강상·누상의 재검토

박주영(Ju-Young Park) 중앙문화재연구원 2022 중앙고고연구 Vol.- No.38

1960년대 조·중 공동발굴대가 조사한 강상·누상 적석묘의 구조, 매장방법, 부장유물 등에서 관찰된 매장양상은 당시 북한학계에서 노예주의 ‘순장묘’로 해석되어 고조선 사회의 성격을 ‘노예소유제국가’로 단정하는 사회구성체 논쟁의 단초가 된다. 남한학계에서는 초기 이러한 북한의 인식을 무비판적으로 수용한 점을 지적하고 동시성·강제성·종속성 맥락에서 순장임을 부정하였다. 그러나 이후 강상·누상 적석묘의 피장자들 간에 관계와 사회적 지위에 대해 ‘세대공동체’나 ‘혈연관계’라는 해석이 다시 논증의 절차 없이 수용되고 있다. 본고에서는 강상·누상 적석묘의 사회분화 연구에 대한 재인식을 통해 비록 노예가 한 번에 순장당한 것은 아닐지라도, 혈연관계나 세대공동체의 공동묘지로 추정하기에는 죽음의 상황과 매장양상이 불일치함을 설명한다. 그러므로 여러 가능성을 살펴보아야 하며 현재 청동기시대 사회분화 연구에서 발생하는 모순적 상황에 대한 지적과 해결 방안을 모색하고자 한다. Looking back on Gangshang (崗上) and Loushang (樓上), it was recognized that the social difference character that had been developed had been accepted without any major opposition or new repercussions. However, since this is an issue in studies of all tombs, including stone mound tombs, it is decided that there should be an opportunity for improvement. In the process, social differentiation studies state that the conformity of burial aspects to ‘the contexts of a death’ could be a problem. Thus, this study introduced and analyzed the burial styles of stone mound tombs in the Lianan area. In addition, this research clarified the issue of the sacrificial burial, which was raised in a debate over social formation in the North Korean academic community, as well as the refutation of the theory of the sacrificial burial in the South Korean academic community and views on the status of the buried people. Next, this study highlighted that it would be required to investigate numerous options, to highlight the current studies of Korean bronze age social differentiation's conflicting condition, and to seek answers. Rather than assuming the tombs as the cemetery for communities of kinship or generation, a new concept of stone mound tombs in Gangshang and Loushang was developed due to the incompatibility between the circumstances of death and the burial aspects. Gangshang and Loushang were brought up and reexamined because there are comprehensive morphological variations-the scale, structure, and refinement of the tomb, labor force investment, and buried relics-funeral practices, and information form the human remains . Hopefully, better alternatives can be presented through a lot of discussions, going back to the situations of burials.

