아동 · 청소년 대상 주의 집중 능력 검사 개발 및 타당화

이명경,김아름 한국상담학회 2011 상담학연구 Vol.12 No.4

Despite the high interest in attention-concentration ability, there are few tools to measure this ability objectively. In this study, based on information processing, attention-concentration ability is divided into four factors; visual attention, auditory attention, learning concentration and continuing concentration. Finally, it was developed a total of 50 items of attention-concentration ability test for children and adolescent. It was conducted this test of 1,626 students from 4th to 9th grade nationwide. Through the result of exploratory factor analysis, five factors were found in this test. Learning concentration which is no level of difficulty is single factor, whereas visual-auditory attention and continuing concentration which is existed level of difficulty are classified according to level of difficulty; visual-auditory attention: high level, visual-auditory attention: low level, continuing concentration: high level, continuing concentration: low level. The amount of explanation of high level in visual, auditory attention and continuing concentration are larger than low level of them. Confirmatory factor analysis proved the validity of this test. The result of this study indicated that attention-concentration ability is affected by level of difficulty than the kind of stimulus and this ability is needed to learning ability. In addition, it is found that attention-concentration ability is clearly measured by responses to a high level of tasks utilizing memory strategies than those to a low level of simple tasks. Thus, it is needed to use appropriate learning strategies for concentrating complex information over short-term memory capacity. In this study, it is expected that attention-concentration ability test would be able to not only measure selective response ability for simple stimulus, but problem solving ability performing complex tasks. 주의 집중 능력에 대한 높은 관심에도 불구하고 이를 종합적, 과학적으로 측정하는 도구는 많지 않다. 본 연구에서는 주의 집중 능력을 정보처리과정을 근거로 시각 주의력, 청각 주의력, 학습 집중력, 지속적 집중력 4개 요인으로 구분하였고, 아동 · 청소년을 대상으로 하는 전체 50문항의 주의 집중 능력 검사를 개발하였다. 전국의 초등학교 4학년부터 중학교 3학년까지의 학생 1,626명을 대상으로 주의 집중 능력 검사를 실시한 후 탐색적 요인 분석을 한 결과 5개의 요인이 발견되었다. 문항별 곤란도 차이가 없는 <학습 집중력>은 하나의 요인으로 묶인 반면, 문항별 곤란도 차이가 있는 시각 주의력, 청각 주의력, 지속적 집중력의 경우 문항의 곤란도에 따라 <시청각 주의력; 높은 수준>, <시청각 주의력; 낮은 수준>, <지속적 집중력; 높은 수준>, <지속적 집중력; 낮은 수준>로 나뉘었고, 시청각 주의력과 지속적 집중력 모두 낮은 수준보다는 높은 수준의 설명양이 컸다. 확인적 요인 분석 결과 본 검사의 타당성이 입증되었다. 본 연구는 주의 집중 능력이 자극의 종류보다는 과제 곤란도의 영향을 더 받으며, 학습 능력을 필요로 한다는 것을 입증하였다. 또한 주의 집중 능력은 낮은 수준의 단순한 과제에 대한 반응보다는 기억 전략을 활용해야만 더 잘 수행할 수 있는 높은 수준의 과제에 대한 반응을 통해 더 잘 측정되는 특성을 발견하였다. 즉, 단기 기억 용량을 벗어나는 복잡한 정보에 주의 집중하기 위해서는 적절한 학습 전략을 활용할 수 있어야 하는 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 주의 집중 능력 검사는 단순 자극에 대한 선택적 반응 능력뿐만 아니라 복잡한 과제를 지속적으로 수행하며 문제해결에 이르는 능력까지 측정할 수 있는 종합적, 과학적 주의 집중 능력 측정 도구가 될 것으로 기대된다.

