제주방언 문두 담화표지어 “양”과 “기”의담화 기능과 운율적 특성

김원보 제주대학교 교육과학연구소 2017 교육과학연구 Vol.19 No.2

This paper deals with the discourse functions and their prosodic features of sentence-initial discourse markers “yang” and “ki” in the Jeju dialect. We presented the average values of three male and three female subjects’ prosodic features in accordance with the discourse functions of “yang” and “ki”, discussed their sound length and pitch, and examined their implications. First, in terms of the length of the sound, both “yang” and “ki” showed consistency in accordance with the discourse functions regardless of sex. This suggests that the sound length plays a distinctive role in classifying the different discourse functions of each of “yang” and “ki”. Second, in terms of the highest pitch of each of “yang” and “ki”, there is a difference between men and women; the highest pitches are distinctive for men since they are different in accordance with the discourse functions of each of “yang” and “ki”, but not in the case of women because they are almost similar in most of the discourse functions. This fact shows that men whose sound frequency is lower than that of a woman utilize both the sound height and length to differentiate a variety of discourse functions of each of “yang” and “ki”, whereas women use the sound length rather than the highest pitch to actively express the different discourse functions. Third, when comparing the prosodic curves of each of men’s and women’s “yang” and “ki” the prosodic curves of the latter are clearly more dynamic. This fact indicates that women perform a variety of discourse functions using the sound length and the changing prosodic curves rather than the pitch height. 본 연구는 제주방언 문두 담화표지어 “양”과 “기”의 담화 기능과 그에 따른 운율적 특성을 논의 하였다. 여기서는 남녀 피험자 각 3명씩 “양”과 “기”의 담화적 기능에 따른 운율적 특성의 평균 값을 제시한 후 음길이와 음높이 등을 논의하고 시사점을 살펴봤다. 첫째, 음의 길이 측면에서는 “양”과 “기” 모두에서 남녀에 관계없이 일관성 있게 나타났다. 이런 사실은 “양”과 “기” 각각의 담화적 기능에서 음의 길이가 결정적 역할을 하고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 두 번째로 “양”과 “기”의 음높이 최고지점의 측면에서는 남녀사이에 차이가 있어서 남자는 확연히 구별되어 변별적이지만, 여자의 경우 최고음 높이는 거의 비슷하여 담화적 기능에 따른 최고 음 높이 비교는 변별적이지 못했다. 이런 사실은 남자의 경우 여자보다도 주파수가 낮아 음 높이와 음 길이 둘 다를 활용하여 담화적 기능에 활용하는 반면, 여자의 경우 음높이보다는 음의 길이를 상이한 담화적 기능을 표현하기 위해 적극 활용하고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 세 번째로 남자와 여자의 “양”과 “기”의 운율곡선을 비교해보면 여자의 경우 운율곡선이 훨씬 역동적이 확연히 구분되고 있다. 이런 사실은 여자의 경우 음 높이보다는 음의 길이와 유연한 운율곡선을 활용한 다양한 의미의 담화적 기능을 수행한다는 점을 보여주고 있다.

담화 표지 화제 결속 기능 연구-화제 시작 기능을 중심으로-

심란희 한국언어문화교육학회 2020 언어와 문화 Vol.16 No.1

This study aims to categorize ‘topic coherence function’ of Korean discourse markers and analyze ‘starting a topic function’. First, the study analyzes the functions of discourse markers from the perspective of ‘discourse coherence’ and analyzes their functions to classify them into seven types of coherence layers. The topic coherence function was further divided into ‘macroscopic coherence of topic’ including starting a topic, changing a topic, and returning to a topic and ‘microscopic coherence of topic’ including ‘filling the gap,’ ‘modifying the articulation,’ and ‘listing.’ Then discourse markers provided according to the functions and the usage of each function have been analyzed. A list of discourse markers by function is provided. The significance of the present study comes from systematically classifying the topic coherence functions of discourse markers that have been sporadically suggested and providing a list of discourse markers for Starting a topic function from the perspective of teaching Korean as a foreign language. The results of the present study can be utilized as fundamental data in selecting discourse markers as a lesson and in composing a syllabus. .

