Gender-Inclusive Children’s Toy Package Design: An Alternative Approach to Gender-Neutral Design Based on Children’s Perceptions

Reena Janelle H. Dimaandal,Melvin N. Espineda 한국디자인학회 2023 디자인학연구 Vol.36 No.4

Background : Traditionally, toys have been categorized by gender in stores, associating blue with boys and pink with girls. While some gender-neutral packaging designs have emerged, they often lack appeal to children. Moreover, toys labeled as gender-neutral are not always presented in a manner that communicates their inclusivity for all genders. This study investigates how to effectively convey gender inclusivity in children’s toy packaging by considering children’s perceptions. Methods : This study employed phenomenology to gain an objective understanding of children’s perspectives and conducted a content analysis of current toy package designs and a modified van Kaam analysis of interviews with children aged 3-6. The findings from these analyses were used to develop guidelines for creating gender-inclusive package designs for children. Results : The study’s findings suggest that effective gender-inclusive package designs for children should incorporate bright colors, regular and round sans-serif fonts, polygons with rounded corners, and iconic signs for imagery. Additionally, it is essential to convey messages clearly, as children tend to interpret things literally. Conclusions : This study highlights the significance of avoiding gender labels in designing toys for children, as they can harm children’s perceptions and impose limitations on their activities and aspirations, potentially affecting them long-term.

Gender Characteristics in Virtual Fashion Design -Virtual Avatars' Genders and Genderless Fashion Design Concepts-

Minji Lena Kim,Sang Ha Yun,Inzali Moe,Eun Kyoung Yang The Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 2024 한국의류학회지 Vol.48 No.3

This study investigated gender characteristics in contemporary virtual fashion design, focusing on avatars and genderless fashion in recent collections from Auroboros, Republiqe, Placebo Digital Fashion House, RTFKT, and Tribute. Employing content analysis within a theoretical framework of gender-related research, the study coded virtual avatars in terms of biological sex, appearance, and sociological perspectives. The results showed a preference for female-type avatars, through which androgynous aesthetics were embraced and traditional gender norms were challenged. Male-type avatars reflected experimentation with blending masculine elements, emphasizing inclusivity. Human-like avatars indicated a preference for designs that promoted inclusivity and, in the process, challenged binary classifications. The examined brands strategically capitalized on compromise, sensuality, and playfulness, thereby breaking away from traditional values to opt for more diverse styles. Genderless features combined elements from traditional men's and women's clothing, espousing sensuality and playful exaggeration. These findings signify a dynamic shift away from conventional gender standards to foster inclusivity and experimentation. They can serve as a reference for promoting creative strategies and design innovation, challenging the traditional gender perspective in the fashion industry. Implementing these strategies can lead to a more inclusive representation of fashion styles, encouraging critical thinking about gender norms.

중국 남성복 패션에 나타난 젠더 뉴트럴 디자인

SHAN XIN,유영선 한국복식학회 2022 服飾(복식) Vol.72 No.1

This study aims to provide a comprehensive methods of expressing gender neutral fashion trends to support designers' practical design thinking in Chinese menswear. For cases study emphasizing the practical design methods, an analysis framework was developed from a literature review. Gender neutral menswear fashion in China was classified into deconstructive, queer, fluid, and pluralistic. In the expression of design elements, the most common characteristics were found to be H silhouette, stiff texture, and associated colors matching. These are presumed to result from gender fluidity, i.e. when the boundary between men and women has become ambiguous. The design methods by type of gender neutral menswear in China were considered. The deconstructive gender neutral fashion was characterized by combining elements previously considered women's wear and menswear, e.g. decorating menswear using materials and details with a womenswear, or combining female symbol color. The queer gender neutral fashion was expressed extreme feminine images in menswear through methods that expose the human body, fit and slim silhouettes, transparent, soft textures or wearing items from womenswear as it is. Fluid gender neutral fashion expressed a combination of tradition and modernity, the use of materials heterogeneous in pattern and texture, and harmony between subculture and high class culture. Pluralistic gender neutral fashion appeared in new forms, exhibiting elements in which prior norms were dismantled and recombined under the influence of the cultural and artistic zeitgeist alongside the gender neutral concept of men and women.