Attention decrease of drivers exposed to vibration from military vehicles when driving in terrain conditions

Park, D.J.,Choi, M.G.,Song, J.T.,Ahn, S.J.,Jeong, W.B. Elsevier 2019 International journal of industrial ergonomics Vol.72 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we analyzed the phenomenon of reduced attention for 11 subjects using a 6-degree-of-freedom synthetic vibration platform to simulate the vibration from terrain driving. Military vehicles are mainly used in terrain conditions, and drivers are exposed to whole-body vibrations for long periods of time. Drivers not only have trouble with comfort and health, they also suffer decreased attention. This decrease has a negative effect on driving. The vibration signal of a military vehicle on terrain is simulated using a synthetic vibration platform. Eleven subjects experienced these synthesized field-terrain vibrations while on the vibration platform performing a variety of perceptual and cognitive attention tests. The attention tests were divided into perceptual and cognitive, and the decrease in attention caused by vibration exposure and the exposure time was analyzed. From the results, automatic perceptual attention was not affected by vibration exposure. When the complexity of cognitive processing was increased during the attention test, the effects of vibration exposure became significant. The decrease in certain attention mechanisms was found when drivers were exposed to whole-body vibrations. Thus, it is expected that drivers are adversely affected when performing missions. We analyze the correlation between vibration exposure and attention decrease in this study, and the ability of the military vehicle driver to perform his mission can be predicted.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Decrease in attention was tested among military-vehicle drivers exposed to whole-body vibrations in terrain conditions. </LI> <LI> The vibration signal of a military vehicle on terrain was simulated using a synthetic vibration platform. </LI> <LI> Eleven subjects experienced these terrain vibrations operating the synthetic vibration platform and performed attention tests. </LI> <LI> A decrease of attention was found when drivers were exposed to whole-body vibrations. </LI> </UL> </P>

작업 기억에서의 주의 자원 유형과 공간 지각과의 관계 연구

서지은,김민규 한국실내디자인학회 2019 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference of spatial perception of users which is composed by the sort of ‘selective attention’ at working memory. This is based on the visual attention resource’ is the plural number and influences in spatial perception through interacting with each other. To do that, firstly, the understanding of what the perception is composed differently by ‘selective attention’ is asked through reviewing reference literature and previous research. The norms to classify for ‘selective attention’ are ‘shape’, ‘material’, ‘contrast’ and ‘complex’. In the next position, six representative housing space images are selected as survey targets for investigation of spatial perception and attention resources at working memory. The analysis of the difference comparison in the relation between ‘attention resources’ and spatial perception in this study is conducted by descriptive statistic and one way ANOVA by SPSS program 22. The results are as following; Firstly, ‘attention resources’ are very important on the visual process at working memory. The method for grasp attention targets of users is needed to seek scientifically and cognitively, but observation targets and attention targets are different. Secondly, we could know that ‘attention resources’ and type of its users are different in same space through this research, and we could make a decision that ‘shape’ and ‘contrast’ might be visual attentions target in space. Thirdly, we could confirm that ‘attention resources’ are changed between day and night in the same space due to ‘contrast’ which is created from the ‘light’. Therefore, this effective method is to induce users’ emotion and perception differently if designers utilize it aggressively at the same space. Lastly, we could recognize that ‘attention resources’ interact with each other through the verification of the difference the spatial perception of users according to the type of ‘attention resources’. Specifically, one of the effective types is ‘shape-complex’.

The perceptual enhancement by spatial attention is impaired during the attentional blink

Bae, Eunhee,Jung, Shinyoung,Han, Suk Won Elsevier 2018 ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA Vol.190 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A salient, but task-irrelevant stimulus has long been known to capture attention in an automatic, involuntary manner. However, the automaticity of involuntary attention has recently been challenged. While some studies showed that the effect of involuntary attention depended on top-down attentional resources, other studies did not. To reconcile this conflict, we suggest to consider that attentional effect is not homogenous. Specifically, we hypothesized that the dependence of involuntary attention on top-down attention interacts with the presence/absence of the target location uncertainty and distractor interference. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that when the attentional resources were depleted, the involuntary attention did not affect the perception of a single target stimulus (Experiment 1). However, when the target was accompanied by multiple distractors, evoking uncertainty regarding the target location, the involuntary attentional effect was observed, regardless of the availability of attentional resource (Experiment 2). This was so, even when the target location was always marked by a response cue, minimizing the target location uncertainty (Experiment 3). These findings provide a reconciliation for the theoretical debate regarding the dependence of involuntary attention on top-down attention and clarifies how perception is modulated by involuntary attention.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The top-down dependency of bottom-up attention was investigated. </LI> <LI> The perceptual modulation of a single stimulus by bottom-up attention was found to depend on top-down attention. </LI> <LI> Attentional effect under stimulus-driven competition was independent of top-down attention. </LI> </UL> </P>

자기초점적 주의 성향 척도의 개발: 사회적 상황을 중심으로

이지영,권석만 한국임상심리학회 2005 Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology Vol.24 No.2