제주방언 담화표지 ‘양’의 담화 기능과 운율적 특성

신우봉 한국방언학회 2019 방언학 Vol.0 No.29

The purpose of this study was to analyze the discourse marker ‘yang’ for its prosodic features according to their functions, as well as to examine the patterns of prosodic features related to discourse functions. For this purpose, I analyzed the speech of 30 speakers of Jeju Korean and I also analyzed the marker’s prosodic features by using phonetic equipment and acoustic materials. As a result, I have categorized five discourse functions of ‘yang’: check, demand for agreement, emphasis, hesitation, euphemism. The discourse function of emphasis had the shortest average length. When ‘yang’ occurs through the function of delay, it has the longest average length of utterance and at the same time has a pause that follows. The discourse function of check which appears at the end of utterance is realized mainly in the question, showing high pitch. The discourse function of demand for agreement and euphemism had low pitch. The discourse function of euphemism realizes with relatively long average length than demand for agreement. Therefore prosodic features are reliable in the analyzation of categorical characteristics and important in the establishment of the functions of the discourse marker ‘yang’. 이 논문은 제주방언 담화표지 ‘양’의 담화 기능과 운율적 특성을 파악하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해, 제주방언 화자 30명의 대화 자료를 바탕으로 담화표지 ‘양’의 ‘확인, 동의 요구, 강조, 시간 벌기, 완곡’과 같은 5가지 담화 기능에 따른 운율적 특성(발화 위치, 평균 길이, 음높이 유형, 휴지)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 제주방언 ‘양’은 발화 위치에 따라 발화 중간에서는 주로 ‘강조, 시간 벌기’의 담화 기능으로 나타났으며, 발화 말에서는 ‘확인, 동의 요구, 완곡’의 담화 기능으로 나타났다. 발화 중간에서 ‘강조’의 담화 기능으로 나타나는 ‘양’은 가장 짧은 평균 길이를 지니고 있었으며, ‘시간벌기’의 담화 기능으로 나타나는 ‘양’은 상대적으로 다른 기능들에 비해 긴 평균 길이를 지님과 동시에 후행하는 환경에서 휴지 구간을 동반한다는 운율적 특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 두 가지 담화 기능은 평균 길이 외에도 음높이 유형에 의해서 구별되었는데, ‘강조’는 모두 고조의 음높이 유형으로 나타났으며, ‘시간 벌기’는 대부분 저조의 음높이 유형으로 나타났다. 발화 말에서 ‘확인’의 담화 기능으로 나타나는 ‘양’은 주로 의문문에서 나타나서 고조의 음높이 유형을 보이며, ‘동의 요구, 완곡’은 저조의 음높이 유형으로 나타났다. 그리고 ‘완곡’은 ‘동의 요구’에 비해서 상대적으로 긴 평균 길이를 가지고 실현되었다.

A Discourse Marker keymey in the Language of Jeju : Its pragmatically-controlled functions and use

Changyong Yang 한국언어연구학회 2016 언어학연구 Vol.21 No.1

Little research has been done on linguistic analysis on Jejueo in general and discourse approach to various Jejueo expressions in particular. This is because Jejueo has been treated, at best, as a dialect of Korean. However, it has been noticed that the language used in Jeju is “not mutually intelligible with Standard Korean”(Cho, et al 2001, Yang 2014 et al). As an independent language, Jejueo has its own linguistic features. With this in mind, the current study is to explore the pragmatic nature of keymey in Jejueo, the language of Jeju, from a discourse-functional point of view. As an interactional communicative tool, the discourse marker serves various discourse functions such as softener, agreement, attention-calling, etc. Furthermore, this study is to classify these functions into two properties: basic property and derived property. The former has something to do with ‘polite interaction’ and the latter includes various discourse functions. In this way, it is expected that the present study manages to provide, though descriptive, discourse-functional approaches to various oral features of Jejueo.