삼국시대 경주지역 고분 출토 대금구의 부장양상 검토

김재열(Kim, Jae-yul) 신라사학회 2014 新羅史學報 Vol.0 No.32

대금구는 신라 고분에서 출토되는 귀금속제 장신구 중 하나다. 그에 착안해 이 글에서는 대금구가 실제 고분에 부장된 위치와 성격 그리고 부장 유형에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 대금구의 고분 부장 위치는 주피장자 허리 부위, 머리측 부장칸, 석단, 목곽 상부 등이다. 허리 부위의 대금구는 주피장자 착장품으로 망자의 성복 의례품이다. 머리측 부장칸 대금구는 망자 생전의 소유품이 부장되었다. 목곽 상부에 부장된 대금구는 순장자의 유품 등이다. 대금구 부장 위치와 방식에 따른 부장 유형은 A류(주피장자 허리 착장) , B류(주피장자 허리·머리측 부장칸), C류(주피장자 허리·머리측 부장칸·목곽 상부 등)로 구분된다. A~C류로 가며 대금구 부장이 다양해지며 주피장자의 위계성이 반영되었을 것으로 추론된다. 금제 대금구는 C류에만 확인된다. 그중 영락 달린 금제 대금구는 일상품으로 적절하지 않은 구조며, 공반된 대금구 가운데 늦은 시기 제작품인 관계로 망자 사망 즈음 만들어졌을 가능성이 있다. 공교롭게 영락이 달린 금제 대금구는 금관과 공반되며 금관 또한 장례 전용품으로 보는 견해가 있다. 이런 점을 고려해 본 글은 영락 달린 금제 대금구는 금관처럼 망자의 盛服을 위해 제작된 부장 전용품일 견해를 제시한다. Belt ornament is one of jewelry of precious metals in the ancient Silla. Research on belt ornament concentrated on understanding of origin, system, transition and era. Research on belt ornament burial aimed to determine relics compounding and then, to grasp political and social nature of the owner of an ancient tomb. Belt ornament is relics excavated from ancient tombs but review on burial aspect was insufficient. This writing investigates location, mode, process and burial aspect of belt ornaments buried in an ancient tomb. Burial location of belt ornaments is waist part of the tomb owner, the owner’s head side space, stone platform, upper part and lower part of wooden coffin. The belt ornament excavated from waist part was wearing item which was mourning ceremony dress of the owner. The belt ornament in head side burial space was item during life of the owner. The belt ornament buried in upper part of wooden coffin was memento of burial of the living with the dead, and the belt ornament buried in lower part of wooden coffin was ceremonial item of tomb construction unrelated to the tomb owner. Burial patterns of belt ornaments are pattern A (wearing on waist of the tomb owner), pattern B (wearing on waist of the tomb owner+head side burial space) and pattern C (wearing on waist of the tomb owner + head side burial space+upper part of wooden coffin). Pattern A~C was outcome of status of the tomb owner and diversified ceremony. Golden belt ornament is seen from pattern C only. Golden belt ornament had decorations so that it is not suitable as daily item. In addition, it is a product made in the latest period among belt ornaments excavated at the same time. It might be manufactured at the time when the tomb owner died. Golden belt ornament with decorations was buried with a gold crown. There is a view to consider the gold crown as an item for exclusive use of funeral. Taking consideration of this view, the golden belt ornament is an item for exclusive use of funeral to be buried for the tomb owner like a gold crown.

5000B.P.이후 평저토기문화권 동부지역의 무덤으로 전용된 주거지에 대한 이해

김재윤(KIM JAE YOUN) 한국신석기학회 2016 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.32