Self-focused attention refers to one's own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and appearance. It has been considered to be related to the adaptive index as well as the maladaptive one. The purpose of this study is to develop the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social situation(SDSAS) which distinguishes two types of self-focused attention and to examine its reliability and validity. The SDSAS aims to measure the dispositional self-focused attention in social situation and consists of two subscales: “General Self-focused Attention”, which measures the degree of attention that an individual pays to the self and “Self-Absorption”, which measures the tendency of giving excessive attention to one's specific aspects constantly and having difficulty turning his attention to other aspects or external environment the tendency of self-absorption. Among high scorers on the general self-focused attention scale, those who also show high score on the self-absorption scale constitute defensive self-focused attention group and those who show low score on the self-absorption scale constitute nondefensive self-focused attention group. A pool of preliminary items were administered to 311 undergraduates, and the SDSAS with 30 items was constructed using factor analyses on the data. To examine its reliability and validity, the SDSAS was administered to 525 undergraduates. The SDSAS appeared to have adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The construct validity of the scale was supported by the pattern of correlations between the SDSAS and measures of related characteristics. Two types of dispositional self-focused attention that differed qualitatively could be differentiated by means of SDSAS. Additionally, the implications of this study were discussed.

9개월부터 28개월까지 영아의 공동주의의 변화가 아동 초기 언어능력에 미치는 영향

박슬기,곽금주,김연수 한국인간발달학회 2014 人間發達硏究 Vol.21 No.1

The current study investigated the changes of joint attention in infants and examined the relationship between the rate of change of joint attention and language ability of early childhood. 97 infants were used as subjects in this study. The amount of joint attention was measured from 9 months to 28 months in infant-mother free play situations. In the Korean Child Development Inventory, language comprehension, expressive language, and letter scales were used to measure language ability at 3 years old. Latent growth modeling was used to analyze change estimation of joint attention during infancy, and multivariate latent growth model was applied to verify the relevance of changes of infancy joint attention and early language skills. As a result, joint attention had increased nonlinearly over time. There were individual differences in initial joint attention and the rate of changes and these differences impacted upon language ability. The results of the current study suggested that researchers need to expand their time frames when they examine the aspect of transition of joint attention. Moreover, when researchers examine the relationship- between joint attention and language ability in follow-up research, they need to consider the rate of change in joint attention.

Examining the Effect of Emotion and Visual Attention on Consumers` Responses to A.Board Advertising: Implicit and Explicit Approach

( Songmi Song ),( Choong Hoon Lim ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: While there have been efforts to pinpoint the impact of sponsorship advertising, there is still a need for understanding dynamic mechanisms on A-board advertising effect. Further, theories in marketing and psychology provide conflicting propositions in relation to A-board advertisement effects within the context of active sport games. Especially, exposure and attention to sponsorship advertisement is one of the neglected areas in sponsorship research. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to add to the body of literature in sport management and marketing by investigating the effect of consumers’ attention to A-board advertising on implicit/explicit memory and attitude. Also, watching a sport event leads to emotional responses, which may have impact on sponsorship advertisement. Thus, the secondary purpose of the current study is to examine the mediating effect of emotion on consumers’ attention to A-board advertisement. Method: In this experiment, thirty nine fans of Spain professional soccer team were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Each participant viewed one of four video manipulations, where the video treatments were based on contrasting levels of winning and losing of their favorite teams. The treatment was provided in order to induce different emotional responses in terms of pleasure and arousal. Eye-tracking method was adopted in order to measure subjects’ level of attention to A-board advertisement. On completion of treatment conditions, participants’ implicit and explicit memory, as well as brand attitude were measured. Data analyses included descriptive analysis, regression analysis and T-test analysis by using SPSS 21. Also, Eye tracking fixation frequency and fixation duration were analyzed to examine the visual attention. Result: The result of this study shows that explicit memory (i.e., recognition) was affected by visual attention on the advertisement (p < .05). The effect of emotion on brand recognition was also mediated by visual attention (p < .05). Data analysis showed that subjects’ level of attention to game action negatively influenced explicit memory (p < .05). However, visual attention on the advertisement did not affect implicit memory and the level of arousal significantly influenced implicit memory (p <.05). Also, brand attitude was not affected by visual attention, rather it appeared to have negative effect on attention (p < .05). Data analyses also revealed the more subjects were absorbed in the game, the more positive brand attitude had on the A-board advertising. Conclusion: This study examined A-board advertising effects based on two different memory system, explicit memory and implicit memory. The higher visual attention on the A-board advertisement, the higher level of recognition in terms of explicit memory. However, implicit memory was not depended on the amount of attention. Also, this study showed that sport event which provokes negative emotion may distract attention from game itself and disperse more attention to A-board advertisement. Therefore, negative emotion brings more positive effect to explicit memory of A-board advertising. On the other hand, positive event which provides greater immersion may affect implicit memory and brand attitude regardless of visual attention.