담화표지 "그냥"의 기능 연구

심란희 ( Lan Ji Shen ) 한국문학언어학회(구 경북어문학회) 2013 어문론총 Vol.59 No.-

This study analyses the discourse marker ‘Geunyang‘, which is used frequently in spoken discourse for providing a basic data for the Korean Language Teaching with a focus on communication. Through the discourse analysis, the study claims ‘Geunyang‘ as a discourse marker, and determines the meanings and the functions used in different situations. In order to overcome the disadvantages of semi-spoken corpus and spoken corpus, the research incluses both of the 21st century Sejong corpus [2009] and the drama script corpus. The background of the study, Gramaticalitation and Discourse Analysis, is discussed in Chapter 2. Considering the previous studies, the paper clarifies the concepts including the terms, definitions, characteristics, features, as well as the classification of the discourse marker. Moreover, the critical points are figured out in the advanced study to complete the paper. Chapter Ⅲ proposes the idea of ‘Geunyang‘ as a discourse marker based on its characteristics. Furthermore, in the Chapter IV the uses as adverbial and discourse marker are separated. Additionally, the characteristics of ‘Geunyang‘ as a discourse marker in feature, morphology, rhythm, and syntax are examined. Chapter Ⅳ analyses the function of ‘Geunyang‘ concretely. As a result, ‘Geunyang‘ has a function that supports the cohesion in discourse. The cohesion includes not only the speaker and topic but also the speaker and listener, topic and topic. Besides that, ‘Geunyang‘ has the function of modality expressing the speaker‘s thought. In addition, the suitability of ‘Geunyang’ as a discourse marker through the Grammaticalization and the needed process is argued. Also the co-occurrence of ‘Geunyang‘ as well as other often used discourse markers is considered. Chapter Ⅴ presents a summary of the results, significance and the limitations of this study.

담화표지 ‘아니’의 한국어 교육용 의미 기능 선정 연구 ―일상 대화를 중심으로―

오은화 한국국어교육학회 2020 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.125

Purpose: Classify the educational functional of the discourse marker ‘Ani’ based on the corpus analysis. Methods: The daily conversation data of Sejong corpus was selected, extracted using the Antconc program and analyzed based on function. In addition, The teaching status of the discourse maker ‘Ani’ was reviewed through the analysis of textbooks and the meaning function for education was selected based on the research results. Results: The discourse marker ‘Ani’ was used mostly for ‘refutation’ purposes, followed by ‘further explanation’, ‘changing topics.’ The phrase ‘Geunde’ was the most often used together with the discourse marker ‘Ani.’ Analysis of the portmanteau showed that ‘Geunde’, was used for ‘changing topics’ while the portmanteau ‘Geunikka’ was used for ‘further explanation.’ Therefore, these words were taught to be used together. Out of the 12 textbooks analyzed, only 3 of them contained the discourse marker ‘Ani’ a single time. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the definition function was presented using TOPIK’s grading criteria and levels 3, 4 were required to learn functions with high frequency while levels 5, 6, 5% lower. 목적: 말뭉치 분석을 통해 담화표지 ‘아니’의 기능을 분류하고, 이를 바탕으로 교육용 의미 기능을 선정하고자 한다. 방법: 세종 구어 말뭉치 중 일상 대화 데이터를 선정하여, Antconc 프로그램을 통해 담화표지 ‘아니’를 추출하였고, 이를 기능별로 분석하였다. 또한, 교재 분석을 통해 담화표지 ‘아니’의 교육 현황을 살펴보고, 연구 결과를 바탕으로 교육용 의미 기능을 선정하였다. 결과: 담화표지 ‘아니’의 ‘반박’기능이 가장 많이 사용되었고, ‘부연설명’, ‘화제 전환’ 등이 뒤를 이었다. 담화표지 ‘아니’와 함께 사용된 연어로는 ‘근데’가 가장 많이 나타났다. 연어 표현별 자주 사용된 기능을 살펴본 결과, ‘근데’는 ‘화제 전환’, ‘그니까’는 ‘부연설명’ 기능에서 두드러진 특징을 보였다. 이에 따라 해당 연어 표현을 함께 교수할 수 있도록 하고자 하였다. 교재분석에서는 12권의 교재 중 3권에서만 1회씩 담화표지 ‘아니’가 등장하였다. 결론: 연구 결과를 바탕으로 TOPIK의 등급 평가 기준을 활용하여 교육용 의미 기능을 제시하였는데, 3․4급은 빈도수가 높은 기능을, 5․6급은 5%이하로 나타난 기능을 학습하도록 하였다.