연해주 및 두만강 유역, 목단강 유역은 평저토기문화권에서 동부지역으로서 5000B.P.이후가 되면 뇌문토기와 이중구연토기가 공통적으로 확인되는데, 이곳 뿐 만 아니라 평저토기문화권의 서부지역인 청천강 유역에서부터 요서지역까지도 확인된다. 전고에서는 이 토기의 형식적 특징으로 평저토기문화권을 동부지역과 서부지역으로 구분했다. 그 외에도 양 지역에서 드러나는 문화의 차별성으로서 매장양상을 검토하고자 한다. 5000.B.P.이후 평저토기문화권의 동부지역에서는 단독무덤이 확인된 예가 없고, 여러 유적에서 주거지 내에 인골이 확인되는 현상을 살펴 볼 수 있는데, 이를 이 지역의 매장양상으로 볼 수 있는지에 대해서 광역적인 비교를 통해서 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저 후기 구석기시대 바이칼 유역의 말타 유적 주거지내에 무덤이 확인되는데, 무덤은 가장 이른 신석기문화인 6500B.P.키토이 문화부터 무덤 군이 확인된다. 뿐만 아니라 요서지역의 신석기문화에서도 주거공간과 취락공간이 구분되는 양상이 보인다. 7000~6500B.P 흥륭와 문화에서는 주거지 내에 무덤 혹은 취락의 중앙에 무덤이 설치되는 양상이 확인되다가 6000~5000B.P. 홍산문화에서 점차 취락 공간과 무덤공간이 구분되어 가지만 완전히 별 개로 조영되지는 않다가, 5000B.P.이후의 소하연 문화가 되어서야 대남구 유적이나 남보력고토 유적과 같은 대규모 토광묘가 수 십 기가 확인되는데, 취락과 무덤이 구분된다. 그러하다면 본고에서 검토된 주거지내 인골이 보이는 현상은 루드나야 문화부터 확인되는 주거공간과 매장공간이 분리되지 않는 전통이 5000B.P.이후에도 지속되는데, 평저토기문화권 동부지역의 매장양상으로 볼 수 있다. 이것은 5000B.P.이후의 평저토기문화권의 서부지역과의 비교를 통하면 더 잘 알 수 있는데, 소하연문화와 소주산상층문화에서 취락 유적과 무덤 유적의 구분이 되어, 검토된 평저토기문화권의 동부지역과의 차이점이 보인다. 따라서 5000B.P.이후 평저토기문화권의 동부지역과 서부지역간의 차이는 뇌문토기와 이중구연토기의 형식차이 뿐만 아니라 매장양상의 차이로도 문화권의 차별성이 드러난다. The pottery with lightning design and the double-rimed pottery is found in the east part of the flat bottom pottery cultural area - the Maritime province, the Duman river area and Mudan river area after 5000B.P. This pottery is also found from the Aprok river area to the Liaoxi area. The flat bottom pottery cultural area is separated into east and west part by the typologic character of a pottery. In this two area, it shows cultural difference. The burial aspect is also different. The single tomb is not found in the east part of the flat bottom pottery cultural area after 5000B.P. and a human bone is checked in a dwelling in several sites. The significance of this phenomenon could be analogized though the regional comparison. The aspect of a tomb is checked in a dwelling in the Malta site of the Lake Baical area in the upper paleolithic age. In the noelithic age, a tomb is constructed in earnest. The tombs are checked in a site from the Kitoy culture in 6500B.P. In the Liaoxi area, the dwelling area and the burial area is separated in the neolithic age. Tombs are found among dwellings in the Xinglongwa culture from 7000 to 6500B.P. A single tomb site is checked in the Hongshan culture from 6000 to 5000B.P. such as the Hudugou site. A tomb is also constructed in a dwelling site such as the Baiyinchanghan site. The dwelling area and the burial is gradually separated thereafter but it is not completely separated. This two area is separated from the Xiaoheyan culture after 5000B.P. such as the Danangou site and the Namboryukgoto site that large tombs are found. The tradition that the dwelling area and the burial area is not separated lasted after 5000B.P. That aspect that a human bone is found in a dwelling is thought as the burial aspect of the east part of the flat bottom pottery cultural area. However this two area is separated in the west part such as the Xiaoheyan culture and the Xiaozhushan upper culture. It is differ from the east part. As a result, the difference between the east and the west part appears in the pottery with lightning design or the double rimed as well as burial aspect after 5000B.P, it signifies cultural difference.

동해에 인접한 극동아시아 신석기시대의 매장 관습과 사회상

황철주 한국신석기학회 2022 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.43

Tombs, the resting places of the dead, are significant sites that reflect the wealth, power, religious beliefs, ideas, and events of the people related to life and death at the time. From this perspective, this study examined Neolithic burial remains in the Maritime Territory(Primorsky Kray), Sanjiang Plain (Lake Xingkai; Khanka), and the east coast area of the Korean Peninsula, and then inferred social aspects for each site and region. First, it is estimated that in the remains of Maritime Territory and the Lake Xingkai basin, an afterlife worldview that was more faithful to human or group norms than nature was established, whereas, in the Korean Peninsula, a notion that valued nature, especially the sea, was formed. In addition, the burial remains generally fulfilled functions such as marking territory, creating a sanctuary, and maintaining the unity and identity of the community, but it is considered that in the northeastern region, they were focused on remembrance and worship for ancestors, whereas in the Korean peninsula, an emphasis was put on worship for or praying for good luck to the living base (the sea). It is likely that each group had evolved a similar but different aspect depending on the situation and adaptation process they were in. Next, in the society at that time, it seems that roles were divided between men and women or between members, and a group or community was led by a person or people who had the upper hand in a specific ability or blood relationship, in a relatively equal structure without a hierarchy. Finally, the burial remains from the early phase to the first phase in the Neolithic period in Far East Asia adjacent to the East Sea are judged to be the outcome of the acceptance and change of the burial customs of the previous period according to the circumstances of each group, with the establishment of the tradition of Northeast Asian flat-bottomed pottery with pressed patterns and raised patterns.