자기초점적 주의 성향과 정신병리의 관계: 적응적 대 부적응적 자기초점적 주의

이지영 한국심리학회 2010 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.29 No.2

Self-focused attention has been considered to contribute to both psychopathology and psychotherapy. Thus Lee and Kwon (2005) developed the Scale for Dispositional Self-focused Attention in Social situation (SDSAS) in order to differentiate two types of dispositional self-focused attention in social situation, with postulating the existence of two types of dispositional self-focused attention, defensive self-focused attention and nondefensive self-focused attention. This study aimed to investigate if two types of dispositional self-focused attention distinguished by SDSAS can be differentiated on psychopathology measures. For this purpose, SDSAS and the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL-90-R) were measured among undergraduate students. First, correlation analysis between SDSAS and SCL-90-R showed that there was no significant correlation between general dispositional self-focused attention scale and psychopathology scores, whereas self-absorption scale was positively correlated with psychopathology scores. Second, defensive/nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group were selected by SDSAS and participants' levels of psychopathology were compared. Results revealed that defensive self-focused attention group showed significantly higher scores on psychopathology measures than nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in psychopathology scores between nondefensive self-focused attention group and low self-focused attention group. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. 자기초점적 주의는 정신병리 영역에서는 우울 및 불안을 유발 및 악화시키는 요인으로, 심리치료 영역에서는 심리적 적응과 건강에 기여하는 요인으로 간주되어져 왔다. 이에 이지영과 권석만(2005)은 질적으로 다른 두 가지 자기초점적 주의 성향의 존재를 가정하고 이를 구분해낼 수 있는 자기초점적 주의 성향 척도(SDSAS)를 개발하였다. 본 연구는 SDSAS의 두 가지 자기초점적 주의 성향이 정신병리 및 정신건강 측정치 상에서 타당하게 구분되는지 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 집단을 대상으로 SDSAS와 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90-R)를 실시하였다. 먼저, SDSAS의 두 하위척도와 SCL-90-R의 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 일반적 자기초점적 주의 성향 척도는 정신병리와 유의미한 상관을 보이지 않은 반면, 자기몰입 척도는 높은 정적 상관을 나타냈다. SDSAS의 두 하위척도 점수에 근거해 방어적/비방어적 자기초점적 주의 성향 집단을 선발하고, 자기초점적 주의 성향이 낮은 집단을 비교집단에 포함시켰다. 종속측정치 상에서의 세 집단 간의 차이를 조사한 결과, 방어적 자기초점적 주의 성향은 비방어적 자기초점적 주의 성향 집단과 자기초점적 주의 성향이 낮은 집단에 비해 정신병리 수준이 유의미하게 높았다. 비방어적 자기초점적 주의 성향 집단과 자기초점적 주의 성향이 낮은 집단은 정신병리 수준에서 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