모던디자인의 젠더 관념과 페미니스트 디자인사 기록으로서의 전시

안영주 ( Ahn Young-joo ) 대한전시디자인학회 2019 전시디자인연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 논문은 모던디자인의 산실이라 할 수 있는 바우하우스 미학에 나타난 젠더 관념을 살펴보고 모던디자인이 지향했던 기능주의가 디자인 담론과 실천에 있어 성적 편향성에 근거한 질서를 만들어냈다는 점을 비판적으로 고찰하였다. 모던디자인은 수공예, 장식, 형태, 표면 등의 가치를 기계 생산, 기하학, 기능, 구조 등에 대립되는 타도의 대상으로 보았다. 과거 수공예와 장식은 여성에게 부과된 것이었으며, 기계적이고 기능적인 형태는 남성적 특성이 부과된 영역이었다. 따라서 그 특성상 모던디자인은 남성적 가치를 중시하며 그 외의 가치들을 억압하였다. 그러나 스튜어트 유웬은 역설적이게도 모던 디자인의 수학적 엄격성은 대량생산 기계에 의해 쉽게 제조될 수 있는 것이 아니었으며, 오히려 그것을 효과적으로 집행하기 위해서는 수공업자들의 기술이 필요했다고 지적한다. 하지만 모던 디자인의 주류 역사 어디에도 이러한 사실은 기록되어 있지 않다. 이러한 구조를 변화시키기 위해 디자인사가인 셰릴 버클리는 디자인사 서술에 있어서 페미니즘적 접근을 제안하는데, 먼저, ‘여성스러운’, ‘섬세한’, 그리고 ‘장식적인’과 같은 용어들의 이데올로기적인 본질과 함의를 재고해야 하며, 두 번째, 생물학적 특성에 근거한 노동의 성적 분업이 가부장적 편향임을 인식해야 하고, 세 번째, 디자인사가들이 디자인의 역사에서 여성과 남성의 구조적 역할을 깨달아야 한다는 것, 마지막으로, 역사가들은 사용가치보다 우월한 것으로서 교환가치에 특권을 주는 가치 체계를 주목해야 한다는 점을 주장하였다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 연구자는 페미니스트 디자인사 서술의 실천적 사례로《W쇼-그래픽 디자이너 리스트》전을 제시하였는데, 이 전시는 지금까지 잘 알려지지 않았던 한국의 여성그래픽 디자이너들을 조사하고 발굴함으로써 페미니스트 디자인사의 한 장을 구성했다는 점에서 의미를 갖는다고 하겠다. 이는 향후 다양한 여성디자인 관련 전시의 기획과 행사들로 확대될 것이라 기대되며, 이러한 시도를 통해 우리는 디자인과 여성의 관계에 대한 편향된 이해와 역사를 넘어서 새로운 의미와 역사를 구축할 수 있을 것이다. This study critically examines the gender ideology of the Bauhaus aesthetics that gave birth to modern design and the functionalism that modern design aimed to create an order based on sexual bias in design discourse and practice. Modern design rejected the value of handicraft, decoration, form and surface as opposed to machine production, geometry, function and structure. In the past, handicrafts and decorations were imposed on women, while mechanical and functional forms were imposed on masculine traits. Therefore, modern design valued male value and suppressed other values due to its characteristics. But Stuart Euwen, paradoxically, points out that the mathematical rigor of modern design was not something that could be easily manufactured by mass-produced machines, but rather that the skills of craftsmen were needed to execute it effectively. But this is not recorded in the mainstream history of modern design. This hybrid process has been concealed. To change this structure, sheryl buckley, a design historian, proposed a feminist approach to the narrative of design history, first to reconsider the ideological nature and implications of terms such as ‘feminine’, ‘detailed’ and ‘decorative’. Second, it should be recognized that sexual division of labor based on biological characteristics is patriarchal bias, and third, that design historians should realize the structural role of women and men in the history of design, and finally, historians should note the value system that privileges exchange value as superior to value in use. Based on this discussion, I presented ‘The W Show: A List of Graphic Designers’ as a practical example of feminist design history, which is meaningful in that it formed a chapter in feminist design history by investigating and discovering Korean female graphic designers, who have not been well known so far. It is expected to expand into various exhibitions and events related to women's design in the future, and through these attempts, we will be able to build a new meaning and history beyond our biased understanding of design and women's relationships.