남한지역 세형동검의 조합 및 부장 양상 전개와 그 의미 -동검, 검병, 검초의 조합 및 부장 방식을 중심으로-

오강원 한국고고학회 2023 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.128

In the tombs of the period when Korean-type bronze daggers existed, various composite objects associated with bronze daggers, such as hilts, dagger pommel fittings, scabbards, etc., were also buried as grave goods, forming various compositions. The period in which Korean-type bronze daggers existed could be divided into 7 temporal stages as a whole. In Stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ, only bronze daggers were buried and all composite objects were excluded. In Stage Ⅲ, a complicated pattern with multiple composite relationships appeared for the first time, albeit on a limited scale. Such a trend led to the formalization and burial of bronze daggers with multiple composite relationships in Stage Ⅴ, and to the formalization of such burial aspects in Stages Ⅵ and Ⅶ. At that time, the change of composite patterns was deeply related to notions of burial and burial conventions associated with bronze daggers, as well as to the renegotiation of the significance of burying the bronze daggers by the groups that owned them. The burial methods of bronze daggers and composite objects also continued to be gradually transformed. Although they were not generally revealed as features in Stage Ⅰ, they were deposited and then buried either in the coffin by early groups in the Korean-type bronze dagger culture or in the grave boundary by dolmen groups. However, in Stage Ⅱ, of the two above-mentioned methods, only the former existed. In Stages Ⅲ to Ⅳ, away from the existing burial method in the main distribution area of the Korean-type bronze dagger culture, there were some methods, such as deposition in a coffin for bronze objects (such as bronze daggers, etc.) or smashing and then scattering those objects against a coffin lid, etc., which had resulted in regional transformations centering on the Jeolla provinces. In Stages Ⅴ to Ⅶ, the method of burial by laying bronze daggers with multiple composite relationships in a coffin was formalized in the same context as the change of composite patterns.

중국 동북 지역 瓢形 長頸壺의 부장 양상과 확산의 배경과 맥락

오강원 영남고고학회 2017 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.78

In the Bronze Age, unique type of long neck pottery is distributed in northeastern area of China. Its connected part between neck and body is concave and neck part is convexly curved outside slightly. In this article, considering shape, this unique type of pottery is categorized as Gourd-shaped long neck pottery due to this type of pottery is different from existing tilted neck pottery and long neck pottery known widely. Gourd-shaped long neck pottery is pre-categorized as flat bottom type (ga-type) and heel bottom type (na-type) based on bottom feature that reflects regionality strongly. It is classified into many types by the tilt angle as the first criteria, the location of maximum body diameter as the second criteria. The transition relation of each feature shows a tendency that neck is getting wider and the maximum body diameter is moving down by time. Gourd-shaped long neck pottery, considering burial aspect and production method and technique of pottery synthetically, was funeral rites related symbolical pottery for burial purpose. Furthermore it is distributed around sandy soil of Keerqin in BCE 8th~6thcentury and central distribution area moved down southtoup stream area of Dalingriver. The cause and background generated this phenomenon is deeply related with a sudden drop of temperature originated from BCE 5thcentury and peaked in BCE4th~3rd century and transition of material culture derived from itand in habitants migration. During this process it is considered that either partialindigenous group in upstream area of Dalingriver accepted Gourd-shaped long neck pottery burial custom(Dongdazhangzi) or Gourd-shaped long neck pottery is buried as a result of inhabitants migration(Wujiazhangzi). 청동기시대 중국 동북 지역에는 경부와 동체의 접합 부위가 잘록하게 들어가 있고 경부가 밖으로 微弧한 특수한 형태의 장경호가 분포하고 있는데, 여기에서는 이러한 류의 토기가 기존에 알려져 있는 일반적인 斜頸壺나 長頸壺와는 다른 부류의 것으로서, 형태를 고려하여 瓢形 장경호로 설정하였다. 표형 장경호는 지역성이 강하게 반영되어 있는 저부 속성을 기준으로 평저류(가류)와 굽류(나류)로 선분류되는데, 경부의 사경도를 제1기준, 동최대경 위치를 제2기준으로 하여 여러 형식으로 분류된다. 각 속성의 변천 관계는 시간의 흐름에 따라 경부가 점차 넓게 벌어지고 동최대경이 하위로 내려가는 경향성을 보인다. 표형 장경호는 부장 양상과 토기의 제작 방식 및 기법 등을 종합적으로 고려할 때, 상장 관련의 상징적인 전문 부장용 토기였다. 또한 기원전 8∼6세기에는 科爾沁沙地 일대를 중심으로 하여 분포하다가 기원전 4세기 전후 분포 중심이 大陵河 상류역으로 南遷한다. 이러한 현상이 발생하게 된 원인과 배경은 기원전 5세기부터 개시되어 기원전 4∼3세기에 정점을 이루는 기온의 급강하와 그로 인해 유발된 물질문화 변동과 주민 이주 등과 깊은 연관이 있는데, 이 과정에 大陵河 상류역의 일부 토착 집단이 표형 장경호 부장 습속을 수용하거나(東大杖子), 또는 주민 이주(吳家杖子)의 결과 부장되기에 이른 것으로 생각된다.