이슈리더십:주의자원(Attention Resource)의 관점

백기복,Kibok Baik 대한리더십학회 2013 리더십연구 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 이슈리더십에 대한 심리적, 뇌신경적, 생물학적 해석을 통하여 향후의 새로운 연구방향을 제시하려는 목적이다. 이슈현저성, 주의확보, 선택 이라는 이슈리더십 관련현상을 해석함에 있어 ‘주의자원’(attention resource) 이 핵심역할을 하는 것으로 보았다. 주의자원이란 특정이슈에 있어 리더와 오디언스간의 거리의 총량이라고 보고, 주의와 뇌구조, 주의의 학습 또는 훈련가 능성, 선택적 주의 프로세스, 주의자원고갈과 재충전이론(Attention Restoration Theory) 등을 다뤘다. 주의란 초점, 유지, 방어, 전환의 속성을 갖는 유한자원 이며, 자발적/의도적 주의집중은 결국 주의자원을 고갈시키므로 재충전의 필요 성과 방법을 정리하였다. 이슈리더는 오디언스의 주의자원 고갈여부를 살펴야 하며, 때때로 재충전기회를 마련해야 하고, 이슈의 수명주기관리가 필요하며, 이슈자체가 비자발적 속성을 갖도록 구축되어야 한다는 점 등을 제시하였다. 이슈리더십 및 주의자원과 관련된 향후의 연구방향과 과제들을 논의하였다. The purpose of the present study was to propose a new direction for the issue leadership research from psychological, neurological, and physiological perspectives. Such factors as issue salience, attention attainment, and selective attention seem to play a pivotal role in explaining attention resource. Defining attention resource as summation of distances between a leader and audience for each issue, we have dealt with topics as in attention-governing brain structure, attention modification, selective attention process, and “ego depletion”/attention restoration theory. It has been posited that attention is a limited resource that contains process steps like focus, retention, defense, and transition, the over-utilization of which results in depletion of attention resource to the extent that restoration is needed before another charge is made. In this vein, suggestions have been made to the effects that issue leaders need to look into whether or not the audience’s attention resource has been depleted, to make opportunities for occasional restoration of attention resource, manage a life cycle for each issue, and write issues characteristic of involuntary attributes.

베르그손의 사상에 나타난 정신의 두 가지 주의 - 예술과 철학을 경유하여 -

김조은 ( Kim Zo Eun ) 한국미학회 2020 美學 Vol.86 No.1

베르그손의 철학에서 생명체의 특징으로 간주되는 정신적 주의는 그동안 생존을 목적 삼는 ‘삶에의 주의’로 대표되어 왔다. 그러나 그는 고등 생명체인 인간이 삶에의 주의에 반하는 주의, 즉 삶의 안정성에 해가 된다는 이유로 은폐되어 온 개별성과 지속에 관심을 쏟는 또 하나의 주의를 가진다고 언급한다. 이 주의는 보통 외부 자극에 의해 우발적으로 발생하지만, 삶에 덜 밀착된 인물들인 예술가와 철학자는 능동적이고 유사 의지적으로 이를 실행하는 것으로 소개된다. 이 제 2의 주의의 존재 가능성 및 목적과 작동 방식을 여러 제반문제들과 더불어 살펴보는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 삶에의 주의가 범주적 지각과 개념적 인식을 수행한다면, 이 주의는 범주나 개념 등의 매개를 벗어나 대상을 직관한다는 점에서 ‘직관적 주의’로 불릴 수 있다. 직관적 주의는 생존이나 이해관계로부터 초탈한 것일 뿐, 오히려 삶의 가장 본질적인 부분들에 강하게 몰두해 있다. 따라서 이 글은 결론적으로 삶에의 주의와 직관적 주의가 방향이 다르긴 해도 ‘삶에 주의를 기울이는 정신의 두 경향’으로서, 사실상 상보적으로 인간의 삶을 구성해 왔으며, 이는 실증 영역과 비실증 영역의 조화이기도 하다는 점을 확인할 것이다. Dans la pensée de Bergson, l’attention de l’esprit, qui est une caractéristique d’être vivant, a été représentée comme ‘l’attention à la vie’ pour viser à survie. Bergson note cependant que l'humain, un être vivant supérieur, a aussi une attention contraire qui fixe son regard sur l’individualité et la durée qui ont été cachées du fait qu’elles troublent le maintien stable de la vie. Cette attention est généralement causée par un stimulus accidentel, mais l’artiste et le philosophe qui adhèrent moins à la vie peuvent la déclencher activement et quasi-volontairement. Cet article a pour but de considérer la possibilité de l’existence de l’autre attention, sa cible et son opération, avec les problèmes liés. Au contraire de l’attention à la vie qui effectue des perceptions catégorielles et des connaissances conceptuelles, la seconde attention intuitionne l’objet lui-même sans categories et concepts. Donc, cette attention peut être nommée ‘l’attention intuitive’. Elle est seulement détachement de la survie ou liens d’intérêts, plutôt fortement concentrée sur les aspects les plus essentielles de la vie. C'est pourquoi, en conclusion, cette étude affirme que malgré différence dans leurs directions, l'attention à la vie et l'attention intuitive sont deux tendances de l'esprit se concentrant sur la vie, et ont en fait organisé la vie humaine d'une manière complémentaire. La complémentarité est également l’harmonie entre la science pragmatique et la science non-pragmatique.