교수언어로서의 학습자 모어 사용 기능 연구 - 중국인 초급 학습자 대상 한국어 문법 수업을 중심으로 -

유자림 ( Liu Zilin ) 서울대학교 국어교육과 2024 先淸語文 Vol.53 No.-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the function of learner's L1 use as a teaching language in Korean beginner grammar class and to discuss the use of learner's L1. A discourse analysis was conducted on beginner Korean grammar classes targeting co-lingual learners, and the use of the L1 of four teachers was analyzed to reveal the specific function of the use of the L1. Then, by synthesizing the content of the discourse analysis with the perception survey of teachers and learners, the use of the learner's L1 as a teaching language in the beginner grammar class was proposed, specifying the existing discussion on the use of the L1 as a teaching language. Existing studies have presented a comprehensive conclusion that the use of the target language is important, but that learners' L1, when used appropriately, is helpful in learning a foreign language. Currently, further discussions are needed on how to properly use the mother language under what conditions, which this study focuses on. Unlike Korean language classes in Korea that claim to be target language-centered, those in China are characterized by active use of their L1 as a teaching language. This is an educational environment that can provide meaningful educational implications for the use of L1. Therefore, this study set the research topic of using L1 as a teaching language in beginner Korean grammar classes in China. In the discourse analysis stage, through class discourse analysis and frequency analysis based on AS-unit, the function of learner's mother language use in beginner grammar class was classified into information provision function, activity organization and implementation function, emotional communication function, and 10 sub-detailed functions. The four teachers used the information provision function with functions such as presenting grammatical meaning through metalanguage, presenting the context of use of grammar and vocabulary, presenting linguistic and cultural knowledge, translating vocabulary and example sentences, and providing corrective feedback. In addition, activity organization and implementation functions were used as functions such as directing and progressing class activities, questioning, answering, and inducing learners' output. Emotional communication functions were used as functions of reducing learners' anxiety, promoting and motivating learning, and revitalizing the class atmosphere. Teachers actively used their L1 in various functions because of the limited Korean ability of beginner learners and the efficiency of using their L1 in teaching and learning situations targeting co-lingual learners. Then, through interviews conducted with teachers and learners, the recognition of teachers and learners participating in the class was confirmed as follows. Teachers and learners commonly recognized that the use of L1 is necessary in elementary grammar classes, and the reason is mainly for efficient teaching through the help of L1 when understanding grammar and vocabulary, and emotional support such as interest in learning. In addition, teachers and learners commonly recognized that the L1 functions for explaining grammar and vocabulary, running classes and conducting activities. However, unlike teachers, there was a difference in that learners recognized the emotional communication function as a major function of using L1. In addition, both teachers and learners answered that the use of the L1 should be restricted as the level of learning increases, and that it is necessary to use the target language repeatedly instead of the L1 for the contents already learned. Finally, by synthesizing the discourse analysis and interview results, the significance and limitations of using the L1 were clarified. Then, the situations in which the L1 would be appropriately used and the situation in which the L1 use would be limited were discussed. L1 is mainly used in the explanation of vocabulary and grammar of the target language and overall class operation. Since L1 is used at a high rate, it is necessary to use L1 in a planned manner according to the educational situation. This is why situations of whether to use L1 are discussed. In addition, it is also considered important in terms of use of L1 that more than teachers recognize, beginner learners valued the emotional communication function of their L1, which eases the burden of learning and promotes learning. In this way, this study identified the function of using L1 in beginner Korean grammar classes in China and discussed the use of learners' L1 in beginner grammar classes based on teacher and learner recognition. While previous studies have studied the function of L1 use by quantitatively comparing the amount of utterance, or by examining teachers and learners' perceptions of their L1 use through a questionnaire method, this study was conducted in a class of four different teachers and found out the function of using the L1 by comparing and analyzing the patterns of use of the L1 through discourse analysis of the class, and the teacher-learner's perception of the class was combined with the content of the discourse analysis to discuss the use of the L1. In particular, this study did not comprehensively deal with the use of the L1 in Korean language education, but discussed the function and use of the L1 under the specific conditions of a beginner Korean class targeting the co-lingual language learners, making an expanded discussion beyond the existing research. In addition, in various classes targeting learners of various levels, the learner's L1 is actively used, especially in overseas Korean classes. This study, which studied the function of using the L1 under the condition of a beginner grammar class in China where the need for the L1 is relatively high and the use of the L1 is prominent, provides meaningful educational implications for the overseas Korean language education field where the L1 is actively used. This study can provide meaningful information and grounds for exploring ways to teach Korean using learners’ L1.