5世紀代 釜山地域 墳墓出土 大壺의 副葬樣相과 意味

裵孝元(Bae, Hyo Won) 부산고고학회 2018 고고광장 Vol.- No.22

대호는 기본적으로 50cm 이상이며, 기벽이 0.7cm 이상으로 단경호나 장경호에 비해 두껍다. 색조는 주로 (암)청색이고 속심은 자색을 띠며 타날을 한 뒤 회전물손질로 깨끗하게 지운다. 특히, 기대 위에 얹혀서 부장되는 장경호·단경호와는 달리 대호는 피장자의 발치에 구덩이를 파서 안치되어 장경호·단경호 등 他 壺類와는 다른 부장양상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이에 착안하여 장경호·단경호와 대호를 구분하는 기준을 마련하였다. 부곽이나 피장자의 발치에 구덩이를 파서 대호를 안치하는 습속은 전대의 고식도질토기단계부터 이어져온 부산지역 고유의 매장방식이다. 5세기 전반대에 일시적으로 확인되지 않으나 복천동39호분 등 대형분을 중심으로 그 습속이 다시 이어지며 6세기를 전후한 시점에 사라진다. 이는 5세기 2/4분기 후반대부터 부산 식고배를 지속적으로 창출해내며, 호류를 기대에 얹어서 대량으로 부장하는‘부산식 기종조합’의 존속기간과도 일치한다. 즉,‘부산식 기종조합’이 의연히 傳承되는 5세기대의 부산지역은 타지역 토기양식과는 차별화 된 신식도질토기문화를 공유하고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Basically, The large-sized jar is larger than 50cm and thicker than 0.7cm, which is thicker than short-necked jar and long-necked jar. The color tone of large-sized jar is mainly (dark) blue, and internal component is purple, and it was cleared turning after paddle and anvil. Especially, the large-sized jars burial custo m is different from long-necked jar · short-necked jar. The unique burial custom in Busan region were found such as Busan-style mounted dishes, the combination of pottery stand and jar, and large-sized jars around feet in large tombs. Based on this, large-sized jars and long-necked jar · short-necked jar are distinguished from each other. The tradition that dig a hole at the feet of the buried person and set the large-sized jar is unique to the Busan area that has continued from the former early-stlye pottery stage. Although it was temporarily disappearing in the first quarter of the 5th century, and the tradition continues again as Bokcheon-dong tombs No.39, etc. The tradition is finally disappearing around the 6th century. In the late second quarter of the 5th century, the unique burial custom in Busan region were found such as Busan-style mounted dishes, the combination of pottery stand and jar, large-sized jars around feet in Bokcheon-dong tombs. In other words, Busan region, which has traditional combination of “Busan style pottery was found to have different pottery styles from other regions.

