‘버리다’를 문법화(grammaticalization)의 관점에서 살펴보는 데목적이 있다. 이를 위해 통시적 자료와 공시적 자료를 모두 살펴보고 ‘버리다’의문법화 단계별 특성을 확인하였다. 먼저 문법화 1단계에서는 기존의 ‘제거’ 의미가 점차 추상화되었다. 구체적인 행위에서 은유나 환유의 과정을 통해 점차 추상적인 의미를 획득한 것이다. 다음으로 문법화 2단계에서는 본용언과 보조 용언의쓰임이 공존하는 중간적 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 과정에서 언어 형태의 구조적 경계가 재설정되고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 문법화 3단계에서는 ‘-어 버리-’로 재분석된 형태상 경계가 점차 사용자의 인식에 자리 잡게 된 것으로 보인다. 또한 ‘제거’의 어휘적 의미가 문맥에서 상황의 종결을 암시하였고, 이것이 반복적으로 사용되다가 [완료]의 상적 의미나 양태 의미 등 다양한 문법적 의미가발생하였다. 그 과정 안에서 다른 형태와의 중간적 단계가 공존하고 있었다고 추정해볼 수 있다. 문법화 4단계에서는 ‘버리다’가 중복 출현할 수 있고, 다른 완료상의 보조 용언과 연속 구성이 가능하다는 점을 확인하였고 문법화가 상당히 진행하였음을 알 수 있었다. 다만 아직 동사적 속성이 남아 있어 접사화는 이루어지지않았음을 확인하였다. 음성, 음운적 소실은 방언에서만 확인할 수 있었다.

현대 러시아어에서 전치사: “전치사 + 명사” 구절전치사에 관한 연구

표상용 한국슬라브․유라시아학회 2019 슬라브학보 Vol.34 No.3

This paper studies the formation of complex prepositions and the mechanism of degree to which a noun in the phrasal preposition may be considered as grammaticalized. It has been pointed out that grammaticalization is very active in modern Russian within prepositional system and this paper explains the degree of grammaticalization by means of function and form of the phrase prepositions. The main aim of this study is to show the meaning change process of noun and primary prepositions and grammaticalization mechanism of noun into prepositions in the form of the phrase prepositions [primary preposition + noun] in Modern Russian. The analysis reveals that formation of phrasal prepositions are accompanied by a grammaticalization process of noun and also examines the desemanticalisation of the core Noun and the primary preposition within the phrase preposition. The meaning change process of noun in phrasal prepositions: full lexical meaning → nominal modifier with partially emptied meaning → prepositional use with primary preposition expressing relations to the modificand. The analysis of corresponding constructions in modern Russian some nouns demonstrate more advanced in grammaticalization process than others, and some are still evolving. This paper approaches phrase prepositions as prepositional-nominal set expressions, grammaticalizations and analytic tendency in modern Russian. It investigates the overall prepositional-nominal set expressions system of modern Russian from a grammaticalization and analytic tendency perspective in modern Russian. It suggests that grammaticalization, lexeme formation and analytic tendency of modern Russian must be considered as a connected processes, not distinctive. In the paper we can identify the grammaticalization channels peculiar to prepositional units and enlighten the active grammaticalization process and the increasing analytic structure in the area which very significant for paying attention to considerable changes in modern Russian prepositions as a category. 현대러시아어서 구절전치사는 양적으로 증가하고 있다. 이에 대해서 [본원전치사 +명사] 형태의 구절전치사를 의미적으로 조명한다. 언어의 보편적 현상인 문법화, 그리고 현대 러시아어의 특징인 분석적 경향에 촛점을 맞추어 분석하고 있다.

현대 몽골어 후치사의 문법화에 대한 연구

박상택,고종열 한국몽골학회 2014 몽골학 Vol.0 No.38

Postposition is proven to be largely used as function word because its functional role is highlighted rather than lexical meaning going through the decategorization process depending on grammaticalization of lexemes that have separate lexical meanings. At the same time, such a premise means that postposition is unclear, but has separate meanings. This study discusses that such a categorical modification of postposition in modern Mongolian language can be explained in the following procedure. If concluding that there exists an one-way modification process and postposition that largely plays a grammatical function is three-dimensional category of grammar, it is considered that postposition originated from the one- and two-dimensional category of grammar such as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb and underwent synchronic modification of conjunction, pronoun, auxiliary verb, and demonstrative within the same category of grammar. At the same time, this study discusses the possibility of acknowledgement and understanding of disturbance in part of speech from the perspective of grammaticalization of postposition through the continuous variation system grammaticality presented by Hopper & Traugott(2003: 7) in Muriel Norde(2013: 17). This study also considered that the difference in the semantic transparency among postpositions is attributable to the fact that either lexeme or function word is highlighted depending on the progression of grammaticalization. At the same time, this study considered that the objects of being postpositions in Mongolian language depends on researcher's opinion or judgment and quantitative numerical value can be changed frequently due to the floating nature of grammaticalization. One-form-and-one-function principle is considered as an inappropriate theory from the perspective of grammaticalization and is quite different from reality in that the meanings of vocabulary are presented in polysemic words through the meaning chain of grammaticalization of lexical meanings or conversely that allomorphic elements perform similar meanings and functions.

Analogy­-driven grammaticalization: A case of grammaticalization of sentence­final markers from concomitance-­connectives

( Seong Ha Rhee ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2014 언어연구 Vol.31 No.3

The Korean connective -mye exhibits an intriguing pattern in its grammaticalization into sentence-final particles. From the paradigmatic viewpoint, the form extends its membership from the paradigm of connectives to that of the sentence-final particles. From the semantic-functional viewpoint, the developmental path of -mye and its related forms proceeds from the concomitance, to diverse grammatical notions of conditionality, simultaneity, background, commensurability, adversativity, contrast, permissive modality, among others. Various syntagmatic operations bring forth -myense through formal reinforcement and further -tamyense (and those sharing the paradigmatic affinity) through fusional processes. Crucially involved in this development is the main-clause ellipsis, in which the addressee is compelled to reconstruct the elided main clause, a process where context-induced reinterpretations, or invited inferences, actively take place. Such reinterpreted meanings are actively being conventionalized to become a part of the semantics of the newly created sentence-final particle. A quantitative analysis reveals that the grammatical forms follow the path of the most frequently-used form that spearheads the change. Such changes are enabled purely by their semantic and morphosyntactic similarities, i.e. their paradigm membership, despite their extremely low token frequencies. This is contra two important hypotheses: that analogy is not a decisive mechanism of grammaticalization and that the high frequency is as essential as a prerequisite to set a condition for grammaticalization.