한국어 발화 말 담화표지 연구 - 감탄사 유래 담화표지를 중심으로 -

한춘매 ( Han¸ Chun-mei ) 반교어문학회 2021 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.- No.58

담화표지는 담화에서 다양한 화용적 기능을 수행한다. 모든 언어에 존재하는 초분절음인 억양도 담화에서 여러 가지 기능을 한다. 이 글에서는 발화 말 위치에서 주로 실현되는 감탄사 유래 담화표지를 연구 대상으로 그에 얹힌 운율 양상을 살펴보고 담화의 상황과 결부하여 실제 발화에서 어떤 담화 기능을 수행하는지 알아본다. 이를 통해 운율 특성과 담화 기능의 관련성도 살펴본다. 그리고 유형론적인 측면에서 다른 언어들과 비교 분석을 진행하여 한국어 발화 말 담화표지의 보편성과 특수성에 대해 논의하고자 한다. 운율 특성과 담화 기능의 관련성 고찰은 담화표지의 전반적 측면의 연구에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 유형론의 이론에 기초한 연구는 또 한국어 발화 말 담화표지 내지는 한국어의 본질적인 특성을 알아내는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. Discourse markers play a variety of pragmatic functions in discourse. Supersonic intonation in all languages also has many functions in conversation. In this paper, we focus on discourse markers originating from interjections, which occur at the end of sentences, and look at the prosody patterns on it, find out what discourse functions are performed in real speech in conjunction with the situation of discourse. Through this, we should also discuss the correlation between prosodic features and discourse function. In addition, from the perspective of typology, we make a comparative analysis with other languages to explore the universality and particularity of Korean discourse markers. The consideration of the relevance of prosody characteristics and discourse functions can assist in the study of the overall aspects of discourse markers. The research based on typology theory is also helpful to discover the characteristics of discourse markers and even the essential characteristics of Korean.

‘인자’의 담화 기능 고찰—광주 일상어를 중심으로—

미즈카이 유카리,강영란,조하진,초심념 현대문법학회 2022 현대문법연구 Vol.116 No.-

This study aims to reveal what kind of discourse function the discourse marker ‘Inja’ frequently used in Gwangju’s daily language performs. Unlike previous studies on ‘Inja’, this study attempted to systematically analyze discourse functions from microscopic, macroscopic perspectives and even functions related to emotions. As for the analysis data, transcription data and video data obtained through interviews with merchants in the Gwangju market were targeted. As a result of analyzing this data, a total of 13 functions were identified as the discourse function of ‘Inja’, which appears frequently in Gwangju’s daily language. Macroscopic functions include ‘topic switching function’, ‘topic induction function’, ‘topic focus function’, ‘topic closing function’, ‘topic addition function’, and microscopic functions ‘time-earning function’, ‘information supplement function’, ‘utterance closing function’, ‘utterance access function’, ‘hesitation’, ‘pause function’, ‘citation sign function’, ‘filling blanks in information’ were used. Among these functions, this study newly presented ‘topic closing function’, ‘sentence closing function’, ‘hesitation’, ‘pause function’, ‘citation sign function’, and ‘filling blanks in information’ as functions that have not been mentioned in previous studies. As such, the realization of ‘Inja’ used in various possibilities was confirmed in the analysis data. Finally, as a result of network analysis to confirm the relationship between the use of ‘Ije’ and ‘Inje’, which show similar use of ‘Inja’, it was revealed that only ‘Inja’ has ‘citation sign function’ and ‘filling blanks in information’. .

속담, 이야기의 언어, 그 기능에 관한 화용론적 재고(再考)