고대 국가를 바라보는시각, 자율과 통합

김재홍 한국상고사학회 2017 한국상고사학보 Vol.98 No.-

Examined here is the Tumulus(Burial mounds) culture of the Three dynasties, in an attempt to shed a new light upon the history and culture of Korea’s ancient days, while employing a perspective that could be useful in analyzing evidences which are usually elicited from physical relics as well as written texts. This period’s Tumulus culture is specifically chosen, as written texts about them are scarce but physical evidences have been well accumulated for years, and therefore it (the Tumulus culture) would be the area that most requires a reasonable balance in approaching those two sources. Meanwhile, I also intended to examine the unification of the Three dynasties’ culture, as well as what remained individual even after the unification, to account for aspects of unity and individualism. The tumulus culture of Shilla and Gaya show us how the (Ancient) states expanded their political territories and developed themselves in the long run. Based upon several categories of relics & vestiges such as burial mounds, earthenware and artifacts (which reflect the owner’s social status before death), we can determine that the East side of the Nakdong-gang river belonged to Shilla’s realm, while the West belonged to Gaya’s. But we should also remember the fact that Shilla was composed of a Central region (made of the so-called Six Bu units) and Local regions, while Gaya was essentially a Confederate of polities. These facts require us to consider the factor of ‘Center and Periphery’ when it comes to the discussion of Shilla and Gaya’s “Merge” with each other. Shilla’s Six Bu units as well as Geumgwan Gaya all rose and grew separately from each other, but at the same time Shilla expanded itself to cover the late Jin’han and Byeon’han regions while the Gaya people continued their efforts to establish a confederacy which we now call the “Gaya Alliance.” We can say that both Shilla and the Gaya confederacy were developing themselves into Ancient states by assimilating smaller and inferior local polities. And in the process of forming the so-called Three dynasties, there were still polities and tribes(races) operating rather individually and independently inside these dynasties. The Yae(濊) tribe as a sub-race of Goguryeo (as described in the Gwanggaeto Epitaph), the polity that resided in the Yeongsan-gang region (as depicted in Yangjik-gong’do’ s Bangso-guk[旁小國] chapter), Gaya’s ‘smaller states’ (as sung in the Ureuk’s 12 Songs ), and the polities that were located in today’s Gyeongsang Buk-do province [which supposedly received influences from Goguryeo], would all be the most prominent examples. All these local politics and tribes in the Three dynasties kept their culture intact to a degree, and managed to remain firmly unified with their own business and economy, maintaining a meaningful presence even inside powerful ancient states, up until the unification of the peninsula. 이 글은 물질 자료와 문헌 사료의 접점을 추구하여 한국 고대의 역사와 문화를 재조명하고자 하는의도에서 삼국시대 고분 문화를 대상으로 논지를 전개하였다. 문헌 사료가 상대적으로 적고 발굴 조사를 통해 자료가 축적된 물질 자료가 만나는 접점을 구하기 위해 고분문화를 대상으로 선정하였다. 그 과정에서 삼국으로 통합되는 문화와 지역별 특수성을 가진 문화를 구분하여 통합과 자율이라는 시각에서 분석하였다. 신라와 가야의 고분 문화는 국가의 정치적 범위와 발전 과정을 잘 보여준다. 무덤, 토기, 위세품을기준으로 낙동강 동쪽은 신라, 서쪽은 가야로 규정할 수 있다. 그러나 신라는 중앙의 6부와 지방으로구성되어 있었고 가야는 여러 나라들이 분리되어 있었다. 따라서 신라와 가야의 통합 과정은 중심과주변을 고려하여야 한다. 하나는 신라 중심인 6부와 금관가야의 성장과정이고, 다른 하나는 옛 진한과 변한 지역으로 확장되는 신라와 가야의 형성과정이다. 신라와 가야는 지역 정치체를 통합하는 과정에서 고대국가로 발전하고 있었다. 삼국이라는 국가체로 통합하는 과정에서 국가 내에서 자율성을 가지고 움직이는 정치체가 존재하였다. 대표적인 사례가 〈광개토대왕릉비〉에 나오는 고구려 국가 속의 예(족), 〈양직공도〉의 ‘旁小國’에 보이는 영산강 유역의 정치체, 〈우륵 12곡〉에 나오는 가야의 정치체, 경상북도 북부에서 고구려의 영향을 받은 정치체 등을 들 수 있다. 삼국 내부에 존재한 지역 정치체는 자신들의 문화적 속성을 유지하고 있었다. 이러한 정치체는 삼국 통일 이전까지도 산과 바다를 통해 생업을 유지하면서 자신들의 결속력을 유지하고 있었다. 이들이 삼국 문화에 속하면서도 그 내부에서 존재 의의를 가지고 있었던 현실적인 이유이다