제품디자인에 있어서 젠더디자인 개념의 재정립에 관한 연구 -냉장고의 그래픽 요소 분석을 중심으로-

이주현(주저자) ( Ju Hyun Lee ),이유진(공동저자) ( Yoo Jin Lee ),박승호(교신저자) ( Seung Ho Park ) 디자인융복합학회 2015 디자인융복합연구 Vol.14 No.1

This study aims to find a way to realize gender identity in product design. After reviewing the present research, it was found out that it is necessary to extend notion of gender and to redefine the concept of gender design. Specific products were selected in order to analyze the characteristics of femininity. Refrigerators, which represent the femininity the best, were chosen and analyzed based on the graphic elements. As a result, the concept of gender have been used quite limitedly in a refrigerator. Since the stereotype of women has already been implicit, it was considered difficult to propose an alternative plan for realizing the extended concept of gender. Therefore, digital devices have been proposed for a potential alternative group. This product group, of course, has a limitation like the refrigerators. However, when functions, frequency of use, and use of space are considered in depth, It can be a possible group that holds the meaning of gender in design.This study is significant that it attempted to examine the possibility of convergence in identity and usability when the graphic elements of a product are constructed by gender design that considers the identity of a user through redefining the concept of gender.

실내공간의 디자인유형에 나타난 성별 지각특성에 관한 연구

손광호(Son, Kwang-Ho),최계영(Choi, Gae-Young) 한국실내디자인학회 2012 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.21 No.4

Design characteristics of the space depends on the type of design. This study organized gender perceptual characteristics from terminology that is used in the process of obtaining information about corresponding space intended to represent design types and the images which were selected by design experts. The results from the study are concluded as in the followings: First: in the Modern type, the males show "the somewhat high difference of the images" from formality and decoration. Also, the study shows that males perceive very high in "the very high difference of the images" from spatiality, formality, and decoration. Second: in case of modern and minimal types, females perceive the spatiality and the males perceive formality and decoration. This study shows that modern type contains a lot of adjective, which means the man overwhelmingly perceives than the woman perceives in the decoration of modern type. Third: while males in modern and minimal types perceive formality and decoration greatly, they perceive spatiality greatly in natural types. In contrast, females in modern and minimal types perceive spatiality greatly, but perceive decoration slightly larger in natural types. These results tell us that the gender can appear differently depending on which types. This study analyzed gender perception characteristics to the design types, which were selected by a group of design experts. The difference between the types of design occurs in the differences of space sense and image by gender. Through analyzing the differences of spatial types, it is clear that different genders perceive different characteristics.

전문디자인인력에 대한 성별임금격차 연구

허식(Shik Heo),신경숙(Kyung-Suk Shin),사명철(Myung-Cheol Sa) 한국산업경제학회 2012 산업경제연구 Vol.25 No.5