이윤희,김진수 한국어문학회 2018 語文學 Vol.0 No.142

A proverb reflects the universal emotions, psychology, and thoughts of a people throughout the time. The origin of the proverbs cannot be defined, it is as old as the world is. However, the saying that proverb existed in a form of oral literature and obtained vitality with the lives of the people before the emergence of the documentary literature, is apt. Proverbs contains the universal thoughts and philosophy of the people, it reflects the local features and shows the lifestyle and values of a specific provinces. A unique feature of the proverb is that it carries a meaning and a value, all chunked of one word. Since it cannot fulfill the independent narrative style and can be used as occasion demands, it is necessary to closely examine its function and the features in a pragmatic perspective. This study endeavors to examine the consciousness reflected in proverbs, especially a discourse situation and a communicative function contained in the proverb from a more pragmatic perspective. The features of a proverb as a linguistic device in this discourse, can be organized in the following approach: First, a proverb functions as a tool for emphasizing or organizing the topics in a discourse. The function of the proverbs that emphasize or organize the topic is characterized by the situational similarity of the proverb and the contents that the speaker intends to convey in the discourse. Second, the values of the people depend on the times and circumstances. However, the proverb reflects its situation in the discourse and conveys the meaning of the speaker to the audience in a recapitulative way. The proverb is from an objective perspective made by the community, but the interpretation functions in the discourse depending on the subjective judgment of the audience. At this time, the audience discovers and comprehends the intention of the speaker while subjectively understanding the proverb in the discourse. In other words, the proverb in the discourse is the process of communication with a subjective interpretation of the audience. The contents expressed in the proverbs in Daejeon regional discourse are a modern value and function to effectively convey the meaning of the speaker’s speech through various ways. Third, proverbs appear in a form of quotations when they function to propose or switch the topic in the discourse. The proverb presents the implied meaning of it, and the quoted sentence of the proverb has the relativity with the front and back context. Fourth, some components of the proverb are modified in a form of the indirect quotation when organizing or emphasizing the topic. Furthermore, it is discovered that the function of the proverb is realized based on the similarity between the situation of the proverb and the discourse situation on the premise of the immanent situation. 속담은 오랜 세월을 내려오는 동안 언중의 보편적 정서와 심리, 생각을 포함하는 사회적 산물의 하나이다. 속담의 기원을 정확히 규정할 수는 없다. 하지만 구비문학으로 전해왔으며 기록문학이 출현하기 전부터 언중의 삶과 함께하며 그 속에서 생명력을 얻게 되었다. 그 시대 언중의 보편적인 생각과 사상을 담고 있는 속담은 지역의 향토성을 반영하여 그 지역의 생활방식과 가치관을 보여주기도 한다. 속담이 가지는 독특한 성격은 하나의 말 덩어리로서 의미와 가치를 지니고 있다는 것이다. 독자적인 구연 양식을 갖추지 못하고, 필요에 따라 사용되는 것이기에 문단 안에서의 화용론적 관점에서 그 기능과 양상을 검토할 필요가 있다. 본고는 속담에 반영된 의식, 특히 속담에 담겨 있는 담화상황과 속담의 의사소통적 기능을 화용론적 시각에서 살펴보고자 했다. 담화에 나타난 언어적 장치로서 속담의 특징은 다음의 몇 가지 특징으로 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 속담은 담화 내에서 주로 화제를 강조하거나 정리하는 기능을 한다. 화제를 강조하거나 정리하는 기능의 속담들은 화자가 담화에서 말하고자 하는 내용과 속담의 상황적 유사성이 그 특징으로 나타난다. 둘째, 언중의 가치관은 시대와 상황에 따라 달라진다. 하지만 속담은 담화 안에서 속담의 상황을 반영하면서 청자에게 화자의 발화의미를 요약적으로 전달한다. 속담은 공동체가 만든 객관적인 관점의 결과물이지만 그 해석은 청자의 주관적 판단에 따라 담화 내에서 그 기능을 한다. 이때 청자는 담화 안에서의 속담을 주관적으로 이해하면서 화자의 의도를 발견하고 이해한다. 다시 말해, 담화 속의 속담은 청자의 주관적 해석으로 서로 의사소통하는 과정이다. 이 연구에서 분석자료로 삼은 대전지역 담화 내의 속담으로 표현된 내용은 전통적인 진리가 아닌 현재의 진리이고, 화자의 발화의미를 다양한 방법을 통해 효과적으로 전달하는 기능을 한다. 셋째, 속담이 담화 내에서 화제를 제시하거나 전환하는 기능으로 실현될 때 인용의 형태로 나타나며, 속담은 속담이 내재한 의미를 함축하여 제시하고 속담 인용의 문장은 앞·뒤 문맥과 관계성을 갖는다. 넷째, 화제를 정리하거나 강조할 때는 속담의 구성요소 일부가 변형되기도 한다. 속담이 내재한 상황을 전제로 하여 속담의 상황과 담화상황의 유사성을 바탕으로 속담은 담화 내에서 그 기능이 실현됨을 알 수 있었다.