고대의 판상철부에 대한 검토-영남지역 분묘 출토품을 중심으로-

김도헌 한국고고학회 2004 한국고고학보 Vol.53 No.-

The flat iron axe(板狀鐵斧) is one of the iron implement which was appeared from the first stage of iron implement culture in Youngnam Region(嶺南地域). And the use of the flat iron axe was tool at first but gradually changed into the matter of manufacturing ironware(鐵器製作素材). For the purpose of making study of the flat iron axe in this paper, firstly classify the flat iron axe and investigate use as tool and the aspect of change and distribution. On the basis of investigating contents, I examine firstly the flat iron axe in Youngnam Region was made after on the model of the flat stone axe(扁平偏刃石斧). Secondly the distribution change aspect(變化相) of the flat iron Axe was converted in the latter part of AD 2C and this phenomenon suggest that the circulation of the flat iron axe was in control of some group. Finally the burial aspect(副葬樣相) of the flat iron axe exist regional difference(地域差) in the latter part of AD 3C. Group in Gimhae(金海) and Busan(釜山) Region carried on burying the flat iron axe but in Kyoungju(慶州) Region buried the iron spear(鐵矛) instead of the flat iron axe.

고분출토 취사용 토기로 본 고대 한·일 장송의례의 비교 -일본열도 瀨戶內地域을 중심으로-

松永悅枝 영남고고학회 2009 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.50

In this paper, the author showed a document about tools for cooking rice form earthenware vessel of the practical use size as well as the miniature portable kitchen range to excavate from “Korea-oriented grave system” which attracted attention in a Japanese side, and performed compaarison with Korea. In particular, the author tried from a different point of view by using vessels of steaming vessels(甑). Thus, the author presented a place like Silla concerning the derivation of tumulus mounds in “Korea-oriented grave system” which bury cooking rice form earthenware vessels corpse belongings. First, the author made a focus on earthen vessels which have cooking rice function such as steaming vessels, pan and so on without limiting portable ceramic cooking-hearth with open firing hood. As a result there are buried in areas of Setouchi in Japanese Islands from the latter half in the 6th century. In addition, the author could watch aspect which the steaming vessels were buried whith the corpse continuously and intensively in Silla area such as Gyeongju, Keizan, Taegu in Korea throgh the 6th century from the 5th century. The tool for cooking rice form earthenware vessel to be excavated from the local old burial mound in Setouchi is the practical use size that can excavate together from the habitation site. This may be said to be burial of corpse belongings form to be common in constant areas with Silla. In such common backgrounds in Setouchi, Korea-oriented artifacts remains excavate intensively from aucient times and it is assumed that the areas were the base of negotiations with Korea. 본고에서는 지금까지 일본고고학계에서 주목을 받아 온 이른바 「韓半島系 墓制」에서 출토된 소형 및 실용크기의 취사용 토기를 분석하고, 한반도와의 그것과도 비교 검토하였다. 특히 시루라는 기종을 가지고 다른 관점으로 접근해 보았다. 이것을 통해 취사용 토기가 부장되는 「韓半島系 墓制」의 유래로 신라라는 하나의 후보지를 제시하였다. 우선 부뚜막형 토기에 한정하지 않고 같은 취사기능을 가지는 시루와 냄비형 토기에 중점을 두었다. 일본열도에서는 이러한 시루와 냄비형 토기가 瀨戶內地域의 일정 지역에서 6세기 후반부터 지속적으로 부장되는 양상이 확인된다. 또한 한반도에서는 경주, 경산, 대구와 같이 신라지역에서 5세기부터 6세기에 걸쳐 시루가 집중 부장되는 양상을 볼 수 있다. 瀨戶內地域의 고분에서 출토되는 취사용 토기는 주거지에서 출토되는 것과 크기, 형태가 동일한 실용기이다. 신라지역 출토자료도 마찬가지여서 이러한 점은 대형봉토분에만 한정되지 않고 소형 수혈식석곽에도 부장되어 신라의 일정지역에서 공통적으로 나타나는 부장형태라고 할 수 있다. 취사용 토기의 부장이라는 면에서 瀨戶內地域이 신라와 이러한 공통점이 나타는 배경에는 이 지역은 이전 시기부터 韓半島系 遺物이 집중하여 출토되며 한반도와의 교섭 기반이 이미 있었던 지역이라는 점이 상정된다.