본 연구는 디자인산업의 지속적인 발전을 위해 산업측면의 연구와 더불어 전문인력에 관한 연구가 필요하다는 인식하에서 진행되었다. 전문디자인인력 자료의 취합에 어려움이 많아 한국고용정보원의 " 산업·직업별 고용구조조사"의 2005~2009년 원자료에서 직업세분류(4-digit)로 제품?패션·?실내장 식·시각·?웹및멀티 디자이너에 관한 자료를 확보하였다. 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 임금함수를 OLS추정하고 Oaxaca-Ransom 임금분해를 시도하여 다음과 같은 결과가 나타났다. 첫째 연령과 근속, 경력년수, 정규직비중에서는 남성의 비중이 높은 반면, 기혼자비중, 교육년수 등에서는 여성의 비중이 높게 나타났다. 둘째 임금함수 추정결과에서 주요한 점은 연령, 근속년수, 경력년수에서 성별임금차이의 존재가 확인된 것이다. 셋째 Oaxaca-Ransom임금분해 결과, 임금격차의 약 86%가 생산성에 의한 차이로 나타났으나, 미약하나마 남성편애와 여성차별 부분도 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. Recently the importance of design is recognized more and more in business. From the compensational perspective, this paper empirically examines the gender wage gaps among design experts in Korea. Design experts usually work in four ranges as products, fashion, interior design, and visual/web/multimedia designers. By using the Oaxaca-Ransom approach, we focus on decomposing the gender wage gaps of Korean design experts. Our collecting data does sufficiently reflect general employment characteristics existing in the arts and cultural sector. We found that the gender wage gaps of design experts were mostly due to the differences in the explained parts; for instance, age, tenure, and experience. Although male advantages and female discriminations exist still, their proportions were considerably smaller. Our results might provide somehow the policy directions of reducing the gender wage gap among Korean design experts.

여성주의 연구방법으로서 젠더분석과 기술혁신

김혜련 ( Kim¸ Hyu-ryun ) 한국가톨릭철학회 2010 가톨릭철학 Vol.0 No.14

이 글의 목적은 젠더분석을 여성주의 연구방법으로 제안하고, 젠더분석이 과학과 기술의 여러 분야에서 실제로 어떤 기술적ㆍ실천적 지식 혁신을 가져왔는지를 보여주는 데 있다. 젠더분석은 궁극적으로 여성의 삶에서 불평등을 해소하고 공정성과 역량강화를 위해 실질적인 변화를 모색하는 것을 추구하지만, 그러한 실천적 목표를 정당화하기 위해 먼저 합리적인 절차에 의거한 타당한 지식 산출에 기초하고자 한다. 그러므로 제도적ㆍ정책적 전략을 세우기에 앞서 젠더분석은 이른바 ‘지식 문제’에 대해 합리적이고 타당한 논증을 제시한다. 즉 젠더 분석은 남성과 여성 모두에게 편견과 무지에 기인하는 지적 손실을 막고 풍요롭고 도덕적으로 정의로운 삶을 영위하기 위해 균형 있고 책임감 있는 지식 생산 과정과 실천 방안을 모색하려 한다. 이 글의 전반부는 젠더와 ‘지식 문제’에 중점을 두어 논의한다. 여성주의 과학 기술과 연관하여 지식 문제는 지식 생산에서 젠더의 입지가 무엇이며 구체적으로 어떤 역할을 하는 것인가 하는 물음을 둘러싸고 전개되어 왔다. 과학적 지식과 젠더는 아무런 내적관계를 갖지 않는다고 보는 전통적 입장에 따르면 젠더는 오히려 과학적 지식을 오염시키는 오염변수가 될 수 있다. 과학자 자신의 개인적인 기호나 편견이 그가 탐구하는 학문에 개입하지 않아야 하듯이, 젠더는 단지 연구자의 개인적인 문제일 뿐이므로 과학적 지식과는 연관성이 없다는 것이다. 그 반면에 현실의 변화를 도모하는 기술가의 경우, 다양한 종류의 변수들이 복잡하게 얽혀있는 현실 세계를 초기 조건으로 갖는다. 변화를 추구하는 일은 연구자 자신을 비롯하여 기술의 잠재적 수혜자들의 신체적 필요와 욕구, 그리고 사회적 역할과 긴밀하게 연관된다. 그러므로 과학 연구와 기술 개발 과정에서 연구자의 젠더를 중요한 변수로 다루는 것은 오히려 객관적이고 풍성한 지식 산출을 유도할 수 있다. 바꾸어 말하면, 젠더를 고려하지 않는 과학이나 기술은 피폐한 최소주의적 지식을 산출할 수밖에 없다. 이 글의 후반부에서는 젠더분석을 연구방법으로 삼아 과학과 기술 분야에서 새로운 지식의 생산과 기술 혁신을 이룬 사례를 고고학과 자동차공학에서 제시한다. 여성의 삶에서 유의미한 활동들의 성격에 대한 이해를 기반으로 고고학적 자료에 접근할 때, 그러한 이해 없이는 접근할 수 없는 지적 지평이 열리고 창의적인 상상력을 통해 과거의 기술의 양태를 복원해낼 수 있음을 보일 것이다. 자동차 공학의 경우, 여성 운전자의 필요와 욕구를 분석하여 종래의 남성중심적인 자동차 설계를 획기적으로 개선함으로써 운전자의 안전과 승차감을 향상시킬 수 있었던 볼보사의 YCC 사례를 보여줄 것이다. The aim of the paper is to offer ‘gender analysis’ as feminist research method, and to show how gender analysis can make possible knowledge innovations in science and technology. Gender analysis ultimately pursues to dismantle the barriers against autonomy and equality and to bring about ‘material change’ in women’s life. However, gender analysis as research method first must deal with the so-called ‘knowledge problem’ in order to justify itself as the matrix of rational, objective, and just knowledge. Therefore, feminist philosopher of science and technology attempts to offer a valid argument for gendered scientific knowledge before s/he delves into decision making procedures toward new institutions and policies. That is to say, gender analysis aims to protect men and women from intellectual loss due to gender-insensitivity and to offer practical initiatives for inducing the balanced and responsible knowledge producing process. I give some of the successful examples of knowledge or technical innovations from delivering gender analysis as research method in the latter part of the paper. I pick up two instances from Archaeology and Automobile engineering. Olga Soffer succeeded in making ‘a big find’ through reconstructing and reenacting of women’s craft and textile technology. Such findings can only be made possible by creating imaginative and gender-sensitive narratives. Women engineers team at the Volvo auto company designed the concept car ‘YCC’ in 2004. The car was designed to satisfy the professional and tasteful female driver. The design team applied Ergovision to YCC in order to accommodate the physically non-standard drivers and to enhance the level of security. The outcome was satisfactory and the team got the positive feedbacks from the professional dealers and ordinary people.

Analysis of Capstone Design Education Effect of Foreign Language Specialized University Students

Sung-Gwang Jung 釜山外國語大學校國際通商硏究所 2021 國際經營論集 Vol.34 No.-

Capstone is a dictionary meaning of stone pillars and capstones such as walls, capstone, superb view, and apex. Capstone design based on the dictionary meaning is the final stage of comprehensively completing the curriculum by applying all the knowledge learned in the university curriculum to present a single outcome. The purpose of this study is to propose a capstone design education method for students enrolled in foreign language specialized universities. Accordingly, university satisfaction according to the completion of the capstone design course was analyzed. As a result of the analysis, students who completed the capstone design course had higher college satisfaction than the students who did not complete the capstone design course. In addition, this study investigated the effect of capstone design for foreign language-specialized university students according to college, grade, and gender. As a result of the analysis, the effect of capstone design for foreign language-specialized university students differed according to college, grade, and gender. Keywords : Capstone-Design, Foreign Language Specialization University, College, Grade, Gender

인출력 저감을 통한 SSD Test Gender의 장수명 설계

김재경,박형석,이기석,전의식,Kim, Jae Kyung,Park, Hyung Suk,Lee, Ki Seok,Jeon, Euy sik 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2020 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Recently, the electronic equipment industry has become active due to the continuous increase in portable storage media with high-speed information communication, and in particular, the production of SSD(Solid State Drives) for miniaturization of mobile devices and high-speed information communication has increased rapidly. When the SSD is ejecting in the SSD test gender, the necessary ejecting force must be kept constant to have a lifespan applicable to the test device. When the ejecting force increased, it leads to wear of the link for ejecting, which causes a problem in that repeated durability decreases and the ejecting of the SSD becomes impossible. In this paper, the repeated durability test analysis according to the material and the reducing ejecting force design were performed to increase the life of the test gender for SSD inspection. The wear level of the pusher head and ejector was analyzed through repeated durability tests according to the material of the pusher head. The validity of the design was verified through the ejecting force test and repeated durability test of the Test gender, which was designed by carrying out the design to reduce the size and ejecting force of the